PRELIMS Flashcards
it is a wild, disorganized unrestrained multiplication of rogue cells leading to abnormal growth in a tissue or organ of the body
cancer
the use of radiation for therapeutic purposes began with the discovery of x-rays by _______ ________, a German physicist in 1895
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
he is a Swedish pioneer of radiology and is credited with being the first to cure a patient with skin cancer using x-rays in 1899
Thor Stenbeck
______ involves the removal of the tumor plus some surrounding normal tissues
surgery
________ is the use of drugs, taken by mouth or injected into a patient’s vein
chemotherapy
_______ _______ uses photons, electrons and other sources of radiation to deliver radiation treatment and destroy cancer cells
radiation therapy
he discovered natural radioactivity from Uranium in Paris, France on 1896
Henri Antoine Becquerel
1st xray cancer treatment of the breast in Chicago, USA
Emil Grubbe
treatment of Nevus with x-ray in Austria
Leopold Freund
it is a clinical specialty dealing with the use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of patients with malignant neoplasia
radiation therapy
radiation ________ is a clinical and scientific endeavor devoted to the management of patients with cancer and other neoplasm by ionizing radiation alone or combined with other modalities and to the investigation of application of radiation therapy and the training of personnel in the field
radiation oncology
________ ______ or on other occasions low voltage x-rays, are used to treat benign skin or superficial soft tissue disorders
electron therapy
can be performed for some malignant diseases and radiation therapy is delivered as a part of the procedure
bone marrow transplantation
can be performed on benign arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the brain that are surgically unresectable
stereotactic radiosurgery
a radiation beam comes from an outside source directed towards the tumor sites
machines used are either Cobalt 60 or a LINAC
external beam radiation therapy
involves the application of radioactive source directly to the tumor site
radioactive sources are Cobalt 60, Iridium 192, Cesium 137, Gold 198
brachytherapy
______ treatment is intended to cure the disease in which it is projected that the patient has a probability of surviving after adequate therapy
curative treatment
________ treatment is intended to relieve the distressing symptoms of advanced disease, in which there is no hope of the patient for surviving for extended periods
palliative treatment
in workflow, it is an initial multi disciplinary evaluation is performed which includes assessing the pathologic and clinical stage of disease, diagnostic tests, history and physical examination of the patient
clinical evaluation and consultation
in workflow, it is based on evaluation and consultation, treatment modality and treatment goals are selected
therapeutic decision
in workflow, immobilization devices are designed, field center and borders are aligned by fluoroscopy/lap lasers, treatment fields are documented by diagnostic quality radiographs
simulation
in workflow, tumor extent and potential areas of spread are defined, sensitive organs and tissues are identified
CT planning/target volume localization
in workflow, treatment technique is planned with the aid of dosimetry calculations and treatment planning devices
treatment planning
in workflow, actual delivery of radiation treatment either by external beam or brachytherapy
treatment
in workflow, patients are evaluated during and after treatment to assess tumor response and tolerance to treatment
evaluation and follow up
○ Advice about treatment options and consent for treatment
○ Target and normal tissue delineation
○ Prescription of radiotherapy
○ Planning review and approval
○ Patient follow up
radiation oncologist
○ Specification of equipment used in therapy and imaging
○ Facility design, including shielding calculations
○ Commissioning of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software
○ Dosimetry Assurance
○ Producing and measurement and beam data
analysis
○ Checking treatment plans
○ Quality assurance of diagnostic, planning and treatment equipment software
○ Designated Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
medical physicist
○ Patient information and support
○ Simulation
○ Planning
○ Producing and checking treatment plans
○ Data transfer and monitor unit calculations
○ Daily radiotherapy delivery
○ Treatment verification
○ Monitoring the patient on a daily basis
radiation therapy oncologist
○ Assist during brachytherapy procedures
○ Maintain aseptic technique
○ Taking vital signs during assessment of patient
○ Educating patient on proper care of wounds
oncology nurse
○ Cleans instruments, treatment and examination rooms
○ Prepares supplies, hospital forms and linens, etc
○ Prepares, assists patients for radiation
treatment
○ Retrieve and files patient charts
nursing attendant
all ______ is composed of small indivisible pieces which is called atom
matter
it is the smallest particle of a chemical compound that retains of all the chemical characteristics of that compound
molecules
the ancient Greeks envisioned four different atoms representing air, fire, earth and water
medieval
his description of atom is like a pair of hook and eye to account for chemical combination
John Dalton
his description of atom is like plum pudding, with the plums representing the electrons
JJ Thompson
his description of atom is a small, dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons in precise energy levels
Niels Bohr
first person to use the term atom
democritus
atomos means ______
indivisible
a physicist who is credited for discovering the electron
