Prelims Flashcards
How much in percentage does the integumentary system make up our body weight?
15-20%
Functions of the integumentary system
Protection
Insulation
Receptors
Aids in Homeostasis
Thermoregulation
Elimination of waste
Synthesis of Vit. D
Oil Production
Cosmesis
Layers of the skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer
Water-proof layer of the epidermis that protects the skin against infection
Corneum
Layers of the epidermis
Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
Layer of the epidermis that resists pressure
Lucidum
Where can stratum lucidum be found in the body?
Palms of the hands
Soles of the feet
Layer of the epidermis that functions for water retention
Granulosum
Layer of the epidermis functions for heat regulation
Spinosum
Layer of the epidermis that contains melanocytes
Basale
Another name for stratum basale
Germinativum
Another name for dermis
Corium
How thick is the dermis?
20-30x thicker than the epidermis
What proteins does the dermis contain?
Elastin
Collagen
Normal response to skin turgor
< 5 secs rebound
What structures does the dermis contain?
Receptors
Blood vessels
What are the receptors found in the dermis?
Free-nerve endings
Merkel’s disc
Meissner’s corpuscle
Krause-end bulb
Ruffini endings
Pacinian corpuscle
Another name for the subcutaneous layer
Hypodermis
What does the subcutaneous layer contain?
Fats
Lose connective tissue
Functions of the subcutaneous layer
Support
Insulation
Cushion
Storage of energy
Course and thick hair
Terminal
Fine and short hair
Vellus
Where can terminal hair be found?
Scalp, eyelash, eyebrows, pubic hair
Where can vellus hair be found?
Arm, chest, cheeks
What disease is clubbing of nails indicative of?
Respiratory problem (COPD)
What disease is spoon nails indicative of?
Fungal infection
What disease is white spots in nails indicative of?
Trauma
Another name for sweat glands
Sudoriferous glands
Two types of sweat glands
Eccrine
Apocrine
Function of eccrine glands
Thermoregulation
When is apocrine gland activated?
Emotional stress
Where can apocrine glands be found?
Axilla
Genitals
Beard
Glands that secrete sebum/oil
Sebaceous glands
Muscle responsible for goosebumps
Arrector Pili muscle
Another term for goosebumps
Piloerection
Types of dermatitis
Contact
Actinic
Atopic
Causes of contact dermatitis
Fake jewelries (nickel)
Chromate
Wool fats
Rubber additive
Topical antibiotics
Cause of actinic dermatitis
Sun exposure
S/Sx of acute dermatitis
Redness
Crusting rash
Oozing
S/Sx of subacute dermatitis
Skin erythema
Scaling
Scattered plaques
S/Sx of chronic dermatitis
Thickened skin
Increased skin markings
Post inflammation pigementation
Skin conditions caused by bacterial infection
Impetigo
Cellulitis
Abscess
Bacterial cause of impetigo and cellulitis
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Bacterial cause of abscess
Staphylococcus
Management for impetigo
Antibacterials
Management for cellulitis
Oral or topical anitbiotic
Management for abscess
Incision and drainage
Another name for Herpes I
Herpes Simplex
How can Herpes I be transmitted?
saliva
kissing
S/Sx of Herpes I
elevated blisters < 1mm
How can Herpes 2 be transmitted?
Sexual intercourse
What virus is reactivated in Herpes Zoster?
Varicella Zoster
What CN is affected in herpes zoster?
CN III
Another name for warts
Verrucae
What causes warts?
