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Micro Anatomy > Prelims :(( > Flashcards

Prelims :(( Flashcards

1
Q

Continuous sheet of closely adherent cells covering a naturally occurring surface in body.

A

Epithelium

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2
Q

Where lowermost cell rest. A very fine meshwork of filaments in amorphous matrix

A

Basal lamina

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3
Q

Single layer of cells

A

Simple epithelium

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4
Q

Multiple layers of cell

A

Stratified epithelium

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5
Q

term added if there is a slender motile processes on their free surface

A

Ciliated

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6
Q

lines the thoracic, abdominal and pericardial cavities of the body

A

Simple epithelium

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7
Q

constitutes the epidermis of the skin, and is found in the lining of the oral cavity, the esophagus and the vagina

A

Stratified epithelium

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8
Q

found in the male urethra and the duct of the parotid gland

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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9
Q
  • lines the urinary bladder

- Found throughout the urinary tract, from the calyces of the kidneys to the urethra

A

Transitional epithelium

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10
Q

closely adherent cells that have polygonal outline in surface view. And in section, are fusiform. Lines the thoracic, abdominal and pericardial cavities of the body

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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11
Q

simple squamous epithelium lining a body cavity

A

Mesothelium

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12
Q

lining blood vessels

A

Endothelium

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13
Q

polygonal in surface view, and in section, has a rectangular or square outline. Lines the ducts of many glands and some of the tubules of kidney

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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14
Q

tall narrow, rectangular profile, and their nuclei are all aligned at the same level. Found lining stomach

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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15
Q

multiple layers, & the cell shape changes from the basal to the uppermost layer of the epithelium. Found in epidermis of the skin, lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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16
Q

found on the palms of the hand and soles of the feet

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

basal cells are cuboidal, or low columnar, & cells of the upper row are tall columnar. The nuclei are aligned in 2 distinct rows. This type of epithelium is uncommon & found only in the conjunctiva of the eye, the cavernous urethra, & in the large excretory ducts of some glands

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

all cells rest on the basal lamina, but some are columnar in form and extend upwards to the free surface, while others located between them have tapering upper end, which extends only part way to the surface. The nuclei of these 2 kinds of cells are aligned at different levels, creating a false impression of stratification. They are found in the male urethra and duct of parotid gland

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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19
Q

occurs in a portion of the trachea, primary bronchi, auditory tube , & lining a portion of the tympanic cavity of the inner ear

A

Ciliates pseudostratified epithelium

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20
Q

lines the urinary bladder. A special epithelium has evolved to adapt to the changes in volume of this organ during its filling and emptying

A

Transitional epithelium

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21
Q

family of glycoproteins in the cell membrane that maintains the cohesion and arrangement of cells in an epithelium

A

Cell adhesion molecules

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22
Q

are responsible for the mutual recognition & cohesion of similar cells

A

Cadherins

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23
Q
  • belt-like membrane specialization that encircles the columnar cells just below the surface of the epithelium
  • enable cells to exercise selectivity; serve as a barrier between the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane; prevent movement of integral proteins from one to the other
A

Zona occludens (tight junction)

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24
Q

involves the active uptake of substances at the free surface by pinocytosis, followed by transport of the vesicles across the cell and release of their content at the cell base

A

Trancellular pathway

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25
Q

molecules passively diffuse through the intercellular spaces of epithelium

A

Paracellular pathway

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26
Q
  • encircles the apical portion of the cells below the zonula occludens
  • Site of cell-cell adherence
  • Have a role in stabilizing the epithelium by connecting the terminal webs of adjoining cells
A

Zona adherens

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27
Q
  • Small, round, junctional specializations on the sides of adjoining epithelial cells
  • Site of cell-cell attachments
  • Contribute to the stability of the epithelium as a whole by linking the cytoskeletons of adjoining cells
A

Desmosomes (macula adherens)

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28
Q
  • Found in stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Enable the epithelium to withstand the blows and shearing stresses to which the skin is exposed, without becoming separated from the basal lamina
A

Hemidesmosomes

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29
Q
  • junctional complex that is primarily concerned with cell to cell communication
  • They are abundant in smooth and striated muscle and ensures their simultaneous contraction
A

Gap junction (nexus)

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30
Q
  • project into the intercellular space, of opposing membrane, where they are linked end to end
  • Ions, amino acids, cyclic AMP & other molecules less than 2nm in diameter would be able to pass freely through this channel
A

Connexons

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31
Q

transparent layer adjacent to epithelium. It is composed of large proteoglycan,laminin, & atypical collagen (type IV)

A

Lamina lucida

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32
Q

meshwork of fine filaments of another uncommon type of collagen (type VII)

A

Lamina densa

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33
Q

Made up of closely spaced, slender cell pro

A

Microvilli

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34
Q

exhibit fine vertical striations, that are refractile at apical border of columnar epithelia. Occurs on epithelia specialized for absorption.

