Finals Flashcards
Components of the renal system
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Waste products excreted by the renal system
Urea
Uric acid
Bilirubin
Ammonia
Functions of the renal system
Control plasma volume, acid base balance, and BP. Also produces Calcitriol
Another name for Calcitriol
125 dihydroxycholecalciferol
Stimulation of production of new RBC in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
When does RAAS activate?
during dehydration or bleeding
Steps in RAAS
Decreased blood or BP
Release of renin (activation of angiotensinogen)
Angiotensin I is produced
Angiotensin I goes to lungs for ACE
Angiotensin II is produced
Vasoconstriction
Increased BP
Vertebral level of the kidney
T12-L3
Location of the kidney
Retroperitoneal
Part of the kidney that maintains its shape
Renal capsule
Part of the kidney that anchors the it to the abdominal wall
Renal fascia
Functional unit of the kidneys
Nephrons
part of the kidney that contains the glomerulus and the bowman’s capsule
Renal corpuscle
part of the kidney containing the loop of henle
Renal tubules
Sudden fall of kidneys 2 decrease in fatty tissue
Nephroptosis
part of a nephron that lies in the renal cortex
Cortical nephron
part of a nephron that lies in the renal medulla
Juxtamedullary nephron
Function of nephrons
Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption of essential substances
Secretion of hydrogen ions, K, and certain drugs
How much water is reabsorbed in the Proximal Convoluted Tubule?
65%
How much water is reabsorbed in the Thin DLoH?
10%
state of luminal fuid in the PCT?
Concentrated
Normal capacity of the urinary bladder
500 mL
Max capacity of the urinary bladder
700-800 mL
Innervation of the urinary bladder
S2, S3, S4
The tubule that is most permeable to water?
PCT
Where is the most concentrated luminal fluid located?
Thin DLoH
In the presence of ADH, where is the most concentrated urine located?
Medullary Convoluted Tubule (MCT); MCT > CCT > DCT
How long is the ureter?
25-30 cm long
slow release of urine when at max capacity
dribbling
Responsible for color of urine
Urochrome
In the presence of ADH, where is the most diluted urine located?
ALoH
Aka Atonic bladder
Overflow incontinence
Incontinence caused by weak supporting structures
Stress incontinence
Aka overactive/neurogenic bladder
Urge incontinence
Divisions of the digestive system
Alimentary canal
Accessory Digestive Organs
Lateral wall of the mouth
cheeks
anterior portion of the roof of the mouth
hard palate
posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
soft paate
aka Throat
Pharynx
region of the pharynx functioning for both respiration and digestion
laryngopharynx
regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Another name for swallowing
deglutition
Phases of deglutition
voluntary
pharyngeal
esophageal
what part of the pharyngeal phase of deglutition closes the respiratory tract?
soft palate
movements in the mouth during pharyngeal phase of deglutition
soft palate: superior
larynx: forward and superior
epiglottis: backward and inferior
what should be the status of pH in the lower esophageal sphincter?
basic
A condition wherein a person’s lower esophageal sphincter is always closed
Achalasia
parts of the stomach
cardia: opening
fundus: broad
body: middle
pylorus: terminal
2 tubular glands
gastric
pyloric
gastric gland cell producing mucus
mucus neck cell
gastric gland producing pepsinogen
chief cell
how is pepsinogen activated?
through binding with HCl
gastric gland producing intrinsic factor
parietal cell
functions of parietal cell
produces intrinsic factor
reabsorption of vit B12 in the Ileum
produces HCl
normal production of gastric juice
2000-3000 mL
pyloric gland responsible for producing gastrin
G cell
what does gastrin do?
maturation, growth, and development of gastric gland
what inhibits gastrin effect?
somatostatin
how much chyme is released by the stomach into the small intestine at a time?
2-3 tsps
site for vit B12 absorption
Ileum
hormone that stimulates liver and pancreas
Secretin
hormone that stimulates gallbladder contractions
cholecystokinin
largest alimentary canal
large intestine
function of large intestine
haustral contraction
normal value of methane gas
500 mL/day
how long can stool in the intestines?
72 hours
another name for megacolon
Hirschprung dse
Responsible for the color of the stool
Stercobilin
normal production of saliva per day
1000-1500 mL/day
largest salivary gland
Parotid
location of parotid gland
inferior and anterior the ear
inflammation of the Parotid gland
Mumps
location of submandibular gland
beneath the base of the tongue
location of the sublingual gland
superior to the submandibular gland
number of deciduous teeth
20; 4 molar, 2 canine, 4 incisors on each side
number of permanent teeth
32; 4 premolar, 6 molar, 4 incisors, 2 canines
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
genioglossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
palatoglossus
action of genioglossus
draws tongue to one side
action of styloglossus
draws tongue upward and posteriorly
action of hyoglossus
depresses tongue
action of palatoglossus
elevates tongue
normal production of chyme
1200-1500 mL/day
where is the pancreas located?