Human Papilloma Virus
Ringworm found in the scalp
Tinea capitis
Ringworm found in the beard
Tinea barbae
Ringworm found in the body
Tinea corporis
Ringworm found in the nail
Tinea ungium
Jock itch
Tinea cruris
Athlete’s foot
Tinea pedis
Parasite that causes scabies
Sarcoptes scabiei
Parasitic infection caused by lice
Pediculosis
Sausage fingers
Dactylitis
S/Sx of psoriasis
Auspitz sign
Erythematous plaques with silvery scales
Skin lesions with proximal muscle atrophy
Polymyositis
A disc shape form of lesion aggravated by sun exposure
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
A type of lupus wherein all systems are affected and young women are commonly affected
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
S/Sx of Lupus
Butterfly rash
Anemia
Fatigue/Malaise
Arthritis
Raynaud’s
Progressive systemic sclerosis
Scleroderma
CREST syndrome
Calcinosis
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Esophageal dysfunction
Sclerodactyly
Telangiectasia
Skin color indicative of carbon monoxide poisoning
Cherry red
Skin color indicative of liver problem
Jaundice
Skin color indicative of venous insufficiency
Brown
A condition triggered by exercises, heat, and fever
Hydrosis
S/Sx of Hydrosis
Perfused sweating
Anhidrosis
Coldsweats
Xeroderma
S/Sx of Hypothyroidism
Weight gain
Alopecia
Cold intolerance
Muscle weakness
S/Sx of hyperthyroidism
Weight loss
diarrhea
Exophthalmos
Tachycardia
Granulation of venous ulcer
Bright red
Granulation of arterial ulcer
Pale red
Drainage volume of arterial ulcer
Minimal
Drainage volume of venous ulcer
Moderate to heavy
Location of venous ulcer
Medial malleolus
Location of arterial ulcer
Lateral malleolus
Pain-free position of arterial ulcers
Dependency
Pain-free position of venous ulcers
Elevation
In what type of ulcer is hemosiderin staining present in?
Venous
In what type of ulcer is pedal pulse weak?
Arterial
Where can diabetic ulcers be found?
Lateral malleolus
Plantar aspect of MTT head
Best gait pattern for pts with diabetic neuropathy
3-point gait
Stage of presure ulcer where only the epidermis is affected and there non-blanchable erythema
Stage I
Stage of presure ulcer where dermis is also affected and there is partial thickness loss and a presence of a shallow crater
Stage II
Stage of presure ulcer where the subcutaneous tissue is affected and there’s a presence of a deep crater
Stage III
Stage of pressure ulcer where muscle and bones are already exposed
Stage IV
A warty spot caused by proliferation of basal cells resulting in a raised lesion
Seborrheic keratosis
A scaly skin condition caused by proliferation of squamous cells
Actinic keratosis
A skin condition caused by proliferation of melanocytes
Common mole
Another name for common mole
Benign nevus
A type of skin cancer that is slow-growing, ivory in appearance, and caused by sun-exposure
Basal cell carcinoma
A type of skin cancer that is fast-growing, has a poorly-definer border, and caused by sun exposure
Squamous cell carcinoma
A tumor arising from melanocyte
Malignant melanoma
Size of malignant melanoma
> 6mm
ABCDE of melanoma
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving
Basic unit of life
Cell
Functions of cell
Transport, diffuse, osmosis
Cellular communication
Energy production
Solid part of the cell
Organelles
Liquid part of the cells
Cytoplasm
Negative ions
Anion
Positive ions
Cation
Notable cations
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Notable anions
Magnesium
Proteins
A condition wherein there is increased sodium in blood
Hypernatremia
Risk factors of hypernatremia include
DM
Increased aldosterone
Water loss
S/Sx of hypernatremia
Fever
Dehydration
Ms twitching
Restlessness
A condition wherein there is decreased sodium in blood
Hyponatremia
Risk factors of hyponatremia include
Diarrhea
Vomitting
S/Sx of hyponatremia
Seizure
A condition wherein there is increased potassium in blood
Hyperkalemia
S/Sx of hyperkalemia
Ms paralysis
Decreased ms tone
Cardiac dysfunction
A condition wherein there is decreased potassium in blood
Hypokalemia
Risk factors of hypokalemia include
Excessive intake of carbs
Excessive alcohol intake
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Perfused sweating
S/Sx of Hypokalemia
Skeletal ms weakness
Ventricular arrythmia
A condition wherein there is increased calcium in blood
Hypercalcemia
Risk factors for hypercalcemia include
Hyperparathyroidism
Cancer
S/Sx of hypercalcemia
Osteoporosis
Fractures
A condition wherein there is decreased calcium in blood
Hypocalcemia
Risk factors for hypocalcemia include
