FINALS 40% Flashcards
1
Q
LE of Oral cavity
A
Stratified squamous non-cornified (SSNCE)
2
Q
- The only communication between the 2
subdivisions which are oral vestibule and the
oral cavity proper.
A
Retromolar space
3
Q
LE of the skin (outer part of lips)
A
stratified squamous cornified epithelium
4
Q
_____ have no hair follicles, sweat glands, and
sebaceous glands
A
lips
5
Q
The Submucosaof the cheeks: Containing tubulo-alveolar small salivary glands called?
A
buccal glands
6
Q
Mucosa of the cheeks is: Lined by
A
Stratified squamous non-cornified
epithelium (SSNCE)
7
Q
Largest and contain taste buds
A
Circumvallate -
8
Q
Leaf-like; rudimentary (common in
animals, not much in humans)
A
Foliate -
9
Q
Constricted base, expanded surface
A
Fungiform -
10
Q
most numerous papillae
A
filiform
11
Q
hardest structure of the body secreted by
ameloblasts; upper portion (sa teeth toh)
A
Enamel
12
Q
formed by odontoblasts
A
Dentin –
13
Q
– covers the dentin of the root
* Secreted by cementocytes
A
Cementum
14
Q
– serve to attach the root of
the tooth to the alveolar socket
A
Periodontal membrane
15
Q
– contains blood vessels, nerves,
fibroblasts, histiocytes, and lymphatic vessels
A
Pulp cavity
16
Q
– yellowish structure in
submucosal nerve plexus; its purpose is for secretion
A
Meissner’s plexus
17
Q
– smooth muscle can be seen in
this layer; inner circular layer
A
Tunica Muscularis
18
Q
Tunica Muscularis (3rd layer of esophagus)
* Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
(ICOL)
* Upper 1/3: ?
* Middle 1/3: smooth and skeletal muscles
* Lower 1/3: smooth muscle
A
skeletal muscle
19
Q
Lower 1/3: _____ muscle
A
smooth
20
Q
- Most numerous cells in stomach
- Predominates at the lower regions of the
gastric glands - Show abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum
and secretory granules
A
CHIEF/PEPTIC/PRINCIPAL/ZYMOGENIC CELLS
21
Q
- Secretes PEPSINOGEN
- Produces gastric lipases
- Pepsin – initiate the hydrolysis of ingested
protein in the stomach - Gastric Lipase – digests lipids
A
chief/peptic/principal/zymogenic cells
22
Q
- Parenchyma of stomach
- Large round or pyramidal cells with one or
sometimes 2 central round nucleus - Eosinophilic cytoplasm
A
PARIETAL/OXYNTIC CELLS
23
Q
- Simple tubular glands (some compound
tubular glands) - Terminal end is long and coiled
A
Cardiac Glands
24
Q
- Simple tubular glands (some compound
tubular glands) - Terminal end is long and coiled
A
Cardiac Glands
25
* Gastric pits are short and shallow
* Mostly mucous secreting cells
* Parietal cells and argentaffin cells are few
cardiac glands
26
* Most numerous types of glands
* Simple branched tubular glands
Fundic Glands
27
* Terminal end is slightly coiled
* Gastric pits occupy 1⁄4 thickness of mucosa
* Lumen is narrow
* All 4 types of cells are present (!!)
fundic glands
28
* Simple branched tubular glands
* Terminal end is extensively coiled
Pyloric Glands
29
* Gastric pits are long and deep extending to
about 1⁄2 the thickness of mucosa
* Lumen is wider
* No parietal cells except in the pyloric
sphincter
pyloric glands
30
Plicae circulares - Valves of Kerckring is a characteristic of?
small intestine
30
Plicae circulares - Valves of Kerckring is a characteristic of?
