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TOXICOLOGY > MIDTERMS LABORATORY > Flashcards

MIDTERMS LABORATORY Flashcards

1
Q

Also called as ethyl alcohol

A

Ethanol

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2
Q

How do you know that the alcohol (alak) reach it’s toxicity in a person

A

If they have HANG OVER

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3
Q

USES of Ethanol

A
  1. Disinfectant
  2. Wine industry
    Carbohydrates
    Yeast
    Sweeteners
  3. Solvent (panunaw) and vehicle
    Example in drugs:
    Syrups
    Elixir
    Tinctures
  4. Substitute for Hg in thermometer
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4
Q

____ of ethanol has high ______, the ____ is __________.

A

95% & high concentration and 5% & contaminants

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5
Q

Explain Ethylene Hydration

A
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6
Q

Explain the MOT of Ethanol

A
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7
Q

Antidotes for Ethanol

A

Fomepizole and Disulfiram

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8
Q

MOA of fomepizole

A

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase= no acetaldehyde

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9
Q

MOA of Disulfiram

A

Inhibit the conversion the aldehyde dehydrogenase

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10
Q

What is the blood alcohol concentration?

A
  1. 50-99 mg/mL
    - Normal (sedation)
  2. 100-199 mg/mL
    - Pagewang gewang
  3. 200-299 mg/mL
    - Vomiting (hang over)
  4. 300-500 mg/mL
    - Death
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11
Q

Treatment for Ethanol

A
  1. Disulfiram
  2. Fomepizole
  3. Naltrexon- decrease cravings of alcohol) example; monosodium glutamate
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12
Q

What are the chemical/ identification test for Ethanol?

A
  1. Berthelots Test
  2. Chromic acid Test
  3. Hebenform Liebens Iodoform Test
  4. Ethylene acetate test
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13
Q

Chromic acid Test reagent and postive result

A

Reagent: Chromic acid (sulfuric acid + potassium dichromate)
Positive Result: Green Solution + Chico Odor

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13
Q

Berthelots Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Benzyl Chloride + 10% NaOH (distilled water)
Positive Result: Aromatic odor

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13
Q

Hebenform Liebens Iodoform Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Lugol’s solution + potassium hydroxide
Positive Result: Yellowish white precipitate

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14
Q

Ethylene acetate test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Concentration Sulfuric acid + Sodium Acetate crystal
Positive Result: Plastic balloon odor

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15
Q

Vitali Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Carbon disulfide + potassium hydroxide + sulfuric acid
Positive Result: Red solution

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16
Q
  • Use in alcohol lamp
A

Methanol (read the rest)

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17
Q

Toxic Dose of Methanol

A
  • Moderate- 100 mg/kg
  • Fatal dose- 120-150 mg/kg
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18
Q

Effect of methanol overdose

A
  • Blindness
  • Hypoxia
  • Metabolic acidosis ( Formic acid is the cause and formic acid is nature in acid)
  • Seizure
  • Coma
  • Death
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19
Q

Treatment for Methanol

A
  • Ethanol
    >Normal ethyl alcohol in body (use for energy)
    >MOA: If there is NO ETHANOL= NO ENERGY, not antidote on methanol
  • NaCO3
    >Use in metabolic acidosis
  • Fomepizole
    >inhibit dehydrogenase
  • Folic acid
    >It’s a vitamin B9 (for faster elimination)
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20
Q

Who has the high affinity than ethanol?

A

Methanol

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21
Q

What are the identification test use in Methanol?