Multiple blood transfusions
S/Sx of hypocalcemia
Cardiac arrest
Powerhouse of the cell and responsible for ATP synthesis
Mitochondria
Lipid bilayer of the cell
Cell membrane
Organelle that contains our DNA
nucleus
Organelle that contains our RNA
Nucleolus
It is where ribosomes are found
Rough ER
Organelle where lipid synthesis occurs
Smooth ER
Organelle that sorts and transports proteins to targeted destinations
Golgi apparatus
Organelle that digests and recycles cellular materials
Lysosome
Organelle that breaks down free radicals
Peroxisomes
Stages of mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Preparatory phase of mitosis wherein chromatids condenses into visible chromosomes
Prophase
Phase of mitosis wherein the chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell
Metaphase
Phase of mitosis wherein the sister chromatids are pulled apart or separated
Anaphase
Phase of mitosis wherein there is formation of two daughter cells
Telophase
Transport mechanism that moves molecules from higher to lower concentration grade
Diffusion
Transport mechanism that diffuses water through a semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
Subtypes of passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Another name for diffusion
Downhill transport
Differentiate simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
Simple: moves through phospholipid bilayer
Facilitated: moves through membrane via specific transport/carrier proteins
What molecules go through simple diffusion?
Small, non-polar molecules like oxygen, CO2, Methane
What molecules go through facilitated diffusion?
Large, polar molecules like glucose, ions, carbon monoxide
Type of transport mechanism that goes from low to high concentration grade
Active transport
Another name for Active transport
Uphill transport
A subtype of active transport that uses ATP to go against concentration grade
Primary AT
A subtype of active transport that uses energy stored in cell to go against concentration grade
Secondary AT
Example of primary AT
Na-K pump
Factors that increase diffusion rate
Increased temperature
Small molecular size
Increased partition coefficient
Star-shaped cells in neurons that provide structural support
Astrocytes
These cells serve as the myelin sheath of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
These cells serve as the myelin sheath of the PNS
Schwann’s cell
These cells line the choroid plexus
Ependymal cells
These cells serve as protection of the neurons
Microglia
Resting membrane potential of the nerve
-70 mV
Resting membrane potential of muscles and heart
-90 mV
Rapid changes within a cell
Action potential
Charge during resting membrane potential (RMP)
negative (-)
Charge during depolarization
positive (+)
Charge during repolarization
positive (+)
Molecule movement during RMP
no movement
Molecule movement during depolarization
Na+ influx
Molecule movement during repolarization
K+ efflux
Principles of action potentials
All or none
Saltatory conduction
Absolute Refractory period
Relative Refractory period
A condition affecting the NMJ that has a post-synaptic affectation
Myasthenia gravis
A condition affecting the NMJ that has a pre-synaptic affectation
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenia Gravis (LEMS)
Among the three types of muscles, which is striated and which is non-striated?
Striated: skeletal and cardiac
Non-striated: smooth
Location of ions during RMP
Potassium in
Sodium out
Location of ions during depolarization
Potassium in
Sodium in
Location of ions during repolarization
Potassium out
Sodium in
Steps of muscular contraction in cellular level
- AP travels to post-synaptic terminals
- Release of Ca+ at sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca+ binds c troponin
- Active sites of actin are uncovered by tropomyosin
- Attraction of actin and myosin
- Cross-bridge formation
- ATPase activation
- Power stroke
- Sliding filament theory
removal of necrotic tissue
debridement
Types of debridement
Autolytic
Enzymatic
Mechanical
A type of debridement where pt’s own skin is used
Autolytic
A type of debridement where liquified necrotic tissue is removed
Enyzmatic
A type of debridement where the PT will manually and mechanically remove the necrotic tissue
Mechanical
the process of reviving viable cell
Reepithilialization
A type of debridement that is non-selective
Surgical
A type of debridement that is selective
Sharp
First best choice solution used in whirlpool
Normal Saline Solution (NSS)
How many grams of salt does NSS contain?
