PRELIMS: Intro & Basic Principles Flashcards
Q: What is the difference between morality and ethics?
A: Morality is what people believe to be right and good, while ethics is the critical reflection and rational analysis of morality.
Q: What are the requisites of informed consent in healthcare?
- Informed or enlightened consent.
- Given voluntarily by the patient.
- Subject matter must be legal.
Q: What are the three basic elements of autonomy in healthcare?
- Ability to decide.
- Power to act upon the decision.
- Respect for the autonomy of others.
Q: What is therapeutic privilege?
A: A legal exception to informed consent in cases of emergency.
Q: What does the principle of beneficence entail?
A: Promoting the health and welfare of patients, acting with mercy and charity, and preventing or removing harm.
Q: What is the principle of veracity?
A: Truth-telling and disclosure of factual information to allow patients to exercise personal autonomy.
Q: Define nonmaleficence.
A: The ethical principle of doing no harm and ensuring that the good outcomes outweigh any harm caused.
Q: What are the types of justice described in healthcare ethics?
- Distributive justice: Fair distribution of benefits and burdens.
- Retributive justice: Fairness in punishments.
- Compensatory justice: Fair compensation for injuries.
Q: What are the elements of informed consent?
- Presentation/Disclosure
- Understanding voluntariness
- Competence
- Permission giving
Q: What is the purpose of confidentiality in healthcare?
A: To protect patient communications and records, ensuring they remain private and secure.
Q: Who can access a patient’s confidential medical information?
A: Authorized representatives, attending physicians, hospital staff, quality care auditors, public health agencies, and others under specific conditions.
Q: What is autonomy in healthcare?
A: The freedom for an individual to make their own decisions without coercion, deceit, or constraint, involving the ability to decide, act, and respect others’ autonomy.
Q: What are the instances where consent is not necessary in healthcare?
- Emergency situations.
- When the law makes a procedure mandatory.
Q: Define paternalism in healthcare ethics.
A: The intentional limitation of a person’s autonomy, justified if it benefits the individual or results in greater good.
Q: What is beneficence’s role in physical therapy practice?
A: Acting in the best interest of the patient, promoting health, preventing harm, and prioritizing the patient’s welfare above all.
Q: What are the guiding elements of the principle of double effect?
- The course chosen must be morally good or neutral.
- Harm must not be intended but tolerated.
- Good effects must outweigh harmful ones.
Q: What does the HIPAA legislation of 1996 aim to ensure?
A: The security and confidentiality of medical information while encouraging electronic transmission of health data.
Q: What is the principle of double effect in nonmaleficence?
A: Explaining why an action causing harm as a side effect is justifiable if the good outcome outweighs the harm.
Q: What is the concept of justice in healthcare ethics according to Aristotle?
A: Justice involves giving to each person according to their needs, effort, merit, or ability to pay.
Q: What does role fidelity mean in healthcare?
A: Practicing within one’s professional role, adhering to standards of practice, and maintaining professional boundaries.
Q: What is the etymology of the word “ethics”?
A: The word “ethics” comes from the Greek words “ethikos” and “ethos,” and the Latin equivalent “mos/mores.”
Q: Differentiate between human acts and acts of man.
Human Acts: Performed with knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness (e.g., signing a contract).
Acts of Man: Involuntary or instinctive actions (e.g., breathing).
Q: What are the major categories of ethics?
- General Ethics
- Special Ethics, including:
Individual Duties
Social Ethics
Applied Ethics (Bioethics and Professional Ethics)
Q: What questions does bioethics address?
- What decisions are morally right or acceptable?
- Why we should make certain decisions in moral terms.
- How we should act on those decisions.
Q: What are the essential elements of human acts?
- Knowledge: Awareness of the act.
- Freedom: The choice to act or not.
- Voluntariness: Intention behind the act.
Q: What are the stages in Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning?
Level 1: Preconventional Morality (2-7 years)
Stage 1: Reward & Punishment
Stage 2: Individualism & Exchange
Level 2: Conventional Morality (7-12 years)
Stage 3: Good Boy/Good Girl
Stage 4: Law & Order
Level 3: Postconventional Morality (12+ years)
Stage 5: Social Contract & Individual Rights
Stage 6: Universal Principles
Q: What is conscience, and how is it classified?
Definition: The manner by which moral judgments are made.
Kinds: True, False, Doubtful, Scrupulous, Perplexed, and Lax.
Q: What are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
- Physiological Needs
- Safety and Security
- Love and Belonging
- Esteem
- Self-Actualization
Q: What are the key values needed in healthcare?
A: Independence, autonomy, privacy, self-esteem, well-being, security, belonging, and freedom from disability.
Q: What is Massey’s Value Cohort Theory?
A theory that generational values are shaped by historical events, including groups like:
Traditionalists (1930s–1940s)
In-Betweeners (1950s)
Challengers (1960s–1970s)
Synthesizers (late 1970s onward).
Q: What is the purpose of ethics?
A: To provide a system of principles or standards that guide human actions as right or wrong and acceptable to one’s profession and society.
Q: What are the two questions investigated by ethics?
- What is the best way for people to live?
- What actions are right or wrong in specific circumstances?
Q: What are the classifications of law according to their manner of promulgation?
Eternal or Positive Law: God as the director of all acts.
Natural Law: Implied by conscience.
Human Positive Law: Created by religion or humans, like the Ten Commandments.
Q: What are the types of morality in terms of human acts?
Good Acts: In accordance with rules of morality.
Bad or Evil Acts: Disagree with morality.
Indifferent Acts: Neither good nor bad.
Q: What is the difference between objective and subjective morality?
Objective Morality: Universally accepted as right.
Subjective Morality: Based on personal beliefs about what is right or wrong.
Q: What are the three steps of a well-formed conscience?
- Gather information.
- Form a morally certain judgment.
- Act accordingly and accept responsibility.
Q: What does professional ethics encompass?
A: The personal, organizational, and corporate standards of behavior expected of professionals, including obligations to the public, the profession, and clients.
Q: What are the models of value development mentioned?
Piaget’s Stages of Moral Development
Amoral, Egocentric, Heteronomous, Autonomous.
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
Massey’s Value Cohort Theory
Q: What are the key ethical dilemmas in physical therapy?
Accepting gifts from patients.
Lying for a patient’s benefit.
Conflicts of interest in referrals.
Addressing suspected misconduct among colleagues.
Q: What values are associated with cultural influences in healthcare?
A: Concepts like “hiya,” “utang na loob,” and “pakikisama” are examples of cultural values that influence societal and personal behavior.
Q: What are the key differences between values, norms, and customs?
Values: Abstract concepts of importance or worth.
Norms: Rules guiding behavior in specific situations.
Customs: Long-established behaviors accepted by society.
Q: What is the “universal principles” stage in Kohlberg’s moral reasoning?
A: It is when individuals act as autonomous agents guided by their personal conscience and universal ethical principles.
Q: What is the focus of bioethics?
A: Addressing ethical questions in biology, biotechnology, and healthcare, including relationships among science, medicine, law, and philosophy.
Q: What is the difference between “direct” and “imperfect” human acts?
Direct: Intentional, with all effects willed.
Imperfect: Missing one or more essential elements (knowledge, freedom, or voluntariness).
