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Breeding and Genetics > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

This is what an animal looks like

A

Phenotype

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2
Q

The genetic make up of the organism

A

Genotype

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3
Q

These two affects the phenotype of an animal

A

Genetics and Environment (GxE interactions)

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4
Q

Discovery of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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5
Q

What did Gregor Mendel presented on his observations and experiments for the discovery of genetics

A

Pea plants

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6
Q

What did Gregor Mendel found about his observations and experiments on the discovery of genetics

A

He found traits were controlled by discrete “factors” (genes)

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7
Q

This theory says that all plants & animals are made of small building blocks called cells

A

Cell Theory of Inheritance

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8
Q

What are cells composed of?

A
  • cell wall
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
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9
Q

Where did cells originate from?

A

from other cells

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10
Q

It is the Unit of Inheritance

A

Gene

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11
Q

Genes are particular parts of ____________ which contained in the nucleus

A

DNA

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12
Q

______________ are the most basic and the smallest part of the body that are capable of sustaining the processes of life

A

Cell

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13
Q

Parts of Cell that makes up most of the cell

A

Protoplasm

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14
Q

Parts of Cell that contains the chromosomes that contain the genes

A

Nucleus

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15
Q

Parts of Cell that also controls the cells metabolism, growth and reproduction

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Parts of Cell that surrounds the nucleus and contains mitochondria, lysosmes, Golgi apparatuses, ribosomes

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Parts of Cell that is semipermeable, surrounds the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

Cell membrane

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18
Q

Kinds of Cell division

A

Mitosis (diploid)
- Meiosis( haploid)

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19
Q

It its the way cells divide in somatic cells

A

Mitosis

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20
Q

This is cell division in sex cells

A

Meiosis

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21
Q

The division of cells in the animals body
which Allows animals (and us) to grow
is

A

MItosis

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22
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
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23
Q

Occur in pairs in the nucleus of all body cells except the sperm and ovum

A

Chromosomes

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24
Q

The number of pairs of chromosomes is called the

A

diploid number

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25
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Chromosome pairs are duplicated in each daughter cell

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26
Q

What Causes Animals to Age

A
  • ## Ability of cells to continue to divide is limited
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27
Q

At the end of each chromosome in the nucleus there is specific repeating DNA sequence called a

A

telomere

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28
Q

Each time the cell divides some parts of the telomere is ___________

A

lost

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29
Q

As the animal ages the telomere becomes

A

shorter and eventually the cells stop dividing

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30
Q

This is how much a cell could divide

A

Telomere

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31
Q

Reproductive cells are called __________

A

gametes

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32
Q

The male gametes is the __________

A

sperm

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33
Q

female gamete is the ___________

A

egg

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34
Q

When the sperm and egg unite they form a

A

zygote

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35
Q

This specialized type of cell division is called

A

meiosis

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36
Q

gene that always expressed

A

dominance

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37
Q

gene that only expressed if not masked

A

recessive

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38
Q

both homologous genes expressed

A

Codominant or Lack of Dominance

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39
Q

Location on the chromosome of a gene

A

Locus

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40
Q

alternate genes that occupy corresponding sites on homologous chromosomes

A

allele

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41
Q

what determines the sex of animals?

A

Fertilization

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42
Q

Y CHROMOSOME contains the _______ gene

A

SRY gene

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43
Q

Its presence provides the initial signal for differentiation of the gonads in the embryo to develop into a testis rather than an ovary.

A

Y chromosome

44
Q

_______ begins with separation of the double helix

A

Replication

45
Q

In Replication, Synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme ___________

A

DNA polymerase

46
Q

In _________the DNA sequence in one of the strands acts as a template for synthesis of RNA

A

Transcription

47
Q

In transcription, Synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme ___________

A

RNA Polymerase

48
Q

Synthesis of new proteins begins with _______________

A

Transcription

49
Q

DNA is transcribed to ________ to produce _____, _______ or _______

A

RNA, mRNA, rRNA, or tRNA

50
Q

Two factors responsible for genetic variation in animals

A

Additive and Non-Additive Gene Effects

51
Q

What are the stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

52
Q

Additive Gene Effects

A

Quantitative (measurable)

53
Q

Traits that Result from Additive Gene Effects

A

Most of the economically important traits
-Carcass traits
-Weight gain
-Milk production
*All have moderate to high heritability
*Environment often influences expression
*Difficult to classify phenotypes into distinct categories because they usually follow continuous distribution
*Difficult to identify animals with superior genotypes

54
Q

Control traits by determining how gene pairs act in different combinations with one another