0.9 grams
A solution used when there is infection
Povidone Iodine
A cost-effective solution that is the 2nd-best choice
Sodium Hypochlorite
Disadvantages of using sodium hypochlorite
can cause irritation
highly corrosive
A painful solution that has minimal irrigation and is the 3rd-best choice
Hydrogen peroxide
Conditions on storing hydrogen peroxide
dark and cold
Commonly used on pts with AIDS/HIV
Dakin’s solution
Types of dressing applied on dry wounds
hydrogel
wet-to-wet
Dressings applied on wounds with minimal to moderate drainage
wet-to-dry
hydrocolloid
dressing applied on wounds with moderate to heavy drainage
Calcium Alginate
Semi-permeable foam
Iodosorb
Dry-to-dry
Types of drainage indicating that a wound is healthy
Serous
Sanguinous
Serosanguinous
A type of drainage that is clear, transparent, and white
Serous
A type of drainage that is red
Sanguinous
A type of drainage that is pinkish
Serosanguinous
Types of drainage indicating that a wound is infected
Purulent
Seropurulent
A type of drainage that is green or opaque in color
Purulent
A type of drainage that is yellow in color
Seropurulent
An example of a mechanical burn
Friction burn
Stages of freezing
intense cold
intense burning
intense aching
intense numbing
A type of electrical burn wherein there is a small entry point and large exit point resulting in extensive internal damage
Iceberg
A type of electrical burn ranging from 500 to 1000 volts
Low voltage
A type of electrical burn ranging from >1000 volts
high voltage
A type of electrical burn ranging from 110-220 volts
home injuries
A zone in a burn wound with minimal cell damage
Hyperremia
A zone in a burn wound with reversible damage if treated within 1-2 days
Stasis
A zone in a burn wound with irreversible damage and skin death occurs
Coagulation
What is the intervention for zone of coagulation
Skin grafts
1st degree burn
Epidermal/superficial burn
Example of a 1st degree burn
Sunburn
2nd degree burn
Superficial partial thickness burn
Deep partial thickness burn
Clinical presentations of a superficial partial thickness burn
intact blisters
bright red
moderate edema
most painful
Clinical presentations of a deep partial thickness burn
broken blisters
waxy white/red in color
little to no pain
marked edema
A type of burn wherein the epidermis and most of the dermis is damaged
deep partial thickness burn
Most painful type of burn
superficial partial thickness burn
3rd degree burn
Full thickness burn
What is the distinguishing feature of a 3rd degree burn?
Eschar formation
4th degree burn
Subdermal burn
A type of burn that reaches the muscles and bones
Subdermal burn
Complications of burn
Infection
Shock
Pulmonary complication
Cardiac and circulatory complication
Integumentary scars and contracture
Common neck deformity caused by burns
Flexion
Common shoulder deformity caused by burns
Adduction and IR
How do you stretch shoulder deformity caused by burns?
Abduction 90 deg, ER, slight flex
Common elbow deformity caused by burns
Flex and pronation
Orthosis used for neck deformity caused by burns
Cervical/soft collar
Orthosis used for shoulder deformity caused by burns
airplane splint
Orthosis used for elbow deformity caused by burns
Elbow splint
How do you stretch an elbow deformity caused by burns
Ext and supination
Common hand deformity caused by burns
Claw hand with intrinsic minus
How do you stretch hand deformity caused by burns?
