MIDTERMS Flashcards
it is the name given to a collection of related diseases
cancer
is an abnormal growth of cells
cancer
as cancerous cells grow and multiply, they form a mass of cancerous tissue called a _____
tumor
the term _____ refers to an abnormal growth or mass
tumor
they are typical in cell structure
they grow slowly
they do not spread to other organs
benign tumors
atypical tissue structures with patterns varying from area to area within the same tumor
lack of capsule, containing treelike roots projecting outward
abnormal cellular DNA content
high mitotic rate, cells produce rapidly
spread by progressive local invasion, lymphatic infiltration and distant metastases to other areas
malignant tumors
_____ is the attempt to identify norms or standards of right or good behavior, moral duty and obligations
ethics
serves as a guide by which radiation therapy technologist may evaluate their professional conduct as it relates to patients
code of ethics
it is a person’s concept of right or wrong as it relates to conscience
moral ethics
study of the law mandating certain acts and forbidding others under penalty of criminal sanction
legal ethics
use of practical wisdom for emotional and intellectual problem solving
virtue ethics
doing or producing of good, acts of kindness and charity
beneficence
higher level of wrongdoing
malfeasance
failure to act where there was a duty to act
nonfeasance
conduct that is lawful but inappropriate
misfeasance
quality or state of being self governing, self directing freedom especially moral independence
autonomy
principles that relates to the knowledge that information revealed by a px to a health care provider
confidentiality
truthfulness within the realm of health care practice
veracity
_________________ begins this study of human disease by introducing students to general processes of disease including cell injury and cell death in tissues and organs
principles of pathology
is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the exam of surgically removed organs, tissues, bodily fluids and in some cases the whole body
is the study of disease, it is the bridge between science and medicine
pathology
one of the key problems in the treatment of cancer is the _____ _______ of the disease
early detection
in which only a sample of tissue is removed
incisional biopsy
in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed
excisional biopsy
in which as sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle
needle biopsy
_______ cells look uniform, with similar sizes and orderly organization
normal cells
________ cells look less orderly, with varying sizes and without apparent organization
cancer cells
staging is based on the TNM system first developed in Paris in between the years 1943 and 1952 by __________ ______ and the Union for International Cancer Control
Pierre Denoix
______ is often described as feeling weary or exhausted
fatigue
_________ ______ involves a machine outside the patient’s body that aims radiation at cancer cells
external beam
it is the most commonly used device for external beam therapy
linear accelerator
_________ screening is required initially upon employment and testing is offered annually thereafter
tuberculosis screening
________ must be up to date
immunizations
what is the approved antiseptic for hand hygiene?
chlorhexidine gluconate
______ ______ education must be provided and reviewed periodically by hospital epidemiology to assess compliance with established infection control policies and procedures
infection control
xray machines that operates at a potential of 40-50 kV
tube current of 2 mA
SSD of 2 cm
useful for tumors not deeper than 2 cm
very rapidly decreasing depth dose, skin surface maximally irradiated
filter material used is 0.5-1mm aluminum
contact therapy
xray machines operating at the range of 50-100 kv
SSD of 15-20 cm
used only for superficial lesions
maximum dose is on surface and falls off very rapidly with depth due to low energy and short SSD
filter material used is aluminum
superficial therapy
therapy machine operating at the range of 100 - 500 kv
mostly operated at 200-300 kV with 10-20 mA
treatment distance is 50-70 cm
penetrate tissue to a useful depth of 4-6 cm
filters used consist of copper, tin and aluminum
orthovoltage machines
xray therapy unites at the range of 500-1000 kv
uses resonant transformer that could generate up to 2000 kV
first use in 1937 at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital in London
supervoltage machines
invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1932
machine that can produce heavy charged particle atoms
use for proton beam therapy which is useful for treating specific lesions
it can also produce neutron beam
cyclotron
built by RJ Van de Graaf in 1933
an electrostatic accelerator that produced high energy xrays at about 12 mV
needs insulation provided with a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide
enclosed in a steel tank filled with gas mixture at pressure of about 20 atmospheres
Van de Graaf unit
developed by Dwight Kerst in 1941
1st high energy xray and electron producing megavoltage machine beam up to 45 meV
machine in which electrons are accelerated in a circular orbit via a changing magnetic field
electrons are extracted from the orbit to produce an electron beam, or it can be directed to hit a target inside the machine to produce electron beam
betatrons
is the dose gradient produced outside the useful radiation beam
penumbra
