Prelims :(( Flashcards by Lixette Anne Padilla

Continuous sheet of closely adherent cells covering a naturally occurring surface in body.

Epithelium

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Where lowermost cell rest. A very fine meshwork of filaments in amorphous matrix

Basal lamina

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Single layer of cells

Simple epithelium

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Multiple layers of cell

Stratified epithelium

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term added if there is a slender motile processes on their free surface

Ciliated

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lines the thoracic, abdominal and pericardial cavities of the body

Simple epithelium

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constitutes the epidermis of the skin, and is found in the lining of the oral cavity, the esophagus and the vagina

Stratified epithelium

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found in the male urethra and the duct of the parotid gland

Pseudostratified epithelium

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lines the urinary bladder

- Found throughout the urinary tract, from the calyces of the kidneys to the urethra

Transitional epithelium

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closely adherent cells that have polygonal outline in surface view. And in section, are fusiform. Lines the thoracic, abdominal and pericardial cavities of the body

Simple squamous epithelium

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simple squamous epithelium lining a body cavity

Mesothelium

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lining blood vessels

Endothelium

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polygonal in surface view, and in section, has a rectangular or square outline. Lines the ducts of many glands and some of the tubules of kidney

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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tall narrow, rectangular profile, and their nuclei are all aligned at the same level. Found lining stomach

Simple columnar epithelium

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multiple layers, & the cell shape changes from the basal to the uppermost layer of the epithelium. Found in epidermis of the skin, lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

Stratified squamous epithelium

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found on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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basal cells are cuboidal, or low columnar, & cells of the upper row are tall columnar. The nuclei are aligned in 2 distinct rows. This type of epithelium is uncommon & found only in the conjunctiva of the eye, the cavernous urethra, & in the large excretory ducts of some glands

Stratified columnar epithelium

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all cells rest on the basal lamina, but some are columnar in form and extend upwards to the free surface, while others located between them have tapering upper end, which extends only part way to the surface. The nuclei of these 2 kinds of cells are aligned at different levels, creating a false impression of stratification. They are found in the male urethra and duct of parotid gland

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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occurs in a portion of the trachea, primary bronchi, auditory tube , & lining a portion of the tympanic cavity of the inner ear

Ciliates pseudostratified epithelium

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lines the urinary bladder. A special epithelium has evolved to adapt to the changes in volume of this organ during its filling and emptying

Transitional epithelium

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family of glycoproteins in the cell membrane that maintains the cohesion and arrangement of cells in an epithelium

Cell adhesion molecules

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are responsible for the mutual recognition & cohesion of similar cells

Cadherins

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belt-like membrane specialization that encircles the columnar cells just below the surface of the epithelium
enable cells to exercise selectivity; serve as a barrier between the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane; prevent movement of integral proteins from one to the other

Zona occludens (tight junction)

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involves the active uptake of substances at the free surface by pinocytosis, followed by transport of the vesicles across the cell and release of their content at the cell base

Trancellular pathway

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molecules passively diffuse through the intercellular spaces of epithelium

Paracellular pathway

- encircles the apical portion of the cells below the zonula occludens - Site of cell-cell adherence - Have a role in stabilizing the epithelium by connecting the terminal webs of adjoining cells

Zona adherens

- Small, round, junctional specializations on the sides of adjoining epithelial cells - Site of cell-cell attachments - Contribute to the stability of the epithelium as a whole by linking the cytoskeletons of adjoining cells

Desmosomes (macula adherens)

- Found in stratified squamous epithelium. - Enable the epithelium to withstand the blows and shearing stresses to which the skin is exposed, without becoming separated from the basal lamina

Hemidesmosomes

- junctional complex that is primarily concerned with cell to cell communication - They are abundant in smooth and striated muscle and ensures their simultaneous contraction

Gap junction (nexus)

- project into the intercellular space, of opposing membrane, where they are linked end to end - Ions, amino acids, cyclic AMP & other molecules less than 2nm in diameter would be able to pass freely through this channel

Connexons

transparent layer adjacent to epithelium. It is composed of large proteoglycan,laminin, & atypical collagen (type IV)

Lamina lucida

meshwork of fine filaments of another uncommon type of collagen (type VII)

Lamina densa

Made up of closely spaced, slender cell pro

Microvilli

exhibit fine vertical striations, that are refractile at apical border of columnar epithelia. Occurs on epithelia specialized for absorption.

Brush border

very fine branching filaments extending from their tips may form a furry coat over the border

Glycocalyx

- motile cell processes 7-10 micrometer in length and 0.3micrometer in diameter, which are present in great numbers on the free surface of certain epithelia - They are arranged in rows, and all beat in the same direction

Cilia

Epithelial cells have a limited lifespan, and some are continually lost by exfoliation, or by programmed cell death, and are replaced by mitotic division of other cells

Epithelial renewal

composed of cells specialized for uptake of ions and small molecules from the lumen, and their movement across the epithelium to the extracellular fluid beneath the basal lamina

Absoprtive epithelia

are specialized for the synthesis of a specific product and its release onto an external or internal surface

Secretory epithelia

Glands that deliver their secretion onto the surface of an external or internal surface of the body

Exocrine glands

single unbranched duct

Simple glands

highly branched duct

Compound glands

Maintains the form of organs throughout the body

Connective tissue

Consists of protein fibers (ex. Collagen & elastic) and ground substance

Extracellular matrix

Colorless, translucent substance with the consistency of a highly hydrated gel

Ground substance

Binds cells to the fibers of the connective tissue

Adhesion glycoprotein

binding site for cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans

Fibronectin

able to bind directly to extracellular collagen fibers and actin in the cytoskeleton

