PRELIMS 30% Flashcards
are the basic functional and structural units of living
organisms.
CELL
Has a true nucleus
surrounded by
nuclear membrane
basic cell type
EUKARYOTIC CELL
- Lacks a nuclear envelope
- Nuclear substance is mixed
or in direct contact with
the rest of the protoplasm.
basic cell type
prokaryotic cell
what cells can be found in the cytoplasm?
4 toh
o Organelles
o Inclusions
o Cytoskeletons
o Cytoplasmic matrix
what are thecells located in the NUCLEUS
o Chromatin
o Nucleolus
o Nuclear envelope
o Nucleoplasm
A CELL WHICH
➜ Modified fluid-mosaic model
➜ Membrane
* Lipids
o Phospholipids
o Cholesterols
* Proteins
* Carbohydrates
➜ Amphipathic lipid
bilayer
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Gives shape to the cell.
- Regulates the passage of ions and macromolecules
in and out of the cell, selective permeability - It contains devices for cell attachment.
- Involved in cell-to-cell communication.
PLASMA MEMBRANE
- Has antigenic molecules that are the basis of
recognition and tissue specificity. - Involved in ion pumps for regulating the internal
environment. - Contains receptors for hormones.
- Generates messenger molecules that activate the
cell’s physiological responses to stimuli
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Type of JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES which function:
Couples intermediate
filaments to plasma
membrane at regions
of cell-to-cell adhesion
macula adherens
Couples actin
cytoskeleton to plasma
membrane at regions
of cell-to-cell adhesion
(type of juncrional complexes)
zonula adherens
Seals adjacent cells
together to inhibit
passage of molecules
between them (control
of permeability)
(type of junctional complexes)
zonula occludens
Creates a conduit
between two adjacent
cells for passage of
small ions and
informational
macromolecules
nexus/gap junction
- Finger-like cytoplasmic projections on apical surface
of most epithelial cells - Greatly increase the free cell surface area
microvili
These are Examplesof what cell
o Striated borders – epithelium of the GIT
o Brush borders – epithelium of PCT of the
kidneys
microvili
- Extremely long processes that extend from the apical
surface of the cell - Facilitate absorption
Stereocilia
example of stereocilia
epididymis
- Motile cytoplasmic processes
- Move fluid and particles
Cilia
respiratory passages are example of what cell
cilia
➜ Interconnected membrane-limited flattened sacs
called cisternae (also found in SER)
➜ Studded particles called ribosomes
➜ Site of protein synthesis and modification of newly
synthesized proteins (protein synthesis)
rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
➜ Cisternae appear as interconnected channels of
variable shapes and sizes
➜ Without attached ribosomes
➜ Involved in lipid and steroid synthesis
smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
➜ Series of stacked, flattened, membrane-limited sacs
or cisternae and tubular extensions
➜ Often adjacent to one side of the cell
➜ Posttranslational modifying, sorting, and packaging
proteins and lipids for intercellular and extracellular
transport.
golgi apparatus
➜ Small organelles that contain digestive enzymes
➜ Generally spherical membrane-enclosed vesicles
➜ Degradation of macromolecules to micromolecules
➜ Sites of intracellular digestion
➜ Particularly numerous in cells active in various types of
endocytosis.
