MIDTERMS 30% Flashcards
1
Q
> 15 – 20 layers of flattened non-nucleated keratinized cells
continuously shed
what layer of the skin is described
A
stratum corneum
2
Q
> ONLY in THICK SKIN; translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic cells
A
stratum LUCIDUM
3
Q
> 3 – 5 layers of flattened polygonal cells
cytoplasm filled with basophilic masses called as
KERATOHYALINE GRANULES
what layer of the skin is described
A
stratum granulosum
4
Q
> THICKEST Epidermal layer
polyhedral cells synthesizing KERATIN filaments (form bundles called TONOFIBRILwhich converge and terminate at Desmosomes)
what layer is described
A
stratum spinosum
5
Q
> single layer of basophilic columnar or cuboidal cells on the basement membrane;
INTENSE MITOTIC ACTIVITY
A
stratum basale
6
Q
> in the basal layer & junctional zone of dermis
contain tyrosinase for melanin synthesis
A
melanocytes
7
Q
> dendritic cells containing rod shaped granules
for immunity; antigen-presenting cells
found in the Stratum Spinosum
A
langerhans cell
8
Q
> found in the basal layer
touch receptor
what cell is diz
A
merkel cell
9
Q
Ø Nature or type of secretion: Serous
Ø Mechanism of release of excretory products: Merocrine
Ø Morphology: Simple coiled tubular
what type of gland is this
A
sweat gland
10
Q
specific subtype of papillary layer of the dermis
A
loose connective tissue
11
Q
morphology of sebaceous glands
A
simple branched acinar
12
Q
Ø Nature or type of secretion: Mucous
Ø Mechanism of release of excretory products:
Holocrine
A
sebaceous glands
13
Q
There are different structures that help in
insulating, also called as insulating
components and these are:
A
Hairs and adipose
tissues
14
Q
▪ Found underneath the epidermis
▪ Consists of fibrous and fibroadipose tissue
▪ Supports the epidermis both physically and
metabolically
A
dermis
15
Q
⟣ It is the germinal layer because it provides a
constant supply of new keratinocytes
⟣ Constant supply of new keratinocytes
⟣ Plenty of mitotic figures
A
stratum basale
16
Q
The Stratum Basale cells are attached to
the basement membrane via
A
hemidesmosomes
17
Q
⟣ Large, cuboidal to polygonal, some flattened cells
⟣ Numerous cytoplasmic prickles bound by
desmosomes to adjacent cells
⟣ Central nucleus
A
stratum spinosum
18
Q
⟣ 2-3 rows of flattened cells
⟣ Nucleus: central
⟣ Cytoplasm filled with numerous “keratohyalin”,
coarse basophilic granules
A
stratum granulosum
19
Q
⟣ Thin translucent layer of flattened eosinophilic
keratinocytes
- held by desmosomes
- no presence of organelles and nuclei
A
stratum lucidum
20
Q
⟣ 15 to 20 layers of squamous keratinized cells
⟣ Birefringent filamentous keratins
⟣ End of keratinization, squames are fully
keratinized or cornified
⟣ Continuously shed at epidermal surface
A
stratum corneum
21
Q
location of thick skin
A
palms and soles
22
Q
melanocytes Contain _________ for melanin synthesis
A
tyrosinase
23
Q
rod-like with regular cross-
striations, one end distends in a vesicle (tennis racket)
A
birbeck granules
24
Q
2 zones of dermis
A
papillary and reticular
25
⟣ Coarse, irregular bundles of collagen
⟣ Fibroelastic
⟣ Blood vessels are larger and deeper
⟣ Cells are mainly fibroblasts and histiocytes
reticular dermis
26
Subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue
beneath the dermis
hypodermis
27
⟣ Highly modified keratinized structures
⟣ Produced by hair follicles
hair
28
a terminal expansion of the follicle
where hair growth takes place
hair bulb
29
⟣ One or more associated with a hair follicle
⟣ Secrete an oily substance called sebum
⟣ Embedded in the dermis except in areas lacking
hairs
sebaceous glands
30
⟣ Also known as “Sudoriferous glands”
⟣ Morphologically, they are classified as simple,
coiled tubular glands
Sweat Glands
31
⟣ Important in thermoregulation
⟣ React by secreting in stressful situations
⟣ Act as an excretory organ by eliminating
metabolic waste products
⟣ Secrete watery fluid, ammonia, sodium, chloride,
urea, and uric acid by merocrine process
what gland is this
sweat glands
32
⟣ Found in the axillae, areola, inguinal, and genital
regions
⟣ Viscid, milky secretion which, when acted upon
by bacteria, produces an objectionable odor.