Greater curvature of the stomach
Functional unit of the liver
Lobule
normal production of bile
800-1000 mL/day
location of gallbladder
inferior to the liver
Part of the enteric nervous system responsible for movement of the GIT
Myenteric (auerbach plexus)
Part of the enteric nervous system responsible for secretion and blood flow of GIT
Submucosa (meissner’s plexus)
Reflex that signals the stomach to cause evacuation to the colon
Gastrocolic reflex
Reflex that signals the colon and small intestine to inhibit motility and secretion
Enterogastric reflex
Reflex that signals the colon to inhibit emptying of ileal contents into the ileum
Coloileal reflex
small sized sugar that can easily pass through the cell
Monosaccharide
a type of sugar that cannot penetrate cell membrane
Disaccharide and Polysaccharide
formula for sucrose
glucose + fructose
formula for maltose
glucose + glucose
formula for lactose
glucose + galactose
Examples of stach
root vegetables and grain products
What happens to starch when broken down?
becomes maltoise
where can glycogen be found?
animal tissue
organs found in the RUQ
R kidney
Liver
Gallbladder
Head and neck of pancreas
organs found in the RLQ
Cecum
Appendix
Right ovary (f)
organs found in the LUQ
L kidney
Stomach
Spleen
Body and tail of pancreas
organs found in the LLQ
Sigmoid colon
L ovary (f)
backward movement of gastric components into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal Reflux Dse (GERD)
inflammation of the stomach mucosa
Gastritis
aka Big brain
Cerebrum
characteristics of the L hemisphere
Mathematical Analysis
Analytical
Logical
Language
characteristics of R hemisphere
Memory and music
Insight
Creativity
Arts
common S/Sx of L hemispheric lesion
Aphasia
Apraxia
emotional
depressed
slow and cautious
disorganized
common S/Sx of R hemispheric lesion
visuospatial deficit
neglect syndrome
difficulty expressing negative emotion
pseudoapraxia
irritability
agnosia
primary motor area and where is it found?
area 4; precentral gyrus
aka cerebral cortex
gray matter
fxn of the gray matter
process motor and sensory information and cognition
aka cerebra medulal
white matter
what does the white matter consist of?
myelinated axons and neuroglia connecting to the gray matter
fibers that connect regions of the 2 cerebral hemispheres
commissural fibers
largest commissural fiber
Corpus Callosum
a lesion of the commissural fibers result in
problems with bimanual tasks and imitation
ideational apraxia
a type of apraxia wherein the pt is unable to do procedural task upon command
ideational
a type of apraxia wherein the pt is unable to perform the task initially
ideomotor
fibers that connect various cortical regions within the same hemisphere
association fibers
aka parietal operculum
Arcuate fasciculus
Connects the broca’s and wernicke’s areas
Arcuate fasciculus (parietal operculum)
Clinical manifestations when there is a lesion of the association fibers
Arcuate Repetition Problem/Conduction aphasia
fibesr that connect the cerebral cortex to the lower portion of the brain and SC
projection fibers
projection fibers that goes to the cortex
Corticopetal
projection fibers that goes away from the cortex
Corticofugal
large and myelinated extrafusal fibers
Alpha
NCV of alpha fibers
120 m/s
large and myelinated fibers responsible for touch, pressure, and vibration
Beta fibers
NCV of beta fibers
70 m/s
large and myelinated intrafusal fibers
Gamma fibers
NCV of gamma fibers
40 m/s
small and myelinated fibers responsible for fast pain and temp
Delta fibers
NCV of delta fibers
15 m/s
small and myelinated fibers that is preganglionic
B fibers
NCV of B fibers
14 m/s
small and unmyelinated fibers that is postganglionic and responsible for slow pain and temp
C fibers
NCV of C fibers
2-3 m/s
Layers of the cerebral cortex
Molecular
External granular
External pyramidal
Internal granular
Internal pyramidal
Fusiform
What does the inner pyramidal layer contain?
Betz cells
What originates in the internal pyramidal layer?
Corticospinal tract
function of the limbic system
memory
emotion
arousal
function of the parahippocampus
memory retrieval
What does lesion of the uncus result to?
Olfactory hallucination
Function of the cingulate gyrus
emotion and behavior
function of the hippocampus
integrates short term memory into long term memory
functions of the amygdala
Sexual desire
fear
A lesion of the amygdala results into what syndrome?