Intrinsic plus
(wrist-ext 15-20 deg, MCP flex 70 deg, thumb ext slight Abd)
Orthosis used for hand deformity caused by burns
Resting hand splint
Common hip deformity caused by burns
Flex, Adduct, IR
How do you stretch hip deformity caused by burns
Ext, Abduct, ER
Orthosis used for hip deformity caused by burns
Posterior hip splint
Common knee deformity caused by burns
Flex
Orthosis used for knee deformity caused by burn
Posterior knee splint
Common ankle deformity caused by burn
PF
Orthosis used for ankle deformity caused by burn
AFO
Functions of the skeletal system
Provides structure
Protects organ
Movement
Hematopoiesis
Examples of irregular bones
Patella
Vertebra
Examples of flat bones
Scapula
Pelvis
Anatomical position
Standing erect
Head at midline
Arms at rest; slight abd (approx 45 deg)
Feet apart
Toes extended
Another name for frontal plane
XY plane
Coronal plane
In what axis does the frontal plane move around?
Z axis
Another name for sagittal plane
YZ plane
In what axis does the sagittal plane move around?
X axis
Another name for transverse plane
Horizontal plane
XZ plane
In what axis does the transverse plane move around?
Y axis
A type of joint that moves in 1 plane and 1 axis
Uniaxial joint
Example of a uniaxial joint
Hinge
Plane
A type of joint that moves in 2 planes and 2 axis
biaxial joint
Examples of biaxial joint
Condyloid
Saddle/Sellar
Ellipsoid
Modified hinge
A type of joint that moves in 3 planes and 3 axis
Multiaxial
Example of a multiaxial joint
Ball and socket
COG of the head
Sphenoid sinus
COG of the neck
basioccipital
COG of the trunk
ant to T11
COG of the UE
just above the elbow
COG of the arm
medial head of triceps
COG of the FA
pronator teres
COG of the hand
3rd MCP
COG of the LE
just above the knee jt
COG of the thigh
adductor brevis
COG of the leg
popliteus
COG of the foot
2nd MTP
Line of gravity
Through odontoid
Ant to AO jt
Through cervical
Ant to thoracic
Through lumbar
Post hip
Ant knee
Ant ankle
A type of COG that returns to starting point if the body is displaced
stable
A type of COG that assumes a new position when displaced
Unstable
A type of COG wherein the body continuous to move despite being displaced or not
neutral
cells the builds up bones
osteoblast
cells that breakdown bones
osteoclast
cells maintains the mineral content of the bones
osteocytes
Another name for the haversian system
Osteon
Another name for haversian canal
central canal
Function of the haversian canal
runs through the middle of each osteon
What structures can be found in the haversian canal?
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic vessels
Small spaces between lamellae that are for housing osteocytes
Lacunae
Functions for the strength and resilience of the haversian system
Lamellae
These are tiny canals in the haversian system that connects the lacunae; also allows for nutrient and waste exchange
Canaliculi
These are horizontal channels that connect adjacent haversian canals and link them to the bone’s surface and marrow activity
Volkmann’s canals
A type of bone that is tightly composed of osteon and is heavy and tough
Compact bones
function of compact bones
Provides structure
A type of bone that lacks osteon
Spongy bone
function of spongy bone
receives shock to distribute weight or stress
Functional classifications of joint
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
A type of joint that has little to no movement
Synarthroses
A type of joint that has slight movement
Amphiarthroses
A type of joint that is movable
Diarthroses
A structural classification of joint that has little to no movement and is a dense, connective tissue
Fibrous
A structural classification of joint that is either made up of hyaline or fibrocast and is connected by cartilage; it permits limited movement
Cartilaginous jt
A structural classification of joint that allows free movement
Synovial
It is the maximal lengthening of a muscle