small intestine
31
* Shortest, widest, and the most fixed part
* Brunner’s glands or duodenal glands of
Brunner are found at the submucosa
DUODENUM
32
* LE: simple columnar with GC
* LP: dense and nodular lymphatic tissues
* MM: smooth muscles
appendix
33
* LE: simple columnar with goblet cells
* LP: transverse mucosal folds, plicae
transversalis recti
* MM: smooth muscles
rectum
34
parenchyma of small intestines
enterocytes
35
➢ Branched, tubulo-alveolar glands that secrete saliva
into the oral cavity
SALIVARY GLANDS
36
secretion of parotid gland
purely serous
37
secretion of submandibular gland
mixed, mostly serous
38
secretion of sublingual gland
mixed, mostly mucous
39
duct of sublingual gland
bartholin rivinus
40
➢ Pear-shaped
➢ Temporary storage of bile
gallbladder
41
o LE: Simple columnar
o LP: LCT with mucosal folds called
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses (!!)
what organ ???????
gall bladder
42
➢ Largest glandular organ
➢ FUNCTIONS
* Bile secretion
* Food processing and storage
* Synthesis of fibrinogen, prothrombin, plasma
proteins, heparin
liver
43
* Detoxification
* Blood glucose concentration and
maintenance
* Synthesis of cholesterol and production of
urea
* Lipid metabolism
anong organ to
liver
44
➢ The anatomical unit of the liver
➢ A polygonal prism that appears hexagonal
hepatic lobule
45
* Center of the hepatic lobule
* Radiating are the hepatocytes that go
towards the periphery of the lobule
central vein
46
* Corners of the polygon
* Portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct
Portal area
47
➢ Polygonal or polyhedral in shape
➢ Mononucleated and binucleated
hepatocytes
48
➢ Nucleus is vesicular with one prominent nucleoli
➢ Cytoplasm is eosinophilic and shows a considerable
variation
hepatocytes
49
➢ Are intercellular channels between the hepatocytes
BILE CANALICULI
50
➢ Empty into the smallest bile duct lined by cuboidal
cells and called the canals of Herring
➢ Empty into the interlobular bile ducts and into large
ducts
bile canaliculi
51
* Flattened cells with small, elongated dark
staining nucleus and an attenuated
cytoplasm
Endothelial cells (non-phagocytic cells)
52
* Stellate shaped with processes containing
engulfed erythrocytes, pigments, and
granules rich in iron
* They belong to the reticulo-endothelial
system of the body that originates from the
monocytes
Von-Kupffer cells (phagocytic cells)
53
* Contain lipid droplets
* Also known as interstitial cells or lipocytes
Fat storing cells (Ito cells)
54
➢ Perisinusoidal space
➢ Narrow space between the endothelium of the
sinusoids and the periphery of the hepatic cells
DISSE’S SPACE
55
➢ Smallest radicles of the hepatic veins
➢ Drain into the larger Sublobular vein
➢ Collecting veins
central vein
56
regulation of arterial blood pressure
renin
57
drainage of the blood from the kidney
renal vein
58
Renal cortex and renal medulla are protected by the??
renal capsule
59
first part of the urinary tract
pelvis
60
– imaginary boundary between renal
cortex and renal medulla
Arcuate artery
61
* Made of tuft capillaries
Glomerulus
62
Capillaries where the blood enters from the
circulation to the ________ arteriole away
from the heart
afferent
63
Vasa recta is only found in ??