Kluver Bucy Syndrome
Areas in the pre-frontal cortex
9 10 11 12
Broca’s area
44 45
frontal eye field areas
6 8 9
primary somatosthetic area
3 1 2
somesthetic association area
5 7
angular gyrus
39
supramarginal gyrus
40
gustatory area
43
primary visual area
17
visual association area
18 19
primary auditory area
41 42
auditory association area
22 24
olfactory area
34 28
location of the primary auditory area
superior marginal gyrus
Caudate nucleus + putamen
neostriatum
Putamen + globus pallidus
lentiform nucleus
Caudate nucleus + putamen + globus pallidus
Corpus striatum
blood supply of caudate nucleus
lenticulostriate aa (terminal branch of MCA)
blood supply of putamen
lenticulostriate artery
blood supply of Globus Pallidus
recurrent artery of Heubner
hypokinetic movement disorders
parkinson’s disease
Classic tetralogy of PD
Bradykinesia
Rigidity
Postural instability
Tremors
blood supply of Subthalamic nucleus
PCA
blood supply of the neostriatum
lenticulostriate artery
excitatory neurotransmitters
Ach
Glutamate
Epi and Norepinephrine
inhibitory neurotransmitters
GABA
Glycine
Serotonin
DOpamine
blood supply of the diencephalon
PCA
only excitatory projection of the basal ganglia
Subthalamus
function of the subthalamus
releases glutamate
location of the hypothalamus
Sella Turcica
functions of the hypothalamus
regulates body temp
regulates pituitary gland
center for integration of olfactory, somatic, et. Visceral afferent pathways
Habenular nucleus
gland that produces Melatonin
pineal gland
Sensory relay station of the brain
Thalamus
Where does visual sensation pass in the Thalamus?
lateral geniculate body
Where does auditory sensation pass in the Thalamus?
media geniculate body
hunger and thirst center of the thalamus
lateral nucleus
satiety center of the thalamus
ventromedial nucleus
What controls our circadian rhythm?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
A lesion in the thalamus results in
Thalamic pain syndrome/Dejerine Roussy syndrome/Central post-stroke syndrome
roof of the midbrain
tectum
floor of the midbrain
tegmentum
Lesion in the tectospinal tract results in
Parinaud’s syndrome; impairment of upward gaze
Anterior portion of the midbrain
Basis/Crus Cerebri
What can be found in the basis of the midbrain?
Corticospinal tract
Substantia Nigra
A lesion of the Tegmentum results in
Benedikt syndrome
What can be found in the tegmentum?
red nucleus
function of the red nucleus
motor coordination
what tract originates at the red nucleus?
rubrospinal tract
function of rubrospinal tract
facilitates flexor muscles of UE and inhibits extensor muscles of UE
decorticate posture
UE flex
LE ext
decerebrate posture
UE ext
LE flex
where is the lesion when the pt is decorticate?
above midbrain
where is the lesion when the pt is decerebrate?
midbrain
decorticate GCS
3
decerebrate GCS
2
controls rate and depth of respiration
Pneumotaxic center
Location of pneumotaxic center
Upper pons
location of apneustic center
Lower pons
function of the apneustic center
promotes inspiration
Function of the vasomotor center
Regulate BP
location of the vasomotor center
pons and medulla
Anterior lobe of the cerebellum
Paleocerebellum/Spinocerebellum
Function of paleocerebellum
Maintains posture and ms tone
Lesion of the paleocerebellum results in
hypotonia
asthenia
Flocolonodular lobe of the cerebellum
Archicerebellum
Function of the archicerebellum
maintains balance
Lesion of the archicerebellum results in
nystagmus
gait ataxia
Posterior lobe of the cerebellum
Neocerebeullum
Function of the neocerebellum
responsible for fine motor movements and coordination
Lesion of the neocerebellum results in
Dysmetria
Dyssynergia
Dysdiadochokinesia
asynergia
Intention tremor
Function of the dorsal respiratory group
Inspiration and rhythm
Location of the Dorsal Respiratory Group
Posterior medulla
Function of the ventral respiratory group
both inspiration and expiration
location of the ventral respiratory group
anterior medulla
Vomiting center
Emetic center
1st and tiny branch of the ICA
Opthalmic artery
lesion of the ophthalmic artery results in
Monocular blindness/Amaurosis Fugax
arteries involved in watershed stroke and asymptomatic stroke
ACA
MCA
What artery is affected when there is amaurosis fugax + presence of C/L hemiplegia/anesthesia?
ICA
What does the ACA supply?
medial frontal and parietal lobes
largest and terminal branch of ICA
MCA
What does the MCA supply?
Lateral frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe
Terminal branch of ACA
recurrent artery of Heubner
What does the medial striate artery supply?