Integrins

Binding sites for cell membranes, collages fibers and heparin sulfate

Laminin

provide strength and resistance to stretching & deformation

Extracellular folds

- Most abundant fibrous component of the connective tissue - Made of polypeptide chains that differ slightly in amino acid sequence resulting to diff types - Do not branch - Common amino acid are hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine

Collagen

- “argyrophilic fibers” due to black staining properties w/ silver salts - Abundant in hematopoetic and lymphoid tissue and follow organs such as bladder, intestine & uterus

Reticular fiber

- Selectively stains with resorcin-fuschin | - Composed of a rubber like glycoprotein called “elastin” in the core of a bundle of microfibrils

Elastic fibers

Stable population of immobile cells

Fixed cells

produce and maintain all connective tissue fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and the extracellular ground substance including the proteoglycans

Fibroblast

store lipids after meals and later release them into blood to serve as energy source during fussing

Adipose cells

Ever changing population of motile cells that emigrate form the blood & wander through the connective tissue on various missions.

Free cells

Motile phagotic cells

Macrophages

often seen in sites of infection; the pus that accumulates usually consists of dead or dying neutrophils

Neutrophils

greatly increased in allergic reaction and parasitic infection

Eosinophils

involved in protective immune- surveillance

Lymphocytes

differentiated lymphocytes hat have encountered antigen & produced specific antibodies against it

Plasma cells

- Part of immune system | - Detects foreign proteins in the tissue and release of cytokinesis that recruit other types of immune cells

Mast cells

Loose network of irregular arranged fibers in an abundant ground substance

Loose CT

Network or reticulum of argyrophilic fibers is the dominant fibrous component

Reticular CT

Contains large amount of ground substance especially hyaluronic acid

Mucous CT

Thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers with fewer cell types and the ground substance

Dense CT

Specialized type of connective tissue in which cells called chondrocytes are distributed in a firm gel like ground substance

Cartilage

Striated; multi nucleated; not branched; nucleus are in peripheral

Skeletal muscle

Repeating series of dark bands and light bands that are nearly perfectly aligned w/ one another

Striations

covers whole myosin w/ globular heads, causes striations

A band

contracts/ move w/ actin

I band

* Rod like tail consistent of 2 interwoven helical polypeptide chains * 2 globular heads which contain ATPase enzymes – split ATP to generate energy during contraction

Thick filaments or myosin

contains the active sites to which myosin heads attach during contraction

G-actin

rod shaped protein that spirals about the actin core stiffen actin, binding sites on actin so that myosin heads cannot connect with actin.

Tropomyosin

binds tropomyosin and help position it on actin binds calcium ions.

Troponin

Composed of interconnecting that surrounds each myofibril

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Elongated tubes located at each A band–I Band junction formed by the sarcolemma penetrating into the cell interior

T Tubules

Terminal cisterna + T tubule + Terminal cisternae

Triad

whole length of myosin

A band

passes through middle

M line

separates sarcomeres to another

Z line

- Space that separates the axon terminal & the muscle fiber

Synaptic cleft

Neurotransmitter released from presynaptic vesicles

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Enzyme located in the synapse cleft which breaks down the Ach

Acetylcholine sternase

Trough-like part of the muscle fibers sarcolemma

Motor end plate

* Uni, centrally placed nucleus | * Presence of transverse intercalated disk at interval along the length of the myofibrils

Cardiac muscle

separate cellular unit of cardiac muscle

Cardiac myocytes

Joined end to end at junctional complexes

Intercalated disc

covers outer surface of the bone

Periosteum

lines the inner layer of the bone

Endosteum

dense bone surrounding voluminous central medullary cavity cavity/ narrow cavity

Compact bone

this is what happens to a composed compact bone as it approached the end of diaphysis.

Cancellous bone

hin hyaline cartilage that covers the end of lone bones when it forms a joint with another bone

Articular cartilage

thin zone of hyaline cartilage, separates the diaphysis from a short segment of long bones of growing children at either end called EPIHYSIS

Epiphyseal plate

fusiform cell found in the periosteum and endosteum that are inactive precursor of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells of the growing bone.

Osteoprogenitor cells

cuboidal or low columnar cells aligned on bone surfaces.

Osteoblasts

residing in lacunae within the calcified matrix they are the principal cells of adult bone, as number of slender tapering cells processes radiates from the cell body which occupy canaliculi coming from different lacuna

Osteocytes

large cells that contain 4 to 40 nuclei: involved in internal remodeling and bone renewal.

Osteoclast

Compact bone of adults is made up of cylindrical subunit

Haversian systems of osteons

made up of 5-15 lamellae of calcified matrix arranged around a central canal

Osteons

oblique enamels that pass through lamellae that connects the central canal of the osteons or to the marrow cavity

Volkmann's canal

parallel lamellae that occupies the angular areas between the osteons

Interstitial lamellae

thin refractile layer that lines the outer boundaries of each haversian system

Cement line

beneath the periosteon: go around the entire circumference of the shaft without interruption

Outer circumferential lamellae

bone is formed by replacing the primitive connective tissue

Intramembranous ossification

bone formation takes place in pre-existing cartilage. Occurs in long bones of the skeleton

Endochondral ossification

Largest organ in the body

Skin

continuously proliferating stratifies squamous epithelium which produces a non-living protein called keratin.

Epidermis

consist of fibrous & fibroadipose tissue which supports the epidermis. It is where blood vessels, nerves & sensory receptors are found.

Dermis

underneath the dermis; contains adipose tissue & supporting fibrous bands; contains the longer blood vessels.

Subcutis/ hypodermis/ panniculus