Lysosomes
➜ Two-membrane system
➜ Outer membrane and inner membrane arranged in
numerous folds called cristae
➜ In steroid-producing cells, inner membrane is in
tubular cristae
➜ Provide most of the energy to the cell in the form of
ATP
mitochondria
➜ AKA Microbodies
➜ Small spherical, membranous organelles
➜ Crystalloid inclusion, nucleoid
➜ Production and degradation of H2O2
➜ Degradation of fatty acids
peroxisomes
➜ Short, paired, rod-like cylindrical structures
➜ Found in close proximity to the nucleus
➜ Basal body formation (necessary for the assembly of
cilia and flagella)
➜ Mitotic spindle formation
centrioles
➜ Very small dark dots
➜ Often associated with rER (attached)
➜ Free ribosomes in cytoplasm
➜ Synthesis of proteins
ribosomes
➜ Membrane-bound vesicles often with a protein coat
➜ Transport materials between different cell
compartments and to plasma membrane for export
TRANSPORT VESICLES
➜ Phagosomes
➜ Membrane-bound vesicles containing materials
imported into the cell
➜ Phagocytosis – inside the cell
➜ Endocytosis – small contents
➜ Transport of cargo to intracellular destination
ENDOSOMES
Functions:
* Maintenance of cell shape
* Stabilization of cell attachments
* Play a role in endocytosis
* Movement of local specializations of the cell
* Cell motility
CYTOSKELETONS
_________ filaments
o Rope-like fibers
o Strong and stable
o Provide mechanical strength and resistance to
shearing forces
Intermediate FILAMENTS
o Non-branching long, hollow cylinders
o Provide network “railroad tracks” for
movement of organelles within the cell
o Provide movement for cilia
o Provide movement for chromosomes during
cell division
MICROTUBULES
➜ A concentrated aqueous gel
➜ Site of physiologic processes fundamental to cell’s
existence
CYTOPLASMIC MATRIX
➜ Control center of the cell
➜ Contains the blueprint
NUCLEUS
➜ Nuclear material organized as euchromatin and
heterochromatin
➜ Contains DNA, histones, proteins necessary for
DNA to function
CHROMATIN
➜ A small dense area within the nucleus that contains
RNA and proteins
➜ Site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
NUCLEOLUS
➜ Membrane system that surrounds the nucleus
➜ Consists of inner and outer membranes separated
by a perinuclear cisternal space perforated by
nuclear pores
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
➜ Amorphous matrix
➜ Fills the space between the chromatin and the
nucleoli in the nucleus
NUCLEOPLASM
______ cells may be classified according to their mitotic
activity (cell division)
SOMATIC CELLS
o Smooth muscle cells of hollow organs
o Fibroblasts of uterine wall
o Epithelial cells of
lens of the eye are ___________ renewing
slowly or rapidly renewing
- Accidental cell death
- A pathologic process
- Cells are exposed to unfavorable physical or chemical
environment - Rapid cell swelling and lysis
necrosis
- Programmed cell death
- A physiologic process
- Activation of an internally encoded suicide program
- Controlled autodigestion
apoptosis
- Functionally specialized cells
- Principal, characteristic cells of the organ
parenhyma
- Less specialized supporting tissues
- Other cells and fibers that forms the
framework of tissues and organs
stroma
- The study of the human body structures with the aid of
a microscope.
Microscopic HSB
- The ability of a microscope lens or
optical system - To produce separate images of closely
positioned objects - Smallest distance between two
particles that can be distinguished
from each other
resolving power
- The product of the separate
magnification powers of the objective
lens and ocular lens (OL X OL)
total magnification of the object
- Simple
- Compound
- An instrument that allows visualization of greater detail
- Principle: use or refraction of light;
- Eyepiece - usually 10x magnification (multiply it to the
low power magnification to get the total magnification)
light microscope
________ MICROSCOPE
- Uses electricity
- With power cord
electric microscope
- Uses the interaction
of a beam of
electrons with a
specimen to
produce an image - Beams emitted by
tungsten filaments - Higher resolution
type of microscope
electron microscope
__________ Microscope
- Enables
examination of
unstained cells and
tissues - Especially useful
for living cells
Phase
Contrast MICROSCOPE
- A modification of
phase contrast
*Allows
quantification of
tissue mass
microscope toh
INTERFRENCE MICROSCOPE
- Makes use of the
ability of certain
molecules to
fluoresce under
ultraviolet light
FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPE
- Highly ordered
molecules or arrays
of molecules can
rotate the angle of
the plane of
polarized light
POLARIZING MICROSCOPE
- Uses quartz lenses
with an ultraviolet
light source
ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPE
- No direct light
from the light
source is gathered
by the objective
lens
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPE
LIVER
Parenchyma: HEPATOCYTES (liver cells)
Shape: ________
Arrangement: ____________________
Number of Nucleus: ______________
Location of Nucleus: CENTRAL
Organ: LIVER
Parenchyma: HEPATOCYTES (liver cells)
Shape: POLYGONAL
Arrangement: CORDS/CHAINS/ROWS/COLUMNS
Number of Nucleus: MONO OR BINUCLEATED
Location of Nucleus: CENTRAL
Organ: skeletal muscle
Parenchyma: ?
Shape: ?
Arrangement: ?
