Midterm Flashcards
Second tool for genetic change
Mating/Breeding System
a process that
determines which selected males are bred to which
selected females
Mating/Breeding System
this is when you choose the group of animals you
want to be parents
selection
In this, you match the males
and females from the selected group.
Mating
What are the reasons for using mating systems
- Produce offspring with extreme
breeding values in order to increase
genetic change - Make use of complementarity
- Obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis
is the mating of related animals that results to an increased homozygosity of gene pairs compared to non- inbred animals in the same population
Inbreeding
in this type of animal breeding, the animals being mated are very closely related and can be traced back to
more than one common ancestor
Intensive Inbreeding/ Close Breeding-
matings of animals that are more
distantly related and can be traced back to one
common ancestor
Linebreeding
mating of animals not as closely
related as the average of the population
Outbreeding
Crossing of animals of
different species
Species-cross
example of species-cross
horsexdonkey= mule
mating of animals of
different established breeds.
Crossbreeding-
example of crossbreeding
hampshire X berkshire
mating of animals of
different families within the same breed
outcrossing
mating of purebred
sires to commercial grade females and their
female offspring for several generations
Grading up
Is any animal not eligible for registry
Grading Up
this is crossing of 2 or more
inbred lines or strains (families within a breed)
Line or strain cross
involves mating a selected
number of males to a group of females within a herd or flock
Random Mating
where does the word oestrus cycle derived from
Latin
where does the word oestrus cycle originally came from
Greek
it comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females
estrous cycle
what starts after puberty in sexually mature females?
oestrus cycle
this is interrupted by anestrous phases or pregnancies
estrous cycle
typically estrous cycle continue until_____
death
this may display bloody vaginal discharge
estrous cycle
this is often mistake for menstruation
oestrus cycle
What are the two types of inbreeding
Intensive Breeding/ Close Breeding and Linebreeding
This is what you will use when you want to improve animals
Breeding system
these are traits that compliment each other
complementarity trait
What are the different types of outbreeding
Species-cross
Crossbreeding
Outcrossing
Grading Up
Line or strain cross
Random Mating
This is the most common that we’re doing in farm
Cross breeding
the one we produce should be 50% of the other breed and another 50% for other breed
Crossbreeding
most commonly employed breeding system in animals
Outcrossing
they are the same breed but not related
outcrossing
absence of estrous
anestrous
estrous cycle is all about ______
hormones
this is displayed during the estrous cycle
bloody vaginal discharge
they control our emotions, behavior and actions
hormones
what are the two gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
this hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicle in females and supports sperm production in males
FSH
this hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum in females and stimulates testosterone production in males
LH
this hormone when rising or increases makes a woman feel more flirtatious (paglalandi)
estrogen
this is the hormone that when it increases or rises, it will signal the estrogen to go down
progesterone
this hormone maintains pregnancy
progesterone
it is the reabsorbtion of the endometrium occur if conception does not occur during that cycle
estrous cycle
inner lining of the uterus
endometrium
how many times does a dog becomes in heat
2x a year every 6 months
cats are what type of ovulators
induced ovulators
what type of ovulators are dogs
cyclic/ seasonal ovulators
estrous cycle of goat and sheep
17-23 days
what is the term for when daytime is shorter than the night time
winter solstice
According to Walter Heape, 1984, what are the 5 stages of estrous cycle
proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus
what happens before proestrus
estrogen is slowly increasing
preparation of uterus for pregnancy
metestrus
happens after estrus. In this stage, the female is anticipating her body pregnancy
metestrus
infection of the uterus
pyometra
gestation period of dog
9 weeks
decrease in progesterone will signal the release of the newborn
prostaglandins
secretes the female body for the uterus to contract
prostaglandins
terminate pregnancy
diestrus
regress of uterus in preparation for the estrous
anestrus
reproductive cycle of female, generally defines as period from one estrus to the next
estrous cycle
two phases of estrous cycle
follicular phase
luteal phase
this is the phases to prepare the animal for mating (paglalandi)
follicular phase (estrogen and progesterone)
follicle which is a part of the ovary produces the hormone ______
estrodiol
this is the increasing activity of corpus luteum which happens during metestrus, diestrus and anestrus
luteal phase
it is governed not by follicles but by corpus luteum
luteal phase
what is the function of corpus luteum
produces progesterone
period when female does not experience cycles (occurs during pregnancy)
anestrus
uniform distribution of estrous cycles which occurs regularly throughout the year (cattle, swine, rodents)
polyestrus
cycles occur only during certain times of the year (horse, goats, sheep)
Seasonally polyestrus
cycle when day length increases
long-day breeders
begin to cycle as day length decreases
short-day breeders
one cycle per year
period of estrus last for several days
monoestrus
this phase is period from regression of corpus luteum to ovulation
follicular phase
preovulatory follicle
follicular phase
what is the dominant hormone in follicular phase
estradiol
20% ONLY OF THE CYCLE
follicular phase
part of the ovary that is dominant during pregnancy that produces progesterone
corpus luteum
during follicular phase, _______ will regress, that’s why progesterone will decrease
corpus luteum
it is about 80% of the entire cycle
Luteal phase
part of the ovary that produces progesterone
corpora lutea/ corpus luteum
it is the prerequisite of estrogen
estradiol
bangkay ng na rupture na follicle
corpus luteum
period from ovulation to corpus luteum regression
luteal phase
dominant hormone during luteal phase
progesterone
Stages of Estrous Cycle
Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
(PEM D)
Proestrus+ Estrus
Follicular phase
Metestrus+ Diestrus
Luteal phase
begins when progesterone declines (luteolysis) and ends at onset of estrus
Proestrus
how long does proestrus lasts
2-5 days
it is the period of major endocrine transition (transition from pregnancy phase to heat phase)
proestrus
what is the term for declining progesterone
luteolysis
because of FSH ______ will increase
estrogen
it is the building up phases
proestrus
in this phase, ovarian follicle with enclosed ovum, increase in size
proestrus
___________ absorbed from the follicles into blood stream stimulate increased vascularity and cell growth of tubular genitalia
estrogen
periods of sexual receptivity
estrus
during or shortly after estrus, ovulation occurs due to major surge in what hormone
LH
____ stops once ovulation occurs
estrus
at what phase is increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen
metestrus
in this phase, endometrial lining thickens and uterine muscles show increased development
metestrus
this phase relatively short period of time between estrous cycle during the breeding season of polyestrus animals
diestrus
no reproduce activity on this phase
diestrus
what happens during proestrus?
formation of ovulatory follicle + e2 secretion
what happens during estrus
secretion of estrogen (peak E2 secretion)
what is the dominant tisse in metestrus
corpus luteum
what happens during metestrus
corpus luteum formation and beginning of P4 secretion
what happens during diestrus
sustained luteal secretion of P4
long period of inactivity between sexual season
anestrus