it is the dose received outside of the useful beam as a result of transmission through the secondary collimators
transmission penumbra
results from the effective area of the radiation source
geometric penumbra
machine developed by Engr. Harold Johns and company in 1952
source is produced in nuclear reactor by the irradiation of Cobalt 59 with slow neutron
cobalt 60
the decay rate of Cobalt 60 is described by its half life which is ___ years
5.26 years
cobalt 60’s source head is made up of 3 encapsulated materials for shielding purpose
lead, ____ and uranium
lead, tungsten and uranium
on 1924, the principles of LINAC were proposed by ____ ____
Gustav Ising
it uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons to high energies through a linear tube
linear accelerator
advantages:
low cost machine
easy to maintain
accessibility of parts
disadvantages:
limited field size
machine output drop in
has a large penumbra
cost of new sources is high
cobalt 60
advantages:
has asymmetric or independent jaws which is important for many radical treatment techniques
complex treatment techniques can be done
high px througput
better skin sparing effect
disadvantages:
machine cost
needs a lot of time for calibration and QA procedure
LINAC
it is located outside the treatment room where initiation and monitoring of radiation treatment takes place
control console
systems are linked to treatment machines for the purpose of verifying set parameters and recording every treatment being input in the computer
record and verify system computers
it is designed with the treatment head located at the top of the gantry
gantry
is a point in space which the axis of the gantry rotates 360
it is also the reference point for many treatment parameters
isocenter
the source of electron injected into the accelerator structure
electron gun
energized by microwave power supplied through the waveguide from the klystron or magnetron
accelerator structure
magnetically deflects electrons coming from the accelerator around a loop to be used for xray or electron beam production
bending magnet
contains collimator for beam shaping, ion chambers for beam monitoring and various beam production devices including the target
treatment head
a thin lead foil causes fairly uniform electron distribution across the beam
scattering foil
used to reduce the intensity of the forward peaked dose, usually consists of lead, tungsten and uranium
flattening filters
a dose monitoring system that monitors dose rate, integrated dose and beam symmetry
ion chamber
a range finder used to align the patient to the proper distance relative to the radiation source
optical distance indicator
a light used to align the px treatment area to the beam
light field
places the px under the gantry relative to the isocenter
treatment table/couch
it is a handheld control suspended from the treatment room ceiling or attached to the table/couch
hand held control pendant
holds and supports gantry to its vertical position
gantry stand
supplies electrical power to the entire equipment room and treatment room
main power
contains the components that supply and control power to all areas of the machine
modulator
coveys power to the accelerator in the gantry
accelerating waveguide
the source of microwave power which sits upon an insulating oil tank similar to an xray
Klystron or Magnetron
is the activity of checking by comparison with a standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type
is the process by which we determine the intensity of the signal we measure when we analyze a sample of known concentrion
calibration
also called the absorbed dose
it is the total energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by unit mass of material, especially of living tissue
measured in Grays or rads
radiation dose
is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass
absorbed dose
sometimes called dose distribution
is the quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time
dose rate
in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body
radiation dosimetry
is also the process of relating the administered amount of radioactivity to the absorbed radiation dose in tumors, organs or the whole body
dosimetry
is a mass of material similar to human tissue used to investigate the effect of radiation beam on human body
phatnoms
an attached stem
a capacitor of ion chamber is attached to this when exposed to ionizing radiation provides a reading on calibrated scale
electrometer
is a closed device containing a gas for determining the intensity of xrays be measuring the current flow between oppositely charged electrodes
ion chamber
refers to any one of a large number of disease characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue
cancer
is any substance, radionuclide or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis
carcinogen
not cancerous
they either cannot spread or grow
benign tumors
is an evaluation of the degree of differentiation of a tumor and pertains to its aggresiveness
grading
is based on the size of the tumor, spread to regional lymph nodes and metastases to distant sites
staging
abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue
in situ
cancer is limited to the place where it started, with no sign that it has spread
localized
cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues or organs
regional
cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
distant
refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body
carcinoma
carcinoma that develops in an organ or gland
adenocarcinoma
carcinoma that originates in