Number of Nucleus: multinucleated
Location of Nucleus: peripheral
Organ: skeletal muscle
Parenchyma: Skeletal myocytes
Shape: tubular/elongated/ cylindrical with blunt ends
Arrangement: Bundles/fascicles
Number of Nucleus: multinucleated
Location of Nucleus: peripheral
parenchyma of spinal cord
neuron (nerve cells)
no. of nucleus of spinal cord
mononucleated
what organ is being described
Number of Nucleus: mononucleated
Location of Nucleus: central
compact bone
spinal cord
liver (note: mononucleated or binucleated sya)
are groups of cells similar in structure and
intercellular substance performing a specific function
tissues
- External or internal
covering/ lining of
body - Gland
a fundamental type of tissue
epithelial tissue
give the 4 fundamental types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Supporting/
binding
tissue
connective tissue
- Contraction/ movement
- Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
muscular tissue
- Interpretation of stimulus
- Nerve cell/neuron
nervouse tissue
- Aggregated polyhedral cells
-Small amount extracellular matrix
-Lining of surface or body cavities;
glandular secretion
what type of tissue is this !!
epithelial :)
Several types
of fixed and
wandering
cells
extracellular matrix has an Abundant
amount
Support and
protection of
tissues/organ
connective tissue
Elongated
contractile
cells
Moderate
amount extracellular matrix
Strong
contraction;
body
movements
type of ttisue
muscle
Elongated with
extremely fine
processes
Very small
amount extracellular matrix
Transmission of
nerve impulses
nervous tissue
Epithelial tissues are formed of ______ cells.
epithelial cells
Epithelial cells are provided with basement membranes.
tru? false?
true!
______ cells are extremely cohesive. It is also avascular
epithelial cells
3 germ layers of the epithelial tissues
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
- Lined by single layer of cells
- According to cell shape:
o Simple squamous
o Simple cuboidal
o Simple columnar
simple epithelium
single layer of flat cells
o ENDOTHELIUM of blood vessels
o MESOTHELIUM of body cavities
o Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
o Corneal endothelium
o Well- adapted for exchange and filtration purposes
simple squamous
- single layer of tall, columnar cells -
lining epithelium of intestines
Simple Columnar
- Lined by several layers of cells
- Well adapted for protective / barrier purposes
stratified epithelium
under stratified epithelium
Maturation from cuboidal basal
layer to flattened surface layer.
o Stratified squamous keratinized (cornified)
o Stratified squamous non-keratinized (non-cornified)
stratified squamous
under stratified epithelium
Maturation from cuboidal basal
layer to flattened surface layer.
o Stratified squamous keratinized (cornified)
o Stratified squamous non-keratinized (non-cornified)
stratified squamous
under stratified epithelium
excretory ducts of salivary and sweat
glands.
stratified cuboidal
under stratified epithelium conjunctiva lining the eyelids.
Stratified columnar
- A variety of stratified epithelium where the number of
cell layers varies according to the functional state of the
organ - Superficial layers of cells are either flattened or
cuboidal depending on the degree of distention of the
organ.
transitional epithelium
- Uroepithelium
- Modification of Stratified epithelium
- Lining epithelium of excretory passages of urinary
transitional epithelium
- Modification of simple epithelium
- All cells are in contact with the basal lamina but not
all of them reach the apical surface. - Nuclei are found at different levels of the broadest
portion of the cytoplasm.
pseudostratified epithelium
- Cell shapes are variable
- False stratification
- Respiratory passages in the trachea and bronchi.
pseudostratified epithelium
tightly packed, microscopic projections of the apical surface
of intestinal absorptive cells; give the apical portion of the
cell a striated / brush border appearance; INCREASE the
cell’s surface area
microvili
- Actively MOTILE processes that propel substances along
their surfaces - Respiratory epithelium
cilia
- Long microvilli in the epididymis and vas deferens of the
male reproductive tract - NON-MOTILE
STEREOCILIA
- Modified columnar epithelial cells
- Synthesize and secrete mucus
- Scattered amongst many simple
epithelial linings - Respiratory and GI tract
goblet cells
➜ GLANDS - hormones
➜ Derived from epithelium
➜ Cells specialized in producing a secretion that differs in
composition from blood or intercellular fluid.
