PRELIMS 30% Flashcards
are the basic functional and structural units of living
organisms.
CELL
Has a true nucleus
surrounded by
nuclear membrane
basic cell type
EUKARYOTIC CELL
- Lacks a nuclear envelope
- Nuclear substance is mixed
or in direct contact with
the rest of the protoplasm.
basic cell type
prokaryotic cell
what cells can be found in the cytoplasm?
4 toh
o Organelles
o Inclusions
o Cytoskeletons
o Cytoplasmic matrix
what are thecells located in the NUCLEUS
o Chromatin
o Nucleolus
o Nuclear envelope
o Nucleoplasm
A CELL WHICH
➜ Modified fluid-mosaic model
➜ Membrane
* Lipids
o Phospholipids
o Cholesterols
* Proteins
* Carbohydrates
➜ Amphipathic lipid
bilayer
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Gives shape to the cell.
- Regulates the passage of ions and macromolecules
in and out of the cell, selective permeability - It contains devices for cell attachment.
- Involved in cell-to-cell communication.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Has antigenic molecules that are the basis of
recognition and tissue specificity. - Involved in ion pumps for regulating the internal
environment. - Contains receptors for hormones.
- Generates messenger molecules that activate the
cell’s physiological responses to stimuli
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Type of JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES which function:
Couples intermediate
filaments to plasma
membrane at regions
of cell-to-cell adhesion
macula adherens
Couples actin
cytoskeleton to plasma
membrane at regions
of cell-to-cell adhesion
(type of juncrional complexes)
zonula adherens
Seals adjacent cells
together to inhibit
passage of molecules
between them (control
of permeability)
(type of junctional complexes)
zonula occludens
Creates a conduit
between two adjacent
cells for passage of
small ions and
informational
macromolecules
nexus/gap junction
- Finger-like cytoplasmic projections on apical surface
of most epithelial cells - Greatly increase the free cell surface area
microvili
These are Examplesof what cell
o Striated borders – epithelium of the GIT
o Brush borders – epithelium of PCT of the
kidneys
microvili
- Extremely long processes that extend from the apical
surface of the cell - Facilitate absorption
Stereocilia
example of stereocilia
epididymis
- Motile cytoplasmic processes
- Move fluid and particles
Cilia
respiratory passages are example of what cell
cilia
➜ Interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs
called cisternae (also found in SER)
➜ Studded particles called ribosomes
➜ Site of protein synthesis and modification of newly
synthesized proteins (protein synthesis)
rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
➜ Cisternae appear as interconnected channels of
variable shapes and sizes
➜ Without attached ribosomes
➜ Involved in lipid and steroid synthesis
smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
➜ Series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs
or cisternae and tubular extensions
➜ Often adjacent to one side of the cell
➜ Posttranslational modifying, sorting, and packaging
proteins and lipids for intercellular and extracellular
transport.
golgi apparatus
➜ Small organelles that contain digestive enzymes
➜ Generally spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles
➜ Degradation of macromolecules to micromolecules
➜ Sites of intracellular digestion
➜ Particularly numerous in cells active in various types of
endocytosis.
Lysosomes
➜ Two-membrane system
➜ Outer membrane and inner membrane arranged in
numerous folds called cristae
➜ In steroid-producing cells, inner membrane is in
tubular cristae
➜ Provide most of the energy to the cell in the form of
ATP
mitochondria
➜ AKA Microbodies
➜ Small spherical, membranous organelles
➜ Crystalloid inclusion, nucleoid
➜ Production and degradation of H2O2
➜ Degradation of fatty acids
peroxisomes
➜ Short, paired, rod-like cylindrical structures
➜ Found in close proximity to the nucleus
➜ Basal body formation (necessary for the assembly of
cilia and flagella)
➜ Mitotic spindle formation
centrioles
➜ Very small dark dots
➜ Often associated with rER (attached)
➜ Free ribosomes in cytoplasm
➜ Synthesis of proteins
ribosomes
➜ Membrane-bound vesicles often with a protein coat
➜ Transport materials between different cell
compartments and to plasma membrane for export
TRANSPORT VESICLES
➜ Phagosomes
➜ Membrane-bound vesicles containing materials
imported into the cell
➜ Phagocytosis – inside the cell
➜ Endocytosis – small contents
➜ Transport of cargo to intracellular destination
ENDOSOMES
Functions:
* Maintenance of cell shape
* Stabilization of cell attachments
* Play a role in endocytosis
* Movement of local specializations of the cell
* Cell motility
CYTOSKELETONS
_________ filaments
o Rope-like fibers
o Strong and stable
o Provide mechanical strength and resistance to
shearing forces