⟣ Discharge into hair follicles
apocrine sweat glands
33
white crescent shape at base of nail
lunula
34
underlying nail root; nail growth
occurs
nail matrix
35
: highly keratinized free edge
Eponychium
36
: skin beneath free end of nail
Hyponychium
37
⟣ Highly modified apocrine sweat glands
⟣ Located anterior to pectoral muscles
mammary glands
38
⟣ Compound tubulo-acinar gland
⟣ Embedded in a mass of adipose tissue
⟣ Subdivided by collagenous septa
mammary glands
39
single large duct draining each
lobe
lactiferous duct
40
skin surrounding the nipple, pigmented,
contains sebaceous glands not associated with
hair follicles
areola
41
▪ Process of blood cell formation
Hemopoiesis
42
▪ Appear in the primordium of the liver
▪ 6 weeks of gestation
hepatic phase
43
Blood vessels begin to penetrate cavities
created by degeneration of chondrocytes in
the cartilage models of bones during the 4th
month of gestation.
myeloid phase
44
the major blood-forming
organ until adult life
bone marrow
45
➢ Adult type
➢ Found in the medullary cavities of long bones
➢ Rich in adipose cells that do not produce blood cells
yellow bone marrow
46
Functions
▪ Storage organ, by virtue of its richness in fats
(bulalo)
▪ Reserve of hematopoietic tissue in pathologic
conditions
yellow bone marrow
47
what THEORY is this
▪ All formed elements of blood originate from a
single stem cell, the hemocytoblast
▪ Pluripotential stem cell
UNITARIAN OR MONOPHYLETIC
48
qhat THEORY?
▪ Blood cells arise from two stem cells
Myeloblasts
▪ Erythrocytes and granular leucocytes
Lymphoblasts
▪ Lymphocytes and monocytes
DUALISTIC OR DIPHYLETIC
49
_______ THEORY
▪ Existence of a primitive stem cell for each
type of blood cells.
POLYPHYLETIC
50
a primitive stem or parent cell in
myeloid and lymphatic tissues
hemocytoblast
51
➢ Formation of red blood cells
➢ Development of a mature erythrocyte takes about 3
days (lifespan of RBCs – 120 days)
ERYTHROPOIESIS
52
Major morphologic and histologic changes that
occur during the maturation
erythropoiesis
53
▪ Earliest stage that develops from the
pluripotentialstem cell or CFU
▪ Cell is large, rounded nucleus and uniformly
dispersed chromatin pattern.
▪ Present nucleoli; basophilic cytoplasm
Proerythroblast (Rubriblast)
54
▪ Smaller than the proerythroblast
▪ Nucleus contains coarse chromatin; absent
nucleoli
▪ Basophilic cytoplasm
Basophilic erythroblast (pre-rubricyte)
55
▪ Cells show mixed colors varying from
purplish blue to lilac to gray
▪ Nucleus has a denser chromatin network
▪ Coarser chromatin bodies that give a
checkerboard appearance
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (Rubricyte)
56
▪ Hemoglobin is of sufficient quantity
(acidophilia)
▪ Decreased basophilia of cytoplasm
Polychromatophilic Erythroblast (Rubricyte)
57
▪ Same amount of hemoglobin as RBCs;
exhibits acidophilia
Normoblast (Acidophilic Erythroblast)
58
Small fragments of nucleus occasionally
remain and give rise to deeply staining bodies
called ?
Howell-Jolly bodies
59
▪ Youngest erythrocyte found in circulation.