Globus Pallidus
Anterior limb of internal capsule
A lesion of the anterior limb of the internal capsule results in
Dysarthria-Clumsy Hand Syndrome
Terminal branch of MCA
Lenticulostriate artery
Lateral striate artery supplies the
Neostriatum
Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule
A lesion of the posterior limb of the internal capsule results in
Pure motor stroke
A branch of the vertebra artery supplying the lateral medulla and cerebellum
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
a lesion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery results in
PICA syndrome/Wallenberg syndrome/Lateral medullary syndrome
1st branch of the basilar artery
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
What does the AICA supply
Pons and cerebellum
A lesion of the AICA results in
AICA syndrome
Artery supplying the midbrain and cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar Artery
Artery supplying the inner ear
Internal auditory artery
Terminal branch of the basilar artery
PCA
What does the PCA supply?
medial and inferior temporal lobe
medial, lateral, and inferior occipital lobe
Lesion of the PCA results in
memory problem
visual problems
Dejerine Roussy Syndrome
A lesion in the midbrain results in
CN III and IV palsy
Components of the circle of wilis
ACOMM
ACA
ICA
PCOMM
PCA
How many pairs of spinal root are there?
31
hormones released by the SNS
adrenergic (epi/nore)
hormones released by parasympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic (Ach)
What CN supplies the heart and GIT?
X
What CN supplies the parotid gland?
IX
What CN supplies the sublingual and submandibular gland?
VII
A condition wherein pupils are bilaterally unequal
Aniscoria
What CN is affected when a pt has aniscoria?
III
A lesion of T1 spinal nerve results in
Horner’s syndrome
Horner’s Triad
Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Enopthalmos
tip of spinal cord
L1-L2
C2 dermatome
Occiput
C3 dermatome
supraclavicular fossa
C5 dermatome
lateral antecubital fossa
C6 dermatome
thumb
C7 dermatome
mid finger
C8 dermatome
little finger
T1 dermatome
Medial antecubital fossa
T2 dermatome
apex of axilla
T4 dermatome
nipple line
T6 dermatome
Xiphoid process
T10 dermatome
umbilicus
T12 dermatome
inguinal ligament
L1 dermatome
below inguinal ligament
L2 dermatome
ant thigh
L3 dermatome
medial knee pain
L4 dermatome
medial malleolus
L5 dermatome
dorsum of the foot; 3rd MTP
S1 dermatome
lateral heel
S2 dermatome
popliteal fossa
S3 dermatome
Ischial tuberosity
S4-S5 dermatome
perineal area
C1 myotome
neck flex
C2 myotome
neck ext
C3 myotome
neck lateral flex
C4 myotome
shrug
C5 myotome
shoulder abd
C6 myotome
elbow flex + wrist extension
C7 myotome
elbow ext + wrist flex
C8 myotome
finger flex
T1 myotome
finger abd
L2 myotome
hip flex
L3 myotome
knee ext
L4 myotome
ankle DF
L5 myotome
big toe ext
S1 myotome
ankle PF
S2 myotome
knee flexion
Exit point of olfactory nerve
cribriform plate
Exit point of optic nerve
optic canal
Exit point of occulomotor nerve
Superior orbital fissure
Exit point of trochlear nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit point of the Opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve
superior orbital fissure
Exit point of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve
foramen rotundum
Exit point of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
foramen ovale
Exit point of facial nerve
internal auditory meatus
Exit point of the vestibulocochlear nerve
internal auditory meatus
Exit point of the glossopharyngeal nerve
Jugular foramen
Exit point of the vagus nerve
jugular foramen
Exit point of the accessory nerve
jugular foramen
Exit point of the hypoglossal nerve
hypoglossal canal
where is CN I located?
telencephalon
where is CN II located?
diencephalon
where are CN II and III located?
midbrain
where are CN V, VI, VII, VIII located?
pons
where are CN VII, VIII, IX, XI, and XII located?
medulla oblongata
sensory CNs
1 2 8
mixed CNs
10 9 7 5
motor CNs
3 4 6 11 12
largest CN
CN 5
longest CN
CN X
longest intracranial CN
CN IV
Shortest CN
CN1
stupid CN
CN 4
lesion of CN III results in
Weber and Benedikt syndrome
absence of CN VII bilaterally
Mobius syndrome
lesion of the CN V results in
Tic Doloreaux/Trigeminal Neuralgia
lesion of the CN VIII results in
Meniere’s disease
CN for anterior 2/3 of the tongue
CN 7
CN for posterior 1/3 of the tongue
CN 9
Chifed producer of CSF
choroid plexus
normal amount of CSF production
500 mL/day
