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Breeding and Genetics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Second tool for genetic change

A

Mating/Breeding System

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2
Q

a process that
determines which selected males are bred to which
selected females

A

Mating/Breeding System

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3
Q

this is when you choose the group of animals you
want to be parents

A

selection

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4
Q

In this, you match the males
and females from the selected group.

A

Mating

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5
Q

What are the reasons for using mating systems

A
  • Produce offspring with extreme
    breeding values in order to increase
    genetic change
  • Make use of complementarity
  • Obtain hybrid vigor or heterosis
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6
Q

is the mating of related animals that results to an increased homozygosity of gene pairs compared to non- inbred animals in the same population

A

Inbreeding

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7
Q

in this type of animal breeding, the animals being mated are very closely related and can be traced back to
more than one common ancestor

A

Intensive Inbreeding/ Close Breeding-

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8
Q

matings of animals that are more
distantly related and can be traced back to one
common ancestor

A

Linebreeding

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9
Q

mating of animals not as closely
related as the average of the population

A

Outbreeding

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10
Q

Crossing of animals of
different species

A

Species-cross

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11
Q

example of species-cross

A

horsexdonkey= mule

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12
Q

mating of animals of
different established breeds.

A

Crossbreeding-

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13
Q

example of crossbreeding

A

hampshire X berkshire

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14
Q

mating of animals of
different families within the same breed

A

outcrossing

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15
Q

mating of purebred
sires to commercial grade females and their
female offspring for several generations

A

Grading up

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16
Q

Is any animal not eligible for registry

A

Grading Up

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17
Q

this is crossing of 2 or more
inbred lines or strains (families within a breed)

A

Line or strain cross

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18
Q

involves mating a selected
number of males to a group of females within a herd or flock

A

Random Mating

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19
Q

where does the word oestrus cycle derived from

A

Latin

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20
Q

where does the word oestrus cycle originally came from

A

Greek

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21
Q

it comprises the recurring physiologic changes that are induced by reproductive hormones in most mammalian placental females

A

estrous cycle

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22
Q

what starts after puberty in sexually mature females?

A

oestrus cycle

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23
Q

this is interrupted by anestrous phases or pregnancies

A

estrous cycle

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24
Q

typically estrous cycle continue until_____

A

death

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25
Q

this may display bloody vaginal discharge

A

estrous cycle

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26
Q

this is often mistake for menstruation

A

oestrus cycle

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27
Q

What are the two types of inbreeding

A

Intensive Breeding/ Close Breeding and Linebreeding

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28
Q

This is what you will use when you want to improve animals

A

Breeding system

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29
Q

these are traits that compliment each other

A

complementarity trait

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30
Q

What are the different types of outbreeding

A

Species-cross
Crossbreeding
Outcrossing
Grading Up
Line or strain cross
Random Mating

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31
Q

This is the most common that we’re doing in farm

A

Cross breeding

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32
Q

the one we produce should be 50% of the other breed and another 50% for other breed

A

Crossbreeding

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33
Q

most commonly employed breeding system in animals

A

Outcrossing

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34
Q

they are the same breed but not related

A

outcrossing

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35
Q

absence of estrous

A

anestrous

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36
Q

estrous cycle is all about ______

A

hormones

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37
Q

this is displayed during the estrous cycle

A

bloody vaginal discharge

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38
Q

they control our emotions, behavior and actions

A

hormones

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39
Q

what are the two gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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40
Q

this hormone stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicle in females and supports sperm production in males

A

FSH

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41
Q

this hormone triggers ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum in females and stimulates testosterone production in males

A

LH

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42
Q

this hormone when rising or increases makes a woman feel more flirtatious (paglalandi)

A

estrogen

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43
Q

this is the hormone that when it increases or rises, it will signal the estrogen to go down

A

progesterone

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44
Q

this hormone maintains pregnancy

A

progesterone

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45
Q

it is the reabsorbtion of the endometrium occur if conception does not occur during that cycle

A

estrous cycle

46
Q

inner lining of the uterus

A

endometrium

47
Q

how many times does a dog becomes in heat

A

2x a year every 6 months

48
Q

cats are what type of ovulators

A

induced ovulators

49
Q

what type of ovulators are dogs

A

cyclic/ seasonal ovulators

50
Q

estrous cycle of goat and sheep

A

17-23 days

51
Q

what is the term for when daytime is shorter than the night time

A

winter solstice

52
Q

According to Walter Heape, 1984, what are the 5 stages of estrous cycle

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus

53
Q

what happens before proestrus

A

estrogen is slowly increasing

54
Q

preparation of uterus for pregnancy

A

metestrus

55
Q

happens after estrus. In this stage, the female is anticipating her body pregnancy