renal medulla
64
➢ Functional unit of the kidney
NEPHRON
65
– filtered blood will go back to the
circulation through this efferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole
66
– first part of the renal tubule; longest
Proximal convoluted tubule
67
Components of filtration barrier:
o Slit pores/filtration slits of podocytes
o ____________
o Endothelium of a glomerular capillary
Basal lamina
68
Bowman’s capsule has 2 parts:
parietal and visceral layer
69
– also called as urinary pole
Tubular pole
70
* Where you can find the afferent and efferent
arterioles
* Entry of the blood
* Where you can find the JG Apparatus
Vascular pole
71
– where the filtrate will pass through
Proximal convoluted tubule
72
➢ Intraglomerular mesangial cells
MESANGIUM
73
➢ Provide structural support
➢ Maintain the basal lamina
mesangium
74
➢ Disposal and removal of filtration residues
➢ Participate in the turnover of the deeper and older
parts of the basal lamina
mesangium
75
* Slightly basophilic cytoplasm with specific
granules
* Secrete rennin - activates angiotensinogen into
angiotensin I
JG CELLSZ
76
Appears as palisade layer of columnar cells with
dark staining nuclei
MACULA DENSA
77
* Function is not clear
* May produce erythropoietin, a hormone that
stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Laci’s cells/Extraglomerular mesangial
cells/Polar cushion/Polkissens cells
78
* Lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with brush borders
* Nuclei are round
* Cytoplasm is granular that stains deeply with eosin
* Acidophilic
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE
79
* Single layer of cuboidal cells without brush borders
* Wider lumen
* Round nuclei
* Pale staining cytoplasm
Ascending Loop of Henle
80
* Simple layer of cuboidal cells with few or without brush borders
* Wider lumen
* Pale staining cytoplasm
Distal Convoluted Tubules
81
* Single layer of cuboidal cells
* Spherical dark staining nucleus
* Clear non-granular slightly basophilic staining
cytoplasm
* With distinct cell boundaries
Arched Collecting Tubule
82
____________Collecting Tubule
* Located at pars radiata
* Simple columnar with dark staining nuclei
STRAIGHT COLLECTING TUBULE
83
* Single layer of tall columnar cells
* Pale staining nuclei
Papillary Ducts of Bertini
84
Mucosa OF?
* Lining Epithelium: Transitional Epithelium
* Lamina Propria: Loose Connective Tissue,
Diffuse Lymphatic Tissue
EXCRETORY PASSAGES
85
➢ Mucosa OF?
* Lining Epithelium: Transitional epithelium
URETER HAHAH
86
➢ Length of 18-20 cm with sigmoid curve
➢ Conveys both urine and seminal fluid
MALE URETHRA
87
➢ Transitional epithelium
➢ 3-4 cm long
➢ Traverses the prostate gland from its base to its apex
➢ Colliculus seminalis/Verumontanum
PROSTATIC URETHRA
88
➢ Shortest 1-1.5 cm
➢ From the lower pole of the prostate to the bulb of the
corpus spongiosum
➢ Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
MEMBRANOUS URETHRA
89
➢ Longest 15 cm
➢ From the bulb of the penis to the tip of the glans penis
➢ Pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium
➢ Fossa navicularis
PENILE URETHRA
90
➢ Shorter than the male urethra 3-5 cm
➢ Terminal urinary passage conducting urine from
bladder to the vestibule
➢ Mucosa is thrown into longitudinal folds
FEMALE URETHRA
91
Produce the female gametes
ovaries
92
Provides environment for fertilization
fallopian tube
93
Holds the embryo for development
uterus
94
Produces steroidal sex hormones
ovaries
95
Nourishes the newborn
female breast
96
➢ Length: 2.5 to 5 cm (3cm)
➢ Width: 1.5 to 3 cm (1.5 cm)
➢ Thickness: 0.6 to 1.5 cm (1cm)
ovary
97
-Peritoneal fluid
-Squamous/flat cells
Mesothelial cells (present sa ovary)
98
➢ Oocyte + one or more layers of follicular cells within a
basal lamina
OVARIAN FOLLICLE
99
➢ Single layer of flattened follicular cells
➢ Primary oocyte
PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE
100
➢ Unilaminar Primary Follicle
➢ Multilaminar Primary Follicle
➢ Zona Pellucida
are what type of follicle
primary follicle
101
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
a. unilaminar primary follicle
b. multilaminar primary follicle
A. UNILAMINAR
102
A primary follicle that is
* Between oocyte and GCs
* A glycoprotein layer
Zona Pellucida
103
➢ Small spaces appear between granulosa layers
ANTRAL FOLLICLE
104
Cells secrete clear follicular fluid
Liquor Folliculi
105
GCs that form a hillock
Cumulus Oophorus
106
GCs that immediately surround the
zona pellucida
Corona Radiata
107
Theca Interna (TI): Produces ?
