PRELIMS LECTURE Flashcards
Complete notes
Old definition of toxicology
Basic science of a poison
New definition of toxicology
Is the qualitative and quantitative study of the adverse effects of toxicants on biological organisms.
This is any substance that causes a harmful effect to a living organism
Poison
Example of poison
muriatic acid
sulfuric acid
All chemicals or drugs may cause toxic depends of dosage. True or false?
True
This is any chemical of natural or synthetic origin, capable of causing a harmful effect to a living organism
Toxicant
It is a toxicant produced by living organisms. (From human, plants and animals)
Toxin
What is the difference between the EXOTOXIN & ENDOTOXIN
Exotoxin- gram (+) , it has a thick cell wall and compose of 6-7 membranes
Endotoxin- gram (-), it has thin layer and
How many % of LD50 (lethal dose) produce in a population?
50%
What is the difference between the Pharmacology and Toxicology?
Pharmacology: places more emphasis on THERAPEUTIC EFFECT of chemicals particularly drugs. It is the pharmacodynamic process.
Toxicology: Focuses more on the ADVERSE EFFECT of chemicals and other substances and focusing on risk assessment. (Example; thalidomide)
What is adverse event?
It’s the patient fault, there’s no connection on the pharmacology of the drug.
An effect that is expected
Side effect
An effect that is unexpected
Adverse Event
It is the trained person that examines the nature of toxic agents’ effects including their cellular, biochemical and molecular MOA and assess the probability of their occurrence.
Toxicologist
Categories under the Branches of Toxicology.
Descriptive
Regulatory
Mechanistic
It is a category of BoT that involves toxicity testing of a drug/chemical
Descriptive
It is a category of BoT that involves policies
Regulatory
It is a category of BoT that involves the mechanism of action of a toxin that causes toxicity
Mechanistic
It is the combination of descriptive and mechanistic category.
Clinical toxicology
This is a toxicology branches that determines how you get disease from toxins.
Clinical toxicology
It is the combination of mechanistic and regulatory. Also studies the body of a dead person
Forensic Toxicology
This is the connection of toxicology to pharmacodynamics
Pharmacology
What are the objectives of toxicology in Pharmaceutical research?
*How an organism is affected by exposure to an agent.
*How the agent moves throughout the organism
*How it may be changed by interacting with living cells and tissues
*What parts of the organism are affects by its presence.
Are all substances toxic?
YES
How many LD50 does a sugar have?
30,000 mg/kg
How many LD50 does ethanol have?
13,700 mg/kg
How many LD50 of water have?
slightly greater than 80,000 mg/kg
It is the ADME of toxins in our body.
Toxicokinetic
3 MAJOR TYPES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
- Chemicals - poisons, ADRs in drug toxicology
- Physical- dusts, fibers, heat, noise, corrosive
- Biological- pathogens
What is Bioharzdous waste?
-Waste product that carry the risk of causing pathogen/disease
-foreign materials that is not normal in our body
What are the classification of toxic agents
-Plant toxins
-Animal Toxins
-drugs: medicines/ poisons
-chemical toxins
-Weapon/radioactive element
Types of toxic agents (with other types)
1.hepatotoxic
2. nephrotoxic
3.nuerotoxic
4. gases &vapors
5. agents attacking hemopoietic system
6. aerosols
7. pulmonary irritants
8. asphyxiants
9. primary anesthetics
10. mutagenic agents
11. teratogenic agent
12. sensitization
13. carcinogens
type of effect which it harmful often in a subtle or unexpected effect
Deleterious effect
An adverse effect of a drug produced exaggeration of the effect that produces the therapeutic response
Toxic effect
Type of ADR where is related to known pharmacology but undesirable, common, dose-related and predictable
Type A: Augmented
Type of ADR where it is unrelated to known pharmacology, rare, unpredictable, often idiosyncratic.
Type B: Bizarre
Examples of Type AUGMENTENTED
-Hemorrhage with anticoagulants
-Respiratory depression with opioids
-Sedation with anxiolytic and older antihistamine drugs
Examples of Type Bizarre
-anaphylaxis with penicillin
-allergic liver damage by halothane
-bone marrow suppression by chloramphenicol
-individual allergy/ genetic basis
MOA OF lgE
Neutralization
Bind to enhance phagocytosis
Activate compliment system
Activate of cell membrane
MOA OF lgM & lgG
Activate the compliment system
and Nuetralization
When tetanus toxoid and vaccine applied?
Toxoid= after infected
vaccine= before infected
increase phagocytosis
Opsonization
eat/engulf the damage cells that leads to cell death
Opsonization
MOA of lge where Activation of MAC, and punch a hole in the cell membrane of the bacteria that leads to cell lysis or cell death involves
Process of activation of compliment system
What are the 2 types of allergic response?
Type I: Hypersensitivity to reaction
Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity involve hematological reactions
What are the 4 major super families receptor?
-ligand gated ion channels
- GCPRs: G coupled protein receptors
-enzyme
-nuclear receptor
Side of effect of Chloramphenicol drug
Gray baby syndrome
Example drug that have Adverse drug reaction
Methamphetamine
ADR of Methamphetamine (Psychological)
Hallucinations
Confusion
Aggressive behavior
Insomnia
Panic attack
obsessive behavior
depression
ADR of Methamphetamine (Systemic)
Hypothermia
Malnutrition
Impaired Immune system
ADR of Methamphetamine (liver/kidney)
Damage
ADR of Methamphetamine (eyes)
Diluted pupil
ADR of Methamphetamine (mouth)
grinding of teeth
ADR of Methamphetamine (skin)
numbness
sweating
ADR of Methamphetamine (muscular)
convulsions
jerky movements
loss of coordination
increased activity
ADR of Methamphetamine (respiratory)
shortness of breath
This is a noxious or unintended responses occuring at therapeutic doses (WHO def.)
Adverse Drug Reaction
Example drugs for Oxidation of Nitrogen
Chlorphenamine
Daxon
Methenamine
Example drugs for Oxidation of Sulfuric
Chloramphenicol- Antibacterial
Chlorpromazine- Antipsychotic
Salicylic Acid- antiinflammatory
Ibuprofen- NSAID
Tolbutamide- NSAID
Example drugs for Aromatics
Phenytoin- anticoagulation
Phenybarbitone- antiseizure
Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that promote cell cycle progression
Proto-oncogenes
Major class of genes involve in carcinogenesis that inhibit cell cycle progression
Tumor Suppressor genes
It is a process on making toxicity in the fetus
Teratogenesis
It is the drug that cause birth defect
Teratogens
What are the injurious agent
Chemicals
poison
drugs
stress
Way of death cell that cause damage in organ
Necrosis
Way of death cell that can cause cell death
Apoptosis