A

Non-Additive Gene Effect (Observable)

55
Q

Controlled by only one or a few pairs of genes

A

Non-Additive Gene

56
Q

This is called when combinations of gene pairs give good results the offspring will be better than either of its parents

A

Hybrid vigor or heterosis

57
Q

Traits That Result From Non-Additive Gene Effects

A

Qualitative
Phenotype is easily identified
Little environmental effect
Genotype can be easily determined

58
Q

Important Traits involve for Livestock Improvement

A
  • Growth
  • Milk Production
59
Q

the proportion of the total variation (genetic and environmental) that is due to additive gene effects

A

Heritability

60
Q

expression of the likelihood of a trait being passed from the parent to the offspring

A

Heritability Estimate

61
Q

3 Types of Systems that producers can use to select breeding animals

A

Tandem
Independent Culling Levels
Selection Index

62
Q

It is the least effective of the selection methods

A

Tandem

63
Q

Selection for the breeding program is based on more than one trait

A

Independent Culling Levels

64
Q

Disadvantage to this type of selection is that superior performance in one trait cannot offset a trait that does not meet selection criteria

A

Independent Culling Levels

65
Q

Second most effective method of selection
and most widely used

A

Independent Culling Levels

66
Q

is established that gives weight to traits based on the economic importance, heritability and genetic correlations that may exists between the traits

A

Index of Net Merit/ Selection Index

67
Q

Does not discriminate against a trait with only slightly substandard performance when it is offset by high performance in another trait

A

Selection Index

68
Q

Provides more rapid improvement in overall genetic improvement in the breeding group

A

Selection Index

69
Q

Is the most effective method of achieving improvement in genetic merit

A

Selection Index

70
Q

This results in many different combinations of traits in offspring

A

Fertilization

71
Q

Pass heritable characteristics from one animal to another

A

Genes

72
Q

Occur in pairs just like the chromosome

A

Genes

73
Q

Gene pairs that are identical are called

A

homozygous

74
Q

If the gene pairs code for different expression of the same trait they are

A

heterozygous and the genes are called alleles

75
Q

is the combination of genes that an individual poses

A

Genotype

76
Q

Provide the code for the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins that control the chemical reactions in the body

A

Genes

77
Q

These reactions determine the physical characteristics

A

Genes

78
Q

Hidden Allele

A

Recessive gene

79
Q

Occurs when the alleles at a gene locus are only partially expressed

A

Incomplete Dominance

80
Q

Occurs when neither allele in a heterozygous condition dominates the other and both are fully expressed

A

Codominance

81
Q

Sex chromosomes of female

A

XX

82
Q

Sex chromosome of male

A

YX

83
Q

For mammals, Sex of offspring is determined by

A

the male

84
Q

For Birds, ___________ determines the sex of the offspring

A

Female

85
Q

Sex chromosome of male in birds

A

ZZ

86
Q

Sex chromosome of female in birds

A

ZW

87
Q

Tendency for certain traits to stay together in the offspring

A

Linkage

88
Q

May result in the predictions of mating not always happening

A

Crossover

89
Q

This forms new chromosomes with different combinations of genes

A

Crossover

90
Q

This is happen when a new trait is shown which did not exist in either parent

A

Mutation

91
Q

What causes genes to mutate?

A

Radiation

92
Q

is the result of using the principles of genetics

A

Livestock improvement

93
Q

The amount of difference between parents and offspring is caused by

A

genetics and the environment

94
Q

are used to show how much of a difference in some traits might come from genetics

A

Heritability estimates

95
Q

Animals grow by

A

cell division

96
Q

Ordinary cell division is called

A

Mitosis

97
Q

Reproductive cells are called

A

gametes

98
Q

Gametes divide by __________________

A

meiosis

99
Q

________ controls an animal traits

A

Genes

100
Q

Genes are sometimes changed by __________ and they are of little value in improving livestock

A

Mutation

101
Q

Rules for Maximum Genetic Improvement

A

Have maximum genetic variation
Spend selection efforts on traits largely influenced by heredity
Observe (measure) accurately the traits carried by the animal
Use the selected animal(s) most effectively

102
Q

Formula for selection differential

A

(x-z)+ (y-z)/ 2

103
Q

How much better are the parents than the average of the population they are selected from

A

Selection differential

104
Q

What influences how much genetic progress you can make?

A

Amount of genetic variation
Heritability
Accuracy of measurement of information
Extent of use of selected animal

105
Q

How extensively you can make use of an animal is influenced by:

A

Prolificness
Generation time (with long generation interval comes slower rate of improvement)

Breeding and Genetics (2 decks)

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