A
  1. Oxidation test
  2. Potassium permanganate test
  3. Potassium dichromate test
  4. Phoroglucinol test
  5. Phenylhydrazine test
22
Q

Oxidation Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Copper wire
Positive Result: Bluish green with odor

22
Q

Phloroglucinol test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Phloroglucinol solution + potassium hydroxide
Positive Result: Pink- red color

23
Q

Potassium permanganate test
reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: potassium permanganate + sulfuric acid
Positive Result: Decolorization of solution

24
Q

Potassium dichromate test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Potassium dichromate + sulfuric acid
Positive Result: green solution color

25
Q

Phenylhydrazine test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Phenylhydrazine + Sodium nitroprusside
Positive Result: Violet color

26
Q

IUPAC name of Acetone

A

propan-2-one

27
Q

Alternative name for Acetone

A

dimethyl ketone

28
Q

2 processes use for preparation of acetone

A

 Hock/cumene process
 Wacker-hoechst process

29
Q

Use of acetone in medicine or pharmaceutical industry

A
  • It is use as solvents to fats, resins, rubber & cellulose (carbohydrates (READ THE REST USE OF ACETONE)
30
Q

What are the identification test in Acetone?

A
  • Legals test
  • Liebens-iodoform test
  • Reynold test
31
Q

Legals Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Sodium nitroprusside + NaOH (KOH) + acetic acid
Positive Result: Red, orange and green color

32
Q

Liebens-iodoform test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Lugol’s solution + potassium hydroxide
Positive Result: Yellowish white precipitate

33
Q

Reynold test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Mercuric Chloride + Potassium Hydroxide + ammonium hydrosulfide
Positive Result: Black color

34
Q

Also called as Formalin

A

Formaldehyde

35
Q

What is the use of formaldehyde in industry?

A
  • Formalin  preservative
  • To make plastic (parts for cars)
  • Formalin (antiseptic scalpel)
    It has fungi and antibacterial property
  • Use as disinfectant in vaccine (sterilize)
  • Preservatives for cosmetics to dead people
36
Q

MOT of formaldehyde

A
  • Act as protoplasmic poison –> cause coagulation necrosis
37
Q

Signs/symptoms of formaldehyde

A
  • Eye irritation, watery eyes
  • Burning servation
  • Tightness chest, cough wheezing pulmonary edema
  • Sever commission of esophagus
  • Lethargy & coma
  • Metabolic acidosis
38
Q

Treatment for formaldehyde

A
  • Folic acid
  • Increase excretion
  • NaHCO3
  • Decontamination
  • Puts NaOH and formaldehyde for neutralization
  • Hemodialysis
39
Q

Identification test for Formaldehyde

A
  • Silver nitrate test
  • Neissier test
  • Fehling test
  • Hehners test
  • Hexamethylene tetramine
  • Resorcinol test
  • Reminis phenylhydrazine test
40
Q

Silver nitrate test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: ammoniacal silver nitrate (tolen’s reagent)
Positive Result: silver mirror

41
Q

Neissier test
reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: neissier reagent
Positive Result: gray precipitate

42
Q

Fehling test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: fehling a & b
Positive Result: brick red precipitate

43
Q

Hehners test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: unboiled milk, hydrochloride acid + Ferric chloride
Positive Result: purple ring concentration

44
Q

Hexamethylene tetramine reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: ammonia
Positive Result: white precipitate

45
Q

Resorcinol test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: resorcinol + NaOH
Positive Result: Red color

46
Q

Reminis phenylhydrazine test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: sodium nitroprusside + NaOH
Positive Result: Deep blue color

47
Q

Other name for Chloroform

A

trichloromethane & trimethyl chloride

48
Q

Chloromethane needs_____

A

UV LIGHT

49
Q

Properties of Chloroform

A
  • Colorless liquid in pure state
  • Characteristics pleasant smell
  • Boiling point of 62 degrees Celsius
  • Melting point of -6 degree Celsius
  • Density of 1.49 g/mL
50
Q

Uses of Chloroform

A
  • Solvents
  • Anesthetics
51
Q

MOT of chloroform

A
  • Phosgene
  • In the presence of life  nagkakaron ka ng phosgene
  • Toxic, cause carcinogenic, eye irritation, skin irritation. In CNS, cause fatigue & depression
  • If ingest  activated charcoal and gastric lavage
52
Q

Identification test for Choloroform

A
  • Schwartz’s Resorcinol Test
53
Q

Schwartz’s Resorcinol Test reagent and positive result

A

Reagent: Resorcinol + NaOH
Positive Reagent: Yellowish red precipitate

TOXICOLOGY (5 decks)

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