A

metestrus

56
Q

infection of the uterus

A

pyometra

57
Q

gestation period of dog

A

9 weeks

58
Q

decrease in progesterone will signal the release of the newborn

A

prostaglandins

59
Q

secretes the female body for the uterus to contract

A

prostaglandins

60
Q

terminate pregnancy

A

diestrus

61
Q

regress of uterus in preparation for the estrous

A

anestrus

62
Q

reproductive cycle of female, generally defines as period from one estrus to the next

A

estrous cycle

63
Q

two phases of estrous cycle

A

follicular phase
luteal phase

64
Q

this is the phases to prepare the animal for mating (paglalandi)

A

follicular phase (estrogen and progesterone)

65
Q

follicle which is a part of the ovary produces the hormone ______

A

estrodiol

66
Q

this is the increasing activity of corpus luteum which happens during metestrus, diestrus and anestrus

A

luteal phase

67
Q

it is governed not by follicles but by corpus luteum

A

luteal phase

68
Q

what is the function of corpus luteum

A

produces progesterone

69
Q

period when female does not experience cycles (occurs during pregnancy)

A

anestrus

70
Q

uniform distribution of estrous cycles which occurs regularly throughout the year (cattle, swine, rodents)

A

polyestrus

71
Q

cycles occur only during certain times of the year (horse, goats, sheep)

A

Seasonally polyestrus

72
Q

cycle when day length increases

A

long-day breeders

73
Q

begin to cycle as day length decreases

A

short-day breeders

74
Q

one cycle per year
period of estrus last for several days

A

monoestrus

75
Q

this phase is period from regression of corpus luteum to ovulation

A

follicular phase

76
Q

preovulatory follicle

A

follicular phase

77
Q

what is the dominant hormone in follicular phase

A

estradiol

78
Q

20% ONLY OF THE CYCLE

A

follicular phase

79
Q

part of the ovary that is dominant during pregnancy that produces progesterone

A

corpus luteum

80
Q

during follicular phase, _______ will regress, that’s why progesterone will decrease

A

corpus luteum

81
Q

it is about 80% of the entire cycle

A

Luteal phase

82
Q

part of the ovary that produces progesterone

A

corpora lutea/ corpus luteum

83
Q

it is the prerequisite of estrogen

A

estradiol

84
Q

bangkay ng na rupture na follicle

A

corpus luteum

85
Q

period from ovulation to corpus luteum regression

A

luteal phase

86
Q

dominant hormone during luteal phase

A

progesterone

87
Q

Stages of Estrous Cycle

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus

(PEM D)

88
Q

Proestrus+ Estrus

A

Follicular phase

89
Q

Metestrus+ Diestrus

A

Luteal phase

90
Q

begins when progesterone declines (luteolysis) and ends at onset of estrus

A

Proestrus

91
Q

how long does proestrus lasts

A

2-5 days

92
Q

it is the period of major endocrine transition (transition from pregnancy phase to heat phase)

A

proestrus

93
Q

what is the term for declining progesterone

A

luteolysis

94
Q

because of FSH ______ will increase

A

estrogen

95
Q

it is the building up phases

A

proestrus

96
Q

in this phase, ovarian follicle with enclosed ovum, increase in size

A

proestrus

97
Q

___________ absorbed from the follicles into blood stream stimulate increased vascularity and cell growth of tubular genitalia

A

estrogen

98
Q

periods of sexual receptivity

A

estrus

99
Q

during or shortly after estrus, ovulation occurs due to major surge in what hormone

A

LH

100
Q

____ stops once ovulation occurs

A

estrus

101
Q

at what phase is increase in progesterone and decrease in estrogen

A

metestrus

102
Q

in this phase, endometrial lining thickens and uterine muscles show increased development

A

metestrus

103
Q

this phase relatively short period of time between estrous cycle during the breeding season of polyestrus animals

A

diestrus

104
Q

no reproduce activity on this phase

A

diestrus

105
Q

what happens during proestrus?

A

formation of ovulatory follicle + e2 secretion

106
Q

what happens during estrus

A

secretion of estrogen (peak E2 secretion)

107
Q

what is the dominant tisse in metestrus

A

corpus luteum

108
Q

what happens during metestrus

A

corpus luteum formation and beginning of P4 secretion

109
Q

what happens during diestrus

A

sustained luteal secretion of P4

110
Q

long period of inactivity between sexual season

A

anestrus

Breeding and Genetics (2 decks)

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