Passive insufficiency
It is the maximal shortening of a muscle
Active insufficiency
A position wherein the joints are incongruent and ligaments are lax
OPP
OPP of GH jt
55 deg Abd
30 deg horizontal adduction
OPP of HU jt
70 deg flex
10 deg supination
OPP of PRU jt
70 deg flex
35 deg supination
OPP of DRU jt
10 deg supination
OPP of Hip jt
30 deg flex
30 deg abd
slight ER
OPP of knee jt
25 deg flex
OPP of ankle jt
10 def PF
OPP of wrist
slight ulnar deviation
OPP of spine
neutral
OPP of IP and MCP
slight flex
CPP of TMJ
clenched teeth
CPP of spine
full ext
CPP of HU jt
full ext
CPP of PRU and DRU jt
5 deg supination
CPP of wrist joint
ext
radial deviation
CPP of GH jt
Abd
ER
CPP of hip jt
Ext
Abd
IR
CPP of HR jt
90 deg flex
5 deg supinate
CPP of IP and MCP jt
full ext
A type of muscle fiber used for endurance
Slow twitch (Type 1)
Another name for Type 2A muscle fiber
Fast oxidative-glycolytic
Another name for Type 2B muscle fiber
Fast-glycolytic
Type of muscle fiber used for short burst activities
Type 2B
positioning in 1st class lever
WFE
positioning in 2nd class lever
FWE
positioning in 3rd class lever
FEW
function of 1st class levers
stability and balance
example of 1st class levers
AO jt
function of 2nd class levers
for power
example of 2nd class levers
ankle jt PF
function of 3rd class levers
for speed
example of 3rd class levers
elbow joint flexion
functions of the back and spine
Supports head
Important attachments of ms and ligs
Rib attachment
Encloses and protects SC
Mobility and flexibility
Ability to transmit wt of head to body and LE
Normal vertebral column length for males
72 cm
Normal vertebral column length for females
62-65 cm
Primary curve of the spine
thoracic kyphosis
Secondary curve of the spine
lumbar lordosis
how many vertebrae does an infant have?
33
how many vertebrae does an adult have?
26
Typical vertebrae
C3-C6
T5-T8
L1-L4
why is C1 an atypical vertebra?
(-) body
(-) spinous process
why is C2 an atypical vertebra?
(+) odontoid process (dens)
why is C7 an atypical vertebra?
non-bifid, long spinous process
why is T1 an atypical vertebra?
horizontal spinous process
why is T2-T4 and T9 an atypical vertebra?
(+) tubercles
why is T10 an atypical vertebra?
(+) tubercles
(+) 1 costal facet at lateral edge of vertebral body instead of usual 2 demifacets
why is T11-T12 an atypical vertebra?
(+) tubercles
(-) costal facets
why is L5 an atypical vertebra?
stout spinous process
size and shape of the vertebral body of cervical vertebrae
small and circular
size and shape of the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae
medium-sized and heart-shaped
size and shape of the vertebral body of lumbar vertebrae
large and kidney-shaped
spinous process of cervical vertebrae
short and bifid
spinous process of thoracic vertebrae
long and inclined
spinous process of lumbar vertebrae
short, flat, broad, and thick
Transverse process in cervical vertebrae
(+) transverse foramen
Transverse process in thoracic vertebrae
(+) costal facets
Transverse process in lumbar vertebrae
cone-shaped
Size and shape of spinal canal in cervical vertebrae
largest and triangular
Size and shape of spinal canal in thoracic vertebrae
smaller and circular
Size and shape of spinal canal in lumbar vertebrae
triangular
Facet joints in cervical vertebrae
Back and up
Facet joints in thoracic vertebrae
Back and out
Facet joints in lumbar vertebrae
in
Angle of facet joints in cervical vertebrae
45 deg
Angle of facet joints in thoracic vertebrae
60 deg
Angle of facet joints in lumbar vertebrae
90 deg
how much weight can the IVD carry?
up to 450 lbs
how much of the length of the vertebral column does the IVD make up for?
25%
inner part of the IVD
nucleus pulposus
composition of the nucleus pulposus
80-90% water
collagen
proteoglycan
How much load does the nucleus pulposus carry?
1.5 of the load
How much load does the annulus fibrosus carry?