A

Brush border

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35
Q

very fine branching filaments extending from their tips may form a furry coat over the border

A

Glycocalyx

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36
Q
  • motile cell processes 7-10 micrometer in length and 0.3micrometer in diameter, which are present in great numbers on the free surface of certain epithelia
  • They are arranged in rows, and all beat in the same direction
A

Cilia

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37
Q

Epithelial cells have a limited lifespan, and some are continually lost by exfoliation, or by programmed cell death, and are replaced by mitotic division of other cells

A

Epithelial renewal

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38
Q

composed of cells specialized for uptake of ions and small molecules from the lumen, and their movement across the epithelium to the extracellular fluid beneath the basal lamina

A

Absoprtive epithelia

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39
Q

are specialized for the synthesis of a specific product and its release onto an external or internal surface

A

Secretory epithelia

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40
Q

Glands that deliver their secretion onto the surface of an external or internal surface of the body

A

Exocrine glands

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41
Q

single unbranched duct

A

Simple glands

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42
Q

highly branched duct

A

Compound glands

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43
Q

Maintains the form of organs throughout the body

A

Connective tissue

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44
Q

Consists of protein fibers (ex. Collagen & elastic) and ground substance

A

Extracellular matrix

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45
Q

Colorless, translucent substance with the consistency of a highly hydrated gel

A

Ground substance

46
Q

Binds cells to the fibers of the connective tissue

A

Adhesion glycoprotein

47
Q

binding site for cells, collagen fibers, and proteoglycans

A

Fibronectin

48
Q

able to bind directly to extracellular collagen fibers and actin in the cytoskeleton

A

Integrins

49
Q

Binding sites for cell membranes, collages fibers and heparin sulfate

A

Laminin

50
Q

provide strength and resistance to stretching & deformation

A

Extracellular folds

51
Q
  • Most abundant fibrous component of the connective tissue
  • Made of polypeptide chains that differ slightly in amino acid sequence resulting to diff types
  • Do not branch
  • Common amino acid are hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine
A

Collagen

52
Q
  • “argyrophilic fibers” due to black staining properties w/ silver salts
  • Abundant in hematopoetic and lymphoid tissue and follow organs such as bladder, intestine & uterus
A

Reticular fiber

53
Q
  • Selectively stains with resorcin-fuschin

- Composed of a rubber like glycoprotein called “elastin” in the core of a bundle of microfibrils

A

Elastic fibers

54
Q

Stable population of immobile cells

A

Fixed cells

55
Q

produce and maintain all connective tissue fibers (collagen, elastin, reticular) and the extracellular ground substance including the proteoglycans

A

Fibroblast

56
Q

store lipids after meals and later release them into blood to serve as energy source during fussing

A

Adipose cells

57
Q

Ever changing population of motile cells that emigrate form the blood & wander through the connective tissue on various missions.

A

Free cells

58
Q

Motile phagotic cells

A

Macrophages

59
Q

often seen in sites of infection; the pus that accumulates usually consists of dead or dying neutrophils

A

Neutrophils

60
Q

greatly increased in allergic reaction and parasitic infection

A

Eosinophils

61
Q

involved in protective immune- surveillance

A

Lymphocytes

62
Q

differentiated lymphocytes hat have encountered antigen & produced specific antibodies against it

A

Plasma cells

63
Q
  • Part of immune system

- Detects foreign proteins in the tissue and release of cytokinesis that recruit other types of immune cells

A

Mast cells

64
Q

Loose network of irregular arranged fibers in an abundant ground substance

A

Loose CT

65
Q

Network or reticulum of argyrophilic fibers is the dominant fibrous component

A

Reticular CT

66
Q

Contains large amount of ground substance especially hyaluronic acid

A

Mucous CT

67
Q

Thicker and more densely packed collagen fibers with fewer cell types and the ground substance

A

Dense CT

68
Q

Specialized type of connective tissue in which cells called chondrocytes are distributed in a firm gel like ground substance