androstenedione
108
➢ Preovulatory follicle
➢ Contains a single large antrum
➢ Forms a bulge at the ovarian surface
GRAAFIAN/MATURE FOLLICLE
109
➢ Average of 2 cm
➢ Large 20 oocyte, commences second meiotic division
➢ Very thick ZP
➢ ZG forms a layer of even thickness
graafian follicle
110
where the egg cell gets fertilized during
ovulation (where fertilization takes place)
ampulla
111
➢ Remains of follicle after ovulation
➢ Secretes hormones
CORPUS LUTEUM
112
* Inner, larger, makes up bulk of corpus
* Derived from granulosa cells
* Secretes progesterone
Granulosa Lutein Cells
113
* Peripheral, smaller, deeply stained
* Derived from theca interna
* Secretes estrogen & androgens
Theca Lutein Cells
114
Corpus Luteum produces progesterone &
estrogens for __days
14
115
➢ Scar
➢ Forms at the site of a corpus luteum after its involution
➢ Contains mostly collagen
➢ Few fibroblasts
➢ Alba – white
➢ “White body”
CORPUS ALBICANS
116
➢ Paired
➢ 10 to 12 cm
➢ Open into peritoneal cavity
FALLOPIAN TUBE
117
Funnel-shaped; Opening near ovary
Infundibulum
118
➢ Pear-shaped muscular organ
➢ Length: 6.5 cm
➢ Width: 3.5 cm
➢ Thickness: 2.5 cm
➢ Simple columnar ciliated epithelium
uterus
119
-Rounded upper end of the body
-Where oviducts join
Fundus
120
* Single layer of mesothelial cells
* Thin layer of connective tissue
* Mesothelial cells
what layer of the uterus is described
perimetrium
121
what layer of the uterus is this:
* 15 mm of bundles of smooth muscles in
connective tissue
Myometrium
122
3 sublayers of myometrium:
Stratum subvasculare
Stratum vasculare
Stratum supravasculare
123
A layer in uterus that Contains numerous simple branched tubular glands aka Uterine/Endometrial glands
endometrium
124
stratum basalis and stratum functionalis are sublayers of?
endometrium
125
-Deeper portion
-Directly attached to myometrium
-Does not change much during menstrual cycle
-Principle source of cells for regeneration of
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis
126
-Superficial portion: upper 1⁄2 - 2/3 of endometrium
-Sloughed regularly during menses
Stratum functionalis
127
* Branches of uterine arteries pass myometrium
Arterial supply of endometrium
128
__________ arteries (basal arteries)
▪ Short
▪ Bifurcates into a plexus, supplies
stratum basalis
straight arteries
129
______ arteries (coiled arteries)
▪ Long, coiled, thick-walled
▪ Pass to surface of endometrium, around glands and stratum compactum
▪ Responsive to hormonal changes
Spiral
130
➢ Conduit for sperm transport
➢ Prepares for implantation
➢ Nourishes embryo
are functions of?
uterusz
131
what stage of menstrual cycle?
* Begins at end of menstrual flow
* Increased thickness of mucosa
* Coiled arteries elongate
PROLIFERATIVE/FOLLICULAR/ESTROGENIC
PHASE
132
* Stroma is more cellular
* Glands are straight, narrow, and empty
what stage of menstrual cycle
PROLIFERATIVE/FOLLICULAR/ESTROGENIC
PHASE
133
* Occurs after ovulation
* Further thickening of endometrium
* Less cellular
what stage of menstrual cycle
SECRETORY/LUTEAL/PREGESTATIONAL PHASE
134
* Edema of uterine glands; more tortuous
* Elongating and convoluting arteries reach
superficial portion of endometrium
* Four times thicker than basal layer
what stage of menstrual cycle
SECRETORY/LUTEAL/PREGESTATIONAL
PHASE
135
* Fertilization fails to occur
* Ovarian hormone stimulation declines
menstrual phase (last stage of mens cycle)
136
➢ Cervical canal: 3 cm long
➢ Mucosal lining: 2 to 3 mm thick
CERVIX
137
branching folds in mucosa in the cervix
Plicae Palmitae
138
Portio Vaginalis
Exocervix
139
➢ Distensible muscular tube
➢ Does not contain glands
➢ pH is acidic
vagina
140
Lining of vagina is rich in ?