0.5 of the load
outer portion of the IVD
annulus fibrosus
collagenous connective tissue that anchors muscles and ligaments to the bone
Sharpey’s fiber
Mechanical property of the annulus fibrosus that stretches in response to pressure
Hoop stretch
Classification of causes of back pain
Viscerogenic
Vasculogenic
Psychogenic
Neurogenic
Spondylogenic
OA of the spine
Spondylosis
Bamboo spine
Ankylosing spondylosis
Forward slippage of the vertebra over another; scotty dog decapitated
Spondylolisthesis
Stress fracture or defect in the pars interarticularis
Spondylolysis
Backward slippage of the vertebra over another vertebra
Retrolisthesis
Structures found in the transverse foramen
Vertebral artery and vein
Sympathetic nerves
Spondylolisthesis grading with < 25% slippage
Grade I; mild
Spondylolisthesis grading with 25-50% slippage
Grade II; moderate
Spondylolisthesis grading with 51-75% slippage
Grade III; severe
Spondylolisthesis grading with 76-100% slippage
Grade IV; very severe
Spondylolisthesis grading with > 100% slippage
Spondyloptosis
A type of disc herniation wherein the disc protrudes outward but the annulus fibrosus is intact
Bulging
A type of disc herniation wherein nucleus pulposus bulges and created localized protrustion
Protrusion
A type of disc herniation wherein the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus
Extrusion
A type of disc herniation wherein the nucleus pulposus breaks free from the annulus fibrosus
Sequestration
Biomechanics of the spine during flexion
Vert body: approximate
Spinous process: separate
IVD: flat ant, pushed post
Facet jt: open ant-sup and closed post-inf
Foramen: open
Biomechanics of the spine during ext
Vert body: separate
Spinous process: approximate
IVD: flat post, pushed ant
Facet jt: closed ant-sup and open post-inf
Foramen: closed
Biomechanics of the spine during lateral flex
Vert body: approx I/L and vice versa
Spinous process: rotates L/R
IVD: flattens I/L and pushed C/L
Facet jt: closes I/L and opens C/L
Foramen: closes I/L and opens C/L
Biomechanics of the spine during rotation
Vert body: rotates I/L
Spinous process: rotates C/L
IVD: at its weakest position
Facet jt: closes I/L and opens C/L
Foramen: closes I/L and opens C/L
Intersegmental ligaments of the spine
ALL
PLL
Supraspinous lig
Intrasegmental ligaments of the spine
Lig. nuchae
Lig. flavum
Interspinous lig
Intertransverse lig.
Motions limited by the intertransverse ligament
excessive lateral flex and rotation
Motions limited by the interspinous ligament
excessive flexion
Superficial muscles of the back
Trapezius
Rhomboids
Levator scapulae
Latissimus dorsi
Intermediate muscles of the back
Serratus posterior inferior and superior
In what phases of breathing are the serratus posterior inferior and superior used?
Inferior: forced expiration
Superior: forced inhalation
bandage muscle
Splenius capitis and cervicis
Deep muscles of the back
Splenius
Erector spinae
Transversospinalis
Intrerspinalis
Intertransversarii
Levatores costarum
Suboccipital muscles
Oblique muscle
Transversospinalis
Muscles of the erector spinae from lateral to medial
Iliocostalis
Longgisimus
Spinalis
Muscles of transversospinalis
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
corset muscle
Transversus abdominis
What muscles of the obliques moves or contracts during R rotation?
R internal obliques
L external obliques
Lateral muscles of the back
QL
Psoas major
Levatores costarum
Posterior muscles of the back
Erector spinae
Interspinalis
Transversospinalis
Intertransversarii
ROM of AO flex
0-10
ROM of AO extension
0-25
ROM of AO lat flexion
0-5
ROM of AO rotation
0
ROM of AA flex
0-5
ROM of AA ext
0-10
ROM of AA lateral flex
0-10
ROM of AA rotation
0-45
ROM of cervical flexion
0-45
ROM of cervical ext
0-45
ROM of cervical lateral flex
0-30
ROM of cervical rotation
0-30
ROM of thoracic flexion
0-15
ROM of thoracic ext
0-15
ROM of thoracic lateral flex
0-15
ROM of thoracic rotation
0-45
ROM of lumbar flexion
0-40
ROM of lumbar ext
0-25
ROM of lumbar lateral flex
0-20
ROM of lumbar rotation
0-5