A

Cartilage

69
Q

Striated; multi nucleated; not branched; nucleus are in peripheral

A

Skeletal muscle

70
Q

Repeating series of dark bands and light bands that are nearly perfectly aligned w/ one another

A

Striations

71
Q

covers whole myosin w/ globular heads, causes striations

A

A band

72
Q

contracts/ move w/ actin

A

I band

73
Q
  • Rod like tail consistent of 2 interwoven helical polypeptide chains
  • 2 globular heads which contain ATPase enzymes – split ATP to generate energy during contraction
A

Thick filaments or myosin

74
Q

contains the active sites to which myosin heads attach during contraction

A

G-actin

75
Q

rod shaped protein that spirals about the actin core stiffen actin, binding sites on actin so that myosin heads cannot connect with actin.

A

Tropomyosin

76
Q

binds tropomyosin and help position it on actin binds calcium ions.

A

Troponin

77
Q

Composed of interconnecting that surrounds each myofibril

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

78
Q

Elongated tubes located at each A band–I Band junction formed by the sarcolemma penetrating into the cell interior

A

T Tubules

79
Q

Terminal cisterna + T tubule + Terminal cisternae

A

Triad

80
Q

whole length of myosin

A

A band

81
Q

passes through middle

A

M line

82
Q

separates sarcomeres to another

A

Z line

83
Q
  • Space that separates the axon terminal & the muscle fiber
A

Synaptic cleft

84
Q

Neurotransmitter released from presynaptic vesicles

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

85
Q

Enzyme located in the synapse cleft which breaks down the Ach

A

Acetylcholine sternase

86
Q

Trough-like part of the muscle fibers sarcolemma

A

Motor end plate

87
Q
  • Uni, centrally placed nucleus

* Presence of transverse intercalated disk at interval along the length of the myofibrils

A

Cardiac muscle

88
Q

separate cellular unit of cardiac muscle

A

Cardiac myocytes

89
Q

Joined end to end at junctional complexes

A

Intercalated disc

90
Q

covers outer surface of the bone

A

Periosteum

91
Q

lines the inner layer of the bone

A

Endosteum

92
Q

dense bone surrounding voluminous central medullary cavity cavity/ narrow cavity

A

Compact bone

93
Q

this is what happens to a composed compact bone as it approached the end of diaphysis.

A

Cancellous bone

94
Q

hin hyaline cartilage that covers the end of lone bones when it forms a joint with another bone

A

Articular cartilage

95
Q

thin zone of hyaline cartilage, separates the diaphysis from a short segment of long bones of growing children at either end called EPIHYSIS

A

Epiphyseal plate

96
Q

fusiform cell found in the periosteum and endosteum that are inactive precursor of osteoblasts, the bone forming cells of the growing bone.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

97
Q

cuboidal or low columnar cells aligned on bone surfaces.

A

Osteoblasts

98
Q

residing in lacunae within the calcified matrix they are the principal cells of adult bone, as number of slender tapering cells processes radiates from the cell body which occupy canaliculi coming from different lacuna

A

Osteocytes

99
Q

large cells that contain 4 to 40 nuclei: involved in internal remodeling and bone renewal.

A

Osteoclast

100
Q

Compact bone of adults is made up of cylindrical subunit

A

Haversian systems of osteons

101
Q

made up of 5-15 lamellae of calcified matrix arranged around a central canal

A

Osteons

102
Q

oblique enamels that pass through lamellae that connects the central canal of the osteons or to the marrow cavity

A

Volkmann’s canal

103
Q

parallel lamellae that occupies the angular areas between the osteons

A

Interstitial lamellae

104
Q

thin refractile layer that lines the outer boundaries of each haversian system

A

Cement line

105
Q

beneath the periosteon: go around the entire circumference of the shaft without interruption

A

Outer circumferential lamellae

106
Q

bone is formed by replacing the primitive connective tissue

A

Intramembranous ossification

107
Q

bone formation takes place in pre-existing cartilage. Occurs in long bones of the skeleton

A

Endochondral ossification

108
Q

Largest organ in the body

A

Skin

109
Q

continuously proliferating stratifies squamous epithelium which produces a non-living protein called keratin.

A

Epidermis

110
Q

consist of fibrous & fibroadipose tissue which supports the epidermis. It is where blood vessels, nerves & sensory receptors are found.

A

Dermis

111
Q

underneath the dermis; contains adipose tissue & supporting fibrous bands; contains the longer blood vessels.

A

Subcutis/ hypodermis/ panniculus

Micro Anatomy (3 decks)

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