▪ Normal value: less than 1%
▪ Supravital staining with cresyl blue
demonstrates a delicate reticulum of variable
appearance and size that stains dark blue in
the otherwise pink cytoplasm
reticulocytes
60
- dependable index of the rate
of formation of new red blood cells (take note
kasi eto raw fave question ni doc sa exam)
Reticulocytes
61
Reticulocytes will _______ in response to
blood loss
increase
62
▪ Biconcave disc
▪ Anucleated
▪ Large numbers in the bone marrow
parenchyma
▪ Released into the peripheral blood
erythrocyte
63
FORMATION OF GRANULES
granulopoiesis
64
▪ Round or oval nucleus; 2 or more nucleoli
▪ Sieve-like appearance of chromatin pattern
myeloblast
65
▪ From pluripotential stem cell
▪ Deeply staining basophilic cytoplasm, devoid
of granules
Myeloblast
66
▪ Larger
▪ Ovoid nucleus; indented prominent nucleoli
▪ Deeply staining basophilic cytoplasm
▪ Cytoplasm is more basophilic and contains
azurophilic granules
Promyelocyte
67
▪ Appearance of specific granules in the
developing myelocytes
▪ Neutrophilic, basophilic, and eosinophilic
▪ Reduction in size
Myelocyte
68
▪ Specific granules contain alkaline
phosphatase and phagocytin
Neutrophilic myelocyte
69
▪ Large and refractile and contain acid
hydrolytic and oxidase enzymes
Eosinophilic myelocyte
70
▪ Irregularly sized basophilic granules which
contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin
Basophilic myelocyte
71
▪ Nucleus with a deep indentation indicating
the beginning of lobe formation
▪ Cytoplasm is a deep pink color
Metamyelocyte
72
➢ Concerned with protection against blood loss by
promoting clotting at sites of tissue injury
➢ Platelets originate in the red bone marrow
➢ Fragmentation of the cytoplasm of huge
polymorphonuclear cells called megakaryocytes
thrombopoiesis
73
▪ Large cell with round or indented nucleus
▪ Loose chromatin pattern
▪ Inconspicuous nucleoli
Megakaryoblast
74
➢ Formation of monocytes
➢ Macrophage cell line shares with the granulocytes
and the common committed stem cell, the CFU-GM,
monoblast divides into a promonocyte.
➢ Half of the promonocytes rapidly proliferate to
generate monocytes
MONOPOIESIS
75
➢ Formation of lymphocytes
LYMPHOPOIESIS
75
➢ Formation of lymphocytes
LYMPHOPOIESIS
75
➢ Formation of lymphocytes
LYMPHOPOIESIS
76
▪ The cytoplasm increases its volume
▪ Basophilia diminishes
▪ Azurophilic granules become dispersed
Promegakaryocytes
77
▪ Very large and lobulated nucleus
▪ Azurophilic granules are widely scattered in
the central region of the cytoplasm but
generally absent from a narrow peripheral
zone of pale, blue ectoplasm
Megakaryocyte
78
__ liters of blood in a person weighing 150 pounds
5-6 L
79
plasma - __%, hematocrit- __%
55%, 45%
80
▪ Clear yellow fluid when blood clots
▪ Equivalent in composition to plasma
▪ Lacks fibrinogen and some other protein
factors
serum
81
8% of body weight
blood
82
the liquid that remains after the blood
has clotted.
serum
83
the liquid that remains when clotting is
prevented with the addition of an anticoagulant.
plasma
84
Major plasma protein found in the blood is
?
albumin
85
➢ Transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and
carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
➢ Life span is 120 days
erythtrocytes
86
▪ Crenation (shrunken)
▪ Cockle-Burr appearance
hypertonic
87
▪ Swelling
▪ Hemolysis
hypotonic
88
➢ Spherical shaped cells, with nucleus and cytoplasm
➢ Normal Value: 5,000-10,000/mm3 of blood
leukocytes
89
▪ Increased leucocyte count
Leukocytosis
90
▪ A decrease leucocyte count
Leucopenia
91
➢ Most abundant
➢ Normal Value: 55 to 65%
➢ Normal life span is about 8 days
➢ Diameter is 10-12 um
neutrophils
92
➢ Specific granules lack lysosomal enzymes
➢ Contain alkaline phosphatase and phagocytins
➢ Significant antibacterial activity
neutrophils
93
➢ NV: 0.5-1.0%
➢ 10 um in diameter
➢ Nucleus is relatively large and irregularly
polymorphous
basophils
94
➢ Peroxidase positive and contain histamine
➢ Presence of specific receptors for IgE
basophils
95
➢ NV: 1-3%
➢ Life span is 8-12 days
➢ Average diameter of 10-12 um
➢ Bilobed nucleus
eosinophils
96
➢ Cytoplasm contains coarse acidophilic granules
➢ Contain lysosomal enzymes rich in peroxidase
➢ Increased in parasitic infestations, allergy
eosinophils
97
➢ Second most numerous of leucocytes in blood
➢ 25 to 35%
➢ 7-9 um in diameter
➢ No specific granules
lymphocytes
98
➢ Large spherical nucleus, which may be slightly
indented on one side, purplish blue color
➢ Cytoplasm is pale blue, has a thin rim
➢ Increased in chronic and viral infections
lymphocytes
99
➢ Largest of formed elements
➢ Average diameter: 14 to 16 um
➢ NV: 2-8%
➢ Cytoplasm is more abundant and has a grayish blue
tint
monocytes
100
➢ A colorless fluid
➢ Collected from tissues
➢ Returned to the blood stream
➢ Circulates in only one direction, towards the heart
lymph
101
➢ Biconcave discs
➢ 2 to 3 um in diameter
➢ Non-nucleated
➢ Forms in clusters or groups
➢ NV: 150,000 to 300,000/mm3
thrombocytes
102
2 main lymphatic trunks
▪ Thoracic duct
▪ Right lymphatic duct
103
➢ Polymorphonuclear WBC
➢ Most abundant
➢ Normal value: 55-65%
➢ Increased in bacterial infection
neutrophil
104
Unoxygenated blood from different organs
will come into the heart via WHAT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
105
Blood coming from LA is _______________ blood
oxygenated
106
– pacemaker of the
heart
Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
107
▪ Thin layer of loose connective tissue (LCT)
▪ Collagenous and elastic (C & E) fibers
▪ Blood vessels, nerves (N’s)
▪ Conducting portion
▪ Binds endocardium to myocardium
SUBENDOCARDIUM
108
▪ Found in subendocardium
▪ Part of the conductive system of the heart
Purkinje Fibers
109
Modified cardiac muscle cells located in the
AV bundle and its branches
purkinje fibers
110
➢ Main mass of the heart
➢ Cardiac muscles arranged in tracts or bundles
➢ Strands of connective tissues and vascular
network in between cells
➢ Thickest wall of the heart
MYOCARDIUM
111
_________ muscle cells
▪ Striated, involuntary, cylindrical with
branching, mononucleated or binucleated,
centrally located nucleus, intercalated discs
Cardiac
112
➢ Visceral layer of the pericardium
➢ Lined by a single layer of flat or cuboidal
mesothelial cells
EPICARDIUM
113
____________ cavity
▪ Space between epicardium and parietal
pericardium
▪ Serous fluid: secreted by mesothelial cells
▪ Layers glide freely
Pericardial
114
The central supporting structure of the heart, to
which most of the muscle fibers are attached and with
which the valves are connected is called the cardiac
skeleton. It consists of dense connective tissue.
cardiac skeleton
115
➢ Upper fibrous part of the interventricular
septum
➢ Attachment for free ends of fibers of cardiac
muscles
Septum Membranaceum (take note daw na upper fibrous part sha)
116
➢ Between arterial foramina & AV canals
➢ Provide support and maintain the integrity of
all four orifices
➢ Without these rings of support the orifices
would stretch and the valves would be unable
to function properly
Trigona Fibrosa
117
strongest valve
aorta
118
➢ Fibrous ring
➢ Principal attachment of muscular fibers of
atria, ventricles, and AV valves
➢ Main portion of the cardiac skeleton
➢ Dense connective tissue that surrounds the
openings of the four orifices
Annuli Fibrosi
119
➢ Trigonum fibrosum dextrum continuous with SM
Bundle of His
120
Tubular structures that convey blood away and
towards the heart
blood vessels
121
▪ Dark red colored
▪ Has the thickest arteries
tunica what
tunica media
122
Tunica ??
▪ Loose connective tissue (LCT)
▪ Collagenous, elastic fibers, Blood vessels, nerves
▪ Blue colored
▪ Has the thickest veins
Adventitia
123
➢ Blood supply of blood vessels
➢ Vessel within a vessel
vasa vasorum
124
➢ Nerve supply of blood vessels
➢ Walang lumen
nervi vasorum
125
➢ Also known as Conducting or Elastic arteries
LARGE ARTERIES
126
Also known as Muscular or Distributing Arteries
medium-sized arteries
127
➢ Similar to medium-sized arteries
➢ Average diameter: 300 um
SMALL ARTERIES
128
➢ Also known as “Metaarterioles”
➢ Diameter: 50 um
PRECAPILLARIES
129
➢ Thin-walled tubes which branch extensively
➢ Diameter: 5 to 10 um
➢ Length: not > 50 um
➢ Single layer of endothelial cells on a basement
membrane
capillaries
130
CAPILLARIES: _______________-
➢ Endothelium is uninterrupted
➢ Lack pores in the wall
➢ Found in muscles, nerves, connective tissues
➢ Skeletal muscle, gray matter of spinal cord (nerve)
CONTINUOUS
131
CAPILLARIES:
➢ Endothelium: lined of relatively large caliber and
irregular cross-sectional outline
➢ Tortuous path
➢ Greatly enlarged diameter
➢ Discontinuous lining in walls
➢ With phagocytic cells
➢ Discontinuous basal lamina
➢ Found in the liver, bone marrow, some endocrine
glands
SINUSOIDAL
132
capillaries:
▪ Endothelium: pores of 80-100 um closed by very
thin, porous diaphragm
▪ Pancreas, GIT, choroid plexus, ciliary body
fenestrated with diaphgram
133
▪ Pores are not closed
▪ Renal glomeruli (kidney)
_____________ capillary
fnestrated without diaphgram
134
Fenestrated ___________
▪ Wider lumen
▪ Larger fenestrae
▪ Lack diaphragm
▪ BM: not prominent
▪ Some endocrine glands, carotid, and aortic
bodies
sinusoidal
135
CAPILLARIES: _________--
➢ Endothelial cells: elongated along longitudinal
axis of vessels
➢ Surrounded by reticular fibers
➢ Specialized vessels of the spleen
➢ Splenic sinuses
SINUSES
136
➢ Larger caliber
➢ Thinner walls than arteries
VEINS
137
central vein of spinal cord is an example of
venule
138
____________Portion
* Warm, humidify, or clean the air
Conducting
139
_____________ Portion
* Exchange of gasses takes place
Respiratory
140
o Most abundant cell type; for ciliary
beating
o Each cell possesses about 300 cilia
on its apical surfaces
o Also contains mitochondria
Ciliated columnar cells
141
o Columnar cells with numerous
microvilli
o Immature cells
o Sensory/receptor cells
Brush cells
142
➢ LE: Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
➢ Lamina Propria: dense connective tissue
➢ Most dilated, anterior portion of the nose
vestibule
143
_____________REGION
➢ Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
with goblet cells
➢ Thick basement membrane
➢ LP: Mixed type of secretion, which are serous
and mucous,
RESPIRATORY
144
➢ Receptor organ for smell
➢ LE: PSCCE without GC (pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium WITHOUT goblet cells)
➢ No distinct basal lamina
olfactory region
145
➢ Musculo-membranous tube
➢ Also known as the throat
PHARYNX
146
______pharynx
* Stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
* Mucous glands
Laryngopharynx
147
➢ Also known as the voice box
➢ Continuation of laryngopharynx
LARYNX
148
o Upper part
o Respiratory epithelium (PSCCE)
o LP: loose connective tissue with
elastic fibers, lymphocytes, and
lymphatic nodules
o Laryngeal glands of mixed secretion
False Vocal Cords (Vestibular Folds)
149
o Lower part
o Stratified squamous non-cornified
epithelium
o LP: almost indistinct and contains a
vocal ligament (elastic)
True vocal cords (vocal folds)
150
➢ Also known as the windpipe
➢ Thin-walled tube
➢ Bifurcates into 2 primary bronchi
trachea
151
➢ Main bronchus
➢ Enters root of lungs with arteries, veins, lymphatic
vessels
bronchus
152
➢ 1mm or less in diameter
➢ No more cartilages
➢ No secreting glands and lymphatic nodules
BRONCHIOLES
153
➢ 0.5 mm or less in diameter
➢ LE: Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells, and club cells
➢ No cartilages and glands
➢ Has a smooth muscle layer continuous with less
mucosal folds
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
154
➢ LE: simple cuboidal, ciliated cells, and club cells
with scattered alveoli
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
155
➢ Fewer smooth muscle fibers with elastic connective
tissue
➢ Club cells or Exocrine bronchiolar cells
respiratory bronchioles
156
* Thin-walled tubes
* Discontinuous walls give off branches
* LE: simple squamous
Alveolar ducts
157
* Thin-walled outpocketings
* Clusters of two or more alveoli
* LE: simple squamous
Alveolar sacs
158
Type __ alveolar cells (Pneumocyte type I)
* Squamous or flattened cells
* Form the vast majority of the alveolar
surfaces (90-95% of alveoli are Type I cells)
* Have junctional attachments laterally with
each other or with type II alveolar cells
type I
159
Type __ alveolar cells (Pneumocyte type II)
* Cuboidal cells
* Secretes surfactant which lowers the
surface tension
* Cells contain secretory granules at its
supranuclear portion
* Thicker cells
TYPE II
160
➢ The alveolar septum where gases must pass in
exchange between the air and blood
➢ 3 layers:
* Alveolar epithelium
* Fused basement membranes
* Capillary endothelium
BLOOD-AIR BARRIER take note daw ung layers
161
➢ Free phagocytic cells
➢ Contain particles of dust called dust cells
➢ Dust cells
➢ In heart congestion, they become filled with
hemosiderin pigments
➢ Heart failure cells
alveolar macrophages
162
The inner layer is called the ___________
and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and
bronchi.
visceral pleura
163
____________ bronchiole – ends the conducting
portion of the respiratory system
Terminal
164
Provides defense or immunity against infectious
agents
immune systemz
165
_____________ TISSUE
➢ Aggregates of lymphocytes in different regions of the
body
➢ Parenchyma: Lymphocytes
➢ Stroma: Reticular tissue
LYMPHATIC
166
– produce and
maintain the trabeculae
Fibroblasts reticular cells
167
➢ 20 to 50% of WBC in circulation
➢ Round to ovoid nucleus
➢ Thin rim of bluish cytoplasm
lymphocytes
168
Both the T and B-lymphocytes are referred to as
?
memory cells
169
surface receptors of B CELLS
IMMUNOGLOBULINS
170
➢ Same size as an erythrocyte
➢ Dark nucleus
➢ Thin rim of surrounding cytoplasm
SMALL LYMPHOCYTE
171
_____ LYMPHOCYTE
➢ 10-15 μm
➢ More cytoplasm that is basophilic
➢ active B or T cells
LARGE LYMPHOCYTE
172
➢ Long-lived
➢ 75% of circulating lymphocytes
➢ T-cell receptors (TCRs)
T-LYMPHOCYTES
173
➢ B-cell receptors (BCRs) – immunoglobulins
➢ Monomers of IgM or IgD
➢ Most differentiate into plasma cells
➢ Provide humoral immunity
➢ Remain as long-lived memory B cells
B LYMPHOCYTES
174
______ LYMPHOID TISSUE
➢ Few lymphocytes
➢ Irregularly scattered in a loose manner
➢ Stroma: reticular cells and fibers
LOOSE
175
_____ LYMPHOID TISSUE
➢ Lymphocytes are abundant and closely packed
➢ Examples
* Ileum
* Colon
* Appendix
DENSE
176
________ LYMPHOID TISSUE
➢ Nodules or follicles
➢ Compact, circumscribed aggregates of B cells
NODULAR
177
_______________ LYMPHOID NODULE
* Aggregates of uniform cell density and
staining
PRIMARY
178
_____________ LYMPHOID NODULE
* Aggregates with larger, more euchromatic
cells centrally
* Lighter staining center
* Periphery that has darker staining cell
SECONDARY
179
the Secondary lymphoid nodule is composed of 2 parts:
GERMINAL CENTER AND MANTLE
180
➢ A central, pale staining portion of a secondary nodule
➢ This nodule becomes a secondary when there is
already an antigenic stimulation
➢ Large, activated B lymphoblasts (centroblasts)
* Immunoglobulin gene recombination
* Rapid proliferation
1. Germinal Center
181
➢ Rapid proliferation of activated B lymphoblasts
➢ Smaller, naive lymphocytes pushed
➢ Crowded together peripherally
* Dark staining portion
* Small lymphocytes with dark staining nucleus
and closely packed cells
MANTLE
182
➢ Bilobed structure in mediastinum
➢ T cells are produced
* Site of T lymphocyte differentiation
* Selective removal of T cells reactive against
self-antigens
THYMUS
183
➢ Remains large & active in T cell production until
puberty
➢ Undergoes involution
* Filled with adipose tissue
* Decreasing lymphoid tissue mass and
cellularity
* Reduced T cell output
➢ Vascularized loose connective tissue capsule
THYMUS
184
THYMIC _______
➢ A peripheral zone of dense lymphatic tissue
consisting of T lymphocytes
➢ Do not form lymphatic nodules
➢ Blood supply: Capillaries
➢ Active site of lymphocyte production
CORTEX
185
THYMIC____________
➢ Few pale staining lymphocytes
➢ Reticular cells
* Extremely pleomorphic and have a
* More acidophilic cytoplasm
MEDULLA
186
* Large aggregates of epithelial cells arranged
concentrically
* Secretes cytokines
Hassall corpuscles (landmark sha ng thymuz)
187
➢ Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
➢ Large and diffuse collections of:
* Lymphocytes
* IgA-secreting plasma cells
* Antigen presenting cells
* Lymphoid nodules
malt
188
➢ Contain 70% of all body’s immune cells
* Mostly B cells
* CD4 helper T cells
malt
189
➢ Large irregular masses of lymphoid tissue
➢ Mucosa of posterior oral cavity and nasopharynx
TONSILS
190
➢ Lining epithelium: Stratified squamous
non-keratinized epithelium
➢ Tonsillar crypts → 10 to 20 deep
invaginations
➢ Partial capsule of dense CT
Palatine
191
_____ tonsil
➢ SSE with crypts (Stratified squamous
non-keratinized epithelium)
➢ No distinct capsule
2. Lingual
192
__________ tonsil
➢ PSCCE (Pseudostratified Columnar
Ciliated Epithelium with Goblet Cells)
➢ Thin capsule, shallow infoldings; no
crypts
Pharyngeal
193
➢ Nodular aggregates only used in the ileum
➢ Mucosa and submucosa
➢ No underlying CT capsules
PEYER PATCHES
194
➢ Short, small-diameter projection from the cecum
➢ Lamina propria and submucosa filled with
lymphocytes and lymphoid follicles
➢ Lumen may contain bacteria of large intestines
appendix
195
➢ 1.0 cm by 2.5 cm
➢ Along lymphatic vessels
➢ 400-450 nodes
➢ Axillae, groin, neck, thorax, abdomen, visceral
mesenteries
➢ Stroma: reticulin fibers and cells
➢ Bean-shaped encapsulated structures
LYMPH NODE
196
➢ Filters lymph
➢ Defend against the spread of microorganisms and
tumor cells
➢ Provide enclosed environments for:
* Antigen presentation
* Development of plasma cells secreting non-
IgA antibodies
lymph node
197
part of lymph node
* Concave depression
* Efferent lymphatic leaves
* A, V, N penetrate the organ
Hilum
198
part of lymph node
* Dense connective tissue
* Trabeculae extend internally through which
the blood vessels branch
Capsule
199
* Where most lymphocytes enter
* Lacks nodules
PARACORTEX
200
* Receiving lymph from the afferent lymphatics
CORTEX
201
➢ Upper part (yung may bilog, bukol)
➢ Lymphoid nodules
* Formed largely of developing B
lymphocytes
* Helper T lymphocytes
* Numerous macrophages
(1) CORTEX
202
➢ Middle part
➢ Lacks B cell lymphoid nodules
➢ Lymphoid tissue rich in T cells
(2) PARACORTEX
203
➢ Found in left upper quadrant of the abdomen
➢ 12 x 7 x 3 cm
➢ Made up of dense CT capsule/fibroelastic capsule
➢ Trabeculae
* Penetrate the parenchyma or splenic pulp
* Fibrous extensions into the organ
➢ No cortex and medulla
➢ Two regions: White pulp and red pulp
SPLEEN
204
➢ Defense against blood-borne antigens
➢ Main site of old erythrocyte destruction
➢ Production site of antibodies and activated
lymphocytes
spleen
205
➢ Only 20% of spleen
➢ Associated with a central arteriole
➢ Enclosed by Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
of T cells
whte pulp
206
➢ About 80%
➢ Filters blood
➢ Removes effete erythrocytes
➢ Recycles hemoglobin iron
red pulp
207
Splenic ________
* Blood filled
* Lined by unusual endothelial cells → Stave
cells
sinusoids
208
Presence of villi, fingerlike projections in the
mucosa
ileum
209
This segment of the large intestines or colon has
the most numerous aggregates of lymphatic
nodules
Mucosa
210
The spaces in tonsils are called ??
tonsillar crypts
211
Splenic cords/_________ cords – composed of
macrophages, and blood cells of all kinds
Billroth