➜ May synthesize, store and secrete.
type of epithelium
glandular epithelium
_______ gland
o with ducts
o Release their products of secretion into the system of
ducts
exocrine gland
_________ gland
o ductless
o Release their products of secretion into the blood or
lymph
o Examples: pituitary gland, adrenal gland
ENDOCRINE
_______ gland
o Paraneurons
o Release their products into extracellular spaces for
simple diffusion to target cells in the immediate
vicinity
o Example: Merkel’s cells
Paracrine
______ gland
o Glands whose secretions are not discharged from the
cells producing it
o Examples: phagocytes, granular leucocytes
Accrine
______ gland
o Secretion is thin and watery
o Examples: sweat glands, parotid gland
Serous
______ gland
o Secretion is thick and viscous
o Examples: sebaceous glands, esophageal glands
Mucous
_____ gland
o Mucous serous gland
o Secretion is both watery and viscous
o Examples: tracheal gland, sublingual gland,
Mixed
_______ gland
o Secretion release through a cell membrane with the
cell remaining intact.
o Example: sweat gland
Merocrine
______ gland
o Involves the loss of parts of the apical cytoplasm
along with the material secreted
o Partial destruction of cells
o Examples: mammary glands, apocrine sweat gland
Apocrine
______ gland
o Release of the whole cell into the excretory ducts or
there is
o Complete destruction
o Example: sebaceous gland
Holocrine
- ” Deeper portion of the tubule divides into
branches that are lined with secreting cells - Open into a superficial portion which serves
as a duct - Example: uterine gland
Simple branched tubular
- Does not occur in man
- Simplest form of alveolar gland containing a single
sac with a dilated lumen and connected with the
surface by a constricted portion
Simple acinar (simple alveolar)
- The terminal portions of the smallest tubules are more
or less coiled tubules, usually branching - Examples: pure mucous gland or oral cavity. cardiac
glands of stomach, some Brunners glands,
Bulbourethral glands, renal tubules
compound tubular
- Composed of sac-like structures that branch and divide
into numerous dilated segments - Example: Some portions of mammary glands
Compound alveolar
specific subtype of the PARIETAL LAYER OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
lining epithelium of the PARIETAL LAYER OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
simple squamous epithelium
what organ is described
Lining epithelium: SIMPLE
cuboidal epithelium with
brush borders
PCT AND DCT OF KIDNEY
SPECIFIC SUBTYPE OF THYROID
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
LINING EPITHELIUM OF ILEUM
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM WITH GOBLET CELLS
Subtype: stratified epithelium
SPECIFIC SUBTYPE: Strafified squamous
Lining epithelium: stratified squamous keratinized (dry) epithelium
WHAT ORGAN IS DESCRIBED?
EPIDERMIS OF THE SKIN
Subtype: stratified epithelium
SPECIFIC SUBTYPE: stratified Cuboidal
Lining epithelium: stratified cuboidal epithelium
WHAT ORGAN?
OVARY
Lining epithelium OF TRACHEA
Pseudostratified
columnar ciliated epithelium with
goblet cells
Subtype: transitional epithelium
Lining epithelium: uroepithelium
WHAT ORGAN?
URINARY BLADDER
Most abundant tissue type in the body
● Major constituent is the extracellular matrix (ECM)
● Made up of 3 structural elements
○ Specialized cells
○ Fibers
○ Ground substance
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPE OF TISSUE THAT Provide general structure, mechanical strength, space
filling, physical and metabolic support
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective Tissue
● Develop from an embryonic tissue,
_________
mesenchyme
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Derived from the middle layer of the embryo,
the _______
mesoderm
______ Cells
● Undifferentiated
● Large nuclei, prominent nucleoli, fine chromatin
● Spindle-shaped, scant cytoplasm, thin processes
Mesenchymal
● Surrounded by an ECM
● Capable of transforming into many types of cells
○ All types of CT, bone, cartilage, blood, vascular
endothelium, muscle
● Embryological and fetal cells which form CT
WHAT CELL IS THIS
MESENCHYMAL CELLS
● Synthesize and secrete collagen
● Elastin, GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins
Fibroblasts
● Specialized for storage of fat
● Derived from mesenchyme
● Cytoplasmic storage of lipid
● Production of heat
● Cushion and insulate skin
ADIPOCYTES