he used his research on cathode ray tube technology in this discovery
JJ Thomson
he was not convinced about the model of the atom proposed by Thomson
he thus set up his now famous Gold Foil Experiment
Ernest Rutherford
he was a revolutionary physicist who used Helsenberg’s uncertainty principle to come up with the atomic model that we still use today
Erwin Schrodinger
○ Tiny and very light particles
○ Have a negative electrical charge
○ Revolve outside the nucleus at nearly the speed of light
electrons
○ Much larger and heavier than electrons
○ Have a positive electrical charge
○ Located in the nucleus of an atom
protons
○ Large and heavy like protons
○ Have no electrical charge
○ Located in the nucleus of an atom
neutrons
it indicates the number of protons in the nucleus
atomic number
it is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
atomic mass
an electron ____________ is the way in which electrons are arranged in an atom
electrons are arranged in shells around an atom’s nucleus
electron arrangement
_____ is the pathway followed by electrons in an atom’s nucleus
these are also called energy levels
shells
the shell in the lowest energy is the _ shell
K shell
the electron _______ _____ is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom, as the negatively charged electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positively charged nucleus
electron binding energy
the most common unit of energy used to described radiation is _______ _____
electron volt
an electron ______ is the amount of kinetic energy gained when accelerated through a potential difference of one volt
electron volt
it is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium
radiation
it is the process resulting in the removal of an electron from an atom, leaving the atom with a net positive energy
ionization
nuclides which have the same number of protons
isotopes
nuclides which have the same number of neutrons with different atomic mass number and atomic number
isotones
nuclides with different elements which have the same atomic mass number but different atomic number
isobars
nuclides with the same atomic number and the same mass number but different energy states
isomers
_______________ radiation consists of photons that have energy, but no mass or charge
electromagnetic radiation
a _____ is sometimes described as a packet of light
photon
_________ radiation consists of particles that have mass and energy and may or may not have an electric charge
alpha particles
protons
beta particles
neutrons
particulate radiation
an atom is ______ if the forces among the particles that makeup the nucleus are balance
stable
an atom is ______ if these forces are unbalance, if the nucleus has an excess of internal energy
unstable/radioactive
it refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability
radioactivity
act of emitting radiation spontaneously
radioactivity
as the nucleus emits radiation or disintegrates, the radioactive atom/radionuclide transforms to a different nuclide
radioactive decay
spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus resulting in the release of energy and matter from the nucleus
radioactive decay
a positively charged helium nuclei
alpha radiation
is either electron or subatomic particles called positron
beta radiation
occupy the highest level in electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun
gamma radiation
is also encountered in nuclear power plants and high altitude flight and emitted from some industrial radioactive sources
neutron
is a heavy, very short range particle and is actually an ejected helium nucleus
radium, radon, uranium, thorium
alpha radiation
is a light, short range particle and is actually an ejected electron
can penetrate human skin to the germinal layer
strontium 90, carbon 14, tritium and sulfur 35
beta radiation
are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation
are able to travel many feet in air and many inches in human tissues
iodine 131, cesium 137, cobalt 60, radium 226 and technetium 99m
gamma and x radiation
the _____ ____ of a radioactive substance is the time interval required for a quantity of material to decay to half its original value
half life
describes the amount of radiation traveling through the air
Roentgen (R) and Coulomb/kg (C/kg)
exposure
describes the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person, that is the amount of energy that radioactive sources deposit in materials through which they pass
rad and Gray (Gy)
absorbed dose
refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a material
Curie (Ci) and Becquerel (Bq)
radioactivity
in modes of radioactive decay, emission of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
occurs for those nuclides which have an atomic number greater than 82
alpha decay
in modes of radioactive decay, neutron changes to a proton when the nucleus has an excess of neutrons
beta minus decay
in modes of radioactive decay, proton changes to a neutron when the nucleus has an excess of protons
beta plus decay
in modes of radioactive decay, the nucleus captures one of the orbital electrons which converts protons into neutrons
electron capture
in modes of radioactive decay, one of the orbital electrons is captured by the nucleus and combines with a proton to form a neutron
electron capture
in modes of radioactive decay, associated with alpha and beta decay that leaves the product nucleus in an excited stage
gamma decay
in modes of radioactive decay, transfer of nuclear energy to an orbital electron, causing it to be ejected from the atom
internal conversion
in modes of radioactive decay, a decay involving neither the emission nor the capture of the particle
isometric transition