glycogen
141
include several structures, all covered by
stratified squamous epithelium
Vulva
142
a space whose wall includes the tubulo-acinar vestibular glands
Vestibule
143
paired folds of skin lacking hair follicles but with numerous sebaceous glands
Labia minora
144
paired; homologous and histologically similar to the skin of the scrotum
Labia majora
145
an erectile structure homologous to the penis with paired corpora cavernosa
Clitoris
146
propel spermatozoa and secretions to the penile urethra
genital ducts
147
__________ are compound-tubular glands lodged in the
scrotum.
testes
148
round or polygonal cells with central nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm; produce the hormone TESTOSTERONE
leydig cells
149
Each seminiferous tubule is lined by a specialized stratified
epithelium called as GERMINAL or _____________
EPITHELIUM
SPERMATOGENIC
150
sequence of events wherein spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa.
spermatogenesis
151
sequence of events wherein spermatogonia are transformed into spermatozoa.
spermatogenesis
152
– Mitosis of spermatogonia to become spermatocytes
Spermatocytogenesis
153
– Spermatids are transformed directly into spermatozoa or sperm cells.
Spermiogenesis
154
-Most immature, located beneath the basement
membrane of the seminiferous tubules;
-contain a round, dark staining nucleus.
spermatogenic cells
155
stem cell, diploid chromosomes (46 chromosomes or 44 XY)
spermatogonium
156
These undergo the first meiotic division and become transformed into secondary spermatocytes. (44 XY)
primary spermatocytes
157
These cells undergo spermiogenesis and become transformed into mature germ cells.
secondary spermatocyte
158
- (22 X / 22 Y or haploid)
secondary spermatocyte
159
Most mature, located near or towards the lumen
- These are mature sperm cells that are actively
motile, free swimming and consist of a head, a
middle piece, a body, and a tail.
sperm cell/spermatozoa
160
Support, protection and nutrition of the developing
spermatogenic cells
sertoli cells
161
___________________ phase- stem cells divide to
replace themselves and provide a population of
committed spermatogonia (Mitosis)
Spermatogonial
162
____________________ phase- Primary spermatocytes
undergo meiosis to reduce both the chromosome
and amount of DNA (Meiosis)
Spermatocyte
163
One primary spermatocyte gives rise to __ daughter
cells
four/4
164
Long, comma shaped, highly coiled duct lies in the
scrotum along the superior and posterior sides of each
testis
165
Long, comma shaped, highly coiled duct lies in the
scrotum along the superior and posterior sides of each
testis
epididymis
166
Long, straight tube with a thick muscular wall and
relatively small lumen, leaves the scrotum and continues
toward the prostatic urethra
vas deferens
167
Produce secretions, which become mixed with sperm
during ejaculation to produce SEMEN and are essential
for reproduction
accessory organs
168
secretes and stores a yellow, viscous alkaline fluid which is rich in fructose (exocrine
gland).
seminal vesivcle
169
major energy source for sperm
fructose
170
which stimulate activity in the female reproductive tract
prostaglandins
171
allows semen to coagulate after ejaculation
fibrinogen
172
Produce a fluid responsible for the milky appearance of
the seminal fluid;
main source of acid phosphatase, citric acid, and
amylase of semen.