● 20% in males; 25% in
females
● Large; contains huge
droplet of lipid
● Empty in standard
microscopy
TYPE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE
● Signet-ring appearance
● Lipid droplet displacing
the nucleus
● Structural fill
● Thermal insulator under
the skin
TYPE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE
WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE
● Well-developed phagocytic activity
● Irregular surface with pleats,
protrusions, indentations
● 10 to 30 µm, eccentric, oval or
kidney-shaped nucleus
MACROPHAGES
Removal of dead cells, tissue debris,
particulate material
● Uptake, processing, and presentation
of antigens to lymphocytes
● Early stages of repair after tissue
damage
● Histiocytes
MACROPHAGES
● Oval or irregularly shaped
● 7 to 20 µm
● Basophilic secretory
granules, display
metachromasia
MAST CELLS
Local inflammatory
response: heparin &
histamine
● Innate immunity
● Tissue repair
● Anaphylactic reactions
MAST CELLS
_____ Cells
● B-lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing
● Large, ovoid cells, basophilic cytoplasm
PLASMA
● Nucleus with peripheral clumps of heterochromatin:
Clock-face, spokewheel, or cartwheel appearance
● Contain inclusions called “Russell bodies”
PLASMA CELLS
● Enter CT by process of
diapedesis
● Appearance in tissue
sections differs from blood
smears
Leukocytes
● Main fiber type
● In most supporting tissues
● Most abundant protein in human body
Collagen
● Provides tensile strength to resist pulling, stretching,
tearing
● 28 different types
○ Fiber-forming
○ Mesh/ network forming
○ Cell-membrane associated
COLLAGEN
TYPE III COLAGEN
RETICULAR FIBERS
● Thinner than collagen
type I
● Sparse networks in
between collagen
● Stretching and elastic
recoil
ELASTIN
● Amorphous, transparent, semi-solid gel
● Profound water-binding ability
● Largely unstained extracellular material
GROUND SUBSTANCE
Rich in GAGs, proteoglycans, & multiadhesive
glycoproteins
● Fills the space between cells and fibers
● Act as lubricant and barrier to penetration by invaders
GROUND SUBSTANCE
3 TYPES OF MUSCLE
SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH
: cytoplasm of muscle cells
Sarcoplasm
cell membrane and external lamina
Sarcolemma:
Responsible for the release of
calcium ions during contraction and relaxation of muscle.
SACROPLASMIC RETICULUM
All muscle cells are derived from ?
mesoderm
_______ MUSCLE
- Cylindrical muscle cell
- Each muscle cell is referred to as “fiber”
- Bundles of very long, multinucleated cell
SKELETAL
________ muscle
Contraction: quick, forceful, under voluntary control
skeletal muscle
cylindrical bundles of thick (myosin) and thin
(actin) myofilaments
Myofibrils:
bisects A BAND
H ZONE
BISECTS I BAND
Z DISC
________MUSCLE
* Elongated with branching muscle fibers
* Bundles of cells, interwoven in spiraling layers
* Usually one nucleus, centrally located
* 15-30 microns with striated banding pattern
* Contraction: involuntary, vigorous, rhythmic
CARDIAC
_______ MUSCLE
* Long & tapering ends; fusiform
* Nucleus: single, elongated, centrally located at the cell’s
widest part
* Bundles
* Lack striations
* Contraction: slow, involuntary control between cells
* Found in hollow organs
SMOOTH
______ CT
* CONTAINS CELLS, FIBERS AND GROUND SUBSTANCE IN
ROUGHLY EQUAL PARTS
* FIBROBLAST
* COLLAGEN FIBERS
* MODERATE AMOUNT OF GROUND SUBSTANCE
* FLEXIBLE, NOT VERY RESISTANT TO STRESS
LOOSE CT
______ CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* FEWER CELLS
* MORE TYPE I COLLAGEN OVER GROUND SUBSTANCE
DENSE
Specific Subtype OF reticular layer of the dermis
dense irregular
Connective Tissue
Specific Subtype OF PAPILLARY layer of the dermis
LOOSE CT
Specific Subtype OF TENDON
DENSE REGULAR CT
PARENCHY,A OF TENDON
TENDONICYTES
_____TISSUE
* PRINCIPAL COMPONENT OF FETAL UMBILICAL
CORD (WHARTON’S JELLY)
* ABUNDANT GROUND SUBSTANCE
* SPARSE COLLAGEN FIBERS
* SCATTERED FIBROBLASTS
MUCOID
SUBTYPE OF UMBILICAL CORD
EMBRYONAL CT
PARENCHYMA OF UMBILICAL CORD
FIBROBLASTS
SPECIFIC SUBTYPE OF SKIN HYPODERMIS
BROWN AND YELLOW ADIPOSE TISSUE
PARENCHYMA OF SKIN HYPODERMIS
ADIPOCYTES
SIGNET RING IS PRESENT IN
SKIN HYPODERMIS
what is the location of nuclei in skeletal muscle?
it is peripheral
a connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibers
perimysium
SHAPE OF PARENCHYMA OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
CYLINDRICAL WITH BRANCHING ENDS
