PRELIMS: Intro & Basic Principles Flashcards
Q: What is the difference between morality and ethics?
A: Morality is what people believe to be right and good, while ethics is the critical reflection and rational analysis of morality.
Q: What are the requisites of informed consent in healthcare?
- Informed or enlightened consent.
- Given voluntarily by the patient.
- Subject matter must be legal.
Q: What are the three basic elements of autonomy in healthcare?
- Ability to decide.
- Power to act upon the decision.
- Respect for the autonomy of others.
Q: What is therapeutic privilege?
A: A legal exception to informed consent in cases of emergency.
Q: What does the principle of beneficence entail?
A: Promoting the health and welfare of patients, acting with mercy and charity, and preventing or removing harm.
Q: What is the principle of veracity?
A: Truth-telling and disclosure of factual information to allow patients to exercise personal autonomy.
Q: Define nonmaleficence.
A: The ethical principle of doing no harm and ensuring that the good outcomes outweigh any harm caused.
Q: What are the types of justice described in healthcare ethics?
- Distributive justice: Fair distribution of benefits and burdens.
- Retributive justice: Fairness in punishments.
- Compensatory justice: Fair compensation for injuries.
Q: What are the elements of informed consent?
- Presentation/Disclosure
- Understanding voluntariness
- Competence
- Permission giving
Q: What is the purpose of confidentiality in healthcare?
A: To protect patient communications and records, ensuring they remain private and secure.
Q: Who can access a patient’s confidential medical information?
A: Authorized representatives, attending physicians, hospital staff, quality care auditors, public health agencies, and others under specific conditions.
Q: What is autonomy in healthcare?
A: The freedom for an individual to make their own decisions without coercion, deceit, or constraint, involving the ability to decide, act, and respect others’ autonomy.
Q: What are the instances where consent is not necessary in healthcare?
- Emergency situations.
- When the law makes a procedure mandatory.
Q: Define paternalism in healthcare ethics.
A: The intentional limitation of a person’s autonomy, justified if it benefits the individual or results in greater good.
Q: What is beneficence’s role in physical therapy practice?
A: Acting in the best interest of the patient, promoting health, preventing harm, and prioritizing the patient’s welfare above all.
Q: What are the guiding elements of the principle of double effect?
- The course chosen must be morally good or neutral.
- Harm must not be intended but tolerated.
- Good effects must outweigh harmful ones.
Q: What does the HIPAA legislation of 1996 aim to ensure?
A: The security and confidentiality of medical information while encouraging electronic transmission of health data.
Q: What is the principle of double effect in nonmaleficence?
A: Explaining why an action causing harm as a side effect is justifiable if the good outcome outweighs the harm.
Q: What is the concept of justice in healthcare ethics according to Aristotle?
A: Justice involves giving to each person according to their needs, effort, merit, or ability to pay.
Q: What does role fidelity mean in healthcare?
A: Practicing within one’s professional role, adhering to standards of practice, and maintaining professional boundaries.
Q: What is the etymology of the word “ethics”?
A: The word “ethics” comes from the Greek words “ethikos” and “ethos,” and the Latin equivalent “mos/mores.”
Q: Differentiate between human acts and acts of man.
Human Acts: Performed with knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness (e.g., signing a contract).
Acts of Man: Involuntary or instinctive actions (e.g., breathing).
Q: What are the major categories of ethics?
- General Ethics
- Special Ethics, including:
Individual Duties
Social Ethics
Applied Ethics (Bioethics and Professional Ethics)
Q: What questions does bioethics address?
- What decisions are morally right or acceptable?
- Why we should make certain decisions in moral terms.
- How we should act on those decisions.