prostate gland
173
containing deposited glycoproteins and keratan sulfate, may become more numerous with age
but no physiologic or clinical significance
corpora amylacea
174
Release a clear mucus like secretion which coats and
lubricates the urethra
bulburethral gland
175
* displays occurring commonly in the periurethral glands
where it often leads to compression of the urethra and
problems in urination
BEINIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY
176
occurring mainly in the glands of the peripheral zone
* Elevated levels of PSA indicate abnormal glandular mucosa
prostatic carcinoma
177
* ____________________ promotes relaxation in the smooth muscle
cells of helicine arteries and erectile tissue and enhances the neural effect to produce or maintain an erection
Drug Sildenafil
178
inflammation of the testis, frequently involves the ducts
connecting the testis to the epididymis
orchitis
179
* accumulation of serous fluid in the scrotal sac
* scrotal swelling
hydrocele
180
-failure of one or both testis to descend from the
abdomen;
- causes infertility
cryptorchidism
181
Occur secondary to urinary tract infection or sexually
transmitted such as Chlamydia or Neisseria gonorrhea
infections
* Scrotal pain and tenderness
epididymitis
182
_______________________________ PITUITARY
* The part that develops from the neural ectoderm
* Consists of the pars nervosa and infundibulum
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OR POSTERIOR
183
o don’t have an affinity to a certain dye
o undifferentiated
o stain weakly with few or no secretory granules
o represent a heterogeneous group
chromophobe cells
184
Chromophil cells
o have an affinity to a certain dye
- acidophilic
- basophilic
chromophil cells
185
secrete growth hormone and prolactin
Acidophilic chromophil-
186
* Funnel shaped region surrounding the infundibulum.
Pars tuberalis
187
Pars intermedia synthesizes ?????????
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
188
characteristic feature of pars intermedia
rathke's cysts (colloid)
189
what gland Secretes certain hormones which regulates the sleep wake cycle
pineal gland
190
o Supporting cells
o Elongated nuclei
o Stain more heavily than parenchymal cells
o Between cords of pinealocytes and perivascular
areas
Interstitial cells
191
* These glands are located in the cervical region, in front of
the larynx and consist of 2 lobes united by an isthmus.
* Composed of follicles
thyroid gland
192
They synthesize and secrete thyroid hormone such as tetraiodothyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3), which
stimulate metabolic rate.
follicular cells
193
Synthesis and secretion of calcitonin
* Reduction in the concentration of calcium in the blood by
inhibiting bone resorption
parafollicular cells
194
Parathyroid hormone increases ??
calcium
195
Secrete parathyroid hormone which increases calcium.
chief or principal cells
196
secretes the hormone glucagon which helps blood glucose
levels rise (increase)
alpha cells
197
* most numerous and tend to be concentrated in the center
* secrete insulin (decreases glucose level)
beta cells
198
* least numerous and are small that do not stain heavily.
* secrete somatostatin.
delta cells
199
paired organs that lie near the superior poles of the kidney.
* They are flattened structures with a half-moon shape
adrenal gland
200
* secrete mineralocorticoids primarily aldosterone, which is
responsible for electrolyte and water balance.
zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)
201
* Major secretion: Glucocorticoids
* Minor secretion: 17 ketosteroids
ZONA FASCICULATA & RETICULARIS
202
* made up of cells dispersed in irregular cords forming an
anastomosing network.
* Cells are small and cytoplasm is acidophilic
Zona reticularis
203
It secretes neurotransmitters like catecholamines,
epinephrine and nor-epinephrine which are released as
part of fight or flight response
ADRENAL MEDULLA
204
The ____________is also a major endocrine gland delivering
directly in the maternal blood, hormones that are
essential for the continuance of pregnancy
placenta
205
Human Chorionic Gonatotrophic (HCG) is secreted by
____________________ of the chorionic villi
syncitiotrophoblast
206
These cells are found at the base of the intestinal crypts and are distinguished by their prominent eosinophilic apical granules:
paneth cells
207
What is the secretion of the largest salivary gland in the body?
purelyy serous
208
Which layer regularly sloughs off during monthly menstrual periods?
stratum functionalis
209
site of maturation of sperm cell occurs in what segment of the male reproductive tract?
epididymis