Intermediate FILAMENTS
o Non-branching long, hollow cylinders
o Provide network “railroad tracks” for
movement of organelles within the cell
o Provide movement for cilia
o Provide movement for chromosomes during
cell division
MICROTUBULES
➜ A concentrated aqueous gel
➜ Site of physiologic processes fundamental to cell’s
existence
CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX
➜ Control center of the cell
➜ Contains the blueprint
NUCLEUS
➜ Nuclear material organized as euchromatin and
heterochromatin
➜ Contains DNA, histones, proteins necessary for
DNA to function
CHROMATIN
➜ A small dense area within the nucleus that contains
RNA and proteins
➜ Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
NUCLEOLUS
➜ Membrane system that surrounds the nucleus
➜ Consists of inner and outer membranes separated
by a perinuclear cisternal space perforated by
nuclear pores
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
➜ Amorphous matrix
➜ Fills the space between the chromatin and the
nucleoli in the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM
______ cells may be classified according to their mitotic
activity (cell division)
SOMATIC CELLS
o Smooth muscle cells of hollow organs
o Fibroblasts of uterine wall
o Epithelial cells of
lens of the eye are ___________ renewing
slowly or rapidly renewing
- Accidental cell death
- A pathologic process
- Cells are exposed to unfavorable physical or chemical
environment - Rapid cell swelling and lysis
necrosis
- Programmed cell death
- A physiologic process
- Activation of an internally encoded suicide program
- Controlled autodigestion
apoptosis
- Functionally specialized cells
- Principal, characteristic cells of the organ
parenhyma
- Less specialized supporting tissues
- Other cells and fibers that forms the
framework of tissues and organs
stroma
- The study of the human body structures with the aid of
a microscope.
Microscopic HSB
- The ability of a microscope lens or
optical system - To produce separate images of closely
positioned objects - Smallest distance between two
particles that can be distinguished
from each other
resolving power
- The product of the separate
magnification powers of the objective
lens and ocular lens (OL X OL)
total magnification of the object
- Simple
- Compound
- An instrument that allows visualization of greater detail
- Principle: use or refraction of light;
- Eyepiece - usually 10x magnification (multiply it to the
low power magnification to get the total magnification)
light microscope
________ MICROSCOPE
- Uses electricity
- With power cord
electric microscope
- Uses the interaction
of a beam of
electrons with a
specimen to
produce an image - Beams emitted by
tungsten filaments - Higher resolution
type of microscope
electron microscope
__________ Microscope
- Enables
examination of
unstained cells and
tissues - Especially useful
for living cells
Phase
Contrast MICROSCOPE
- A modification of
phase contrast
*Allows
quantification of
tissue mass
microscope toh
INTERFRENCE MICROSCOPE
- Makes use of the
ability of certain
molecules to
fluoresce under
ultraviolet light
FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE
- Highly ordered
molecules or arrays
of molecules can
rotate the angle of
the plane of
polarized light
POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
- Uses quartz lenses
with an ultraviolet
light source
ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPE
- No direct light
from the light
source is gathered
by the objective
lens
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPE
LIVER
Parenchyma: HEPATOCYTES (liver cells)
Shape: ________
Arrangement: ____________________
Number of Nucleus: ______________
Location of Nucleus: CENTRAL
Organ: LIVER
Parenchyma: HEPATOCYTES (liver cells)
Shape: POLYGONAL
Arrangement: CORDS/CHAINS/ROWS/COLUMNS
Number of Nucleus: MONO OR BINUCLEATED
Location of Nucleus: CENTRAL
Organ: skeletal muscle
Parenchyma: ?
Shape: ?
Arrangement: ?
Number of Nucleus: multinucleated
Location of Nucleus: peripheral
Organ: skeletal muscle
Parenchyma: Skeletal myocytes
Shape: tubular/elongated/ cylindrical with blunt ends
Arrangement: Bundles/fascicles
Number of Nucleus: multinucleated
Location of Nucleus: peripheral
parenchyma of spinal cord
neuron (nerve cells)
no. of nucleus of spinal cord
mononucleated
what organ is being described
Number of Nucleus: mononucleated
Location of Nucleus: central
compact bone
spinal cord
liver (note: mononucleated or binucleated sya)
are groups of cells similar in structure and
intercellular substance performing a specific function
tissues
- External or internal
covering/ lining of
body - Gland
a fundamental type of tissue
epithelial tissue
give the 4 fundamental types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Supporting/
binding
tissue
connective tissue
- Contraction/ movement
- Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
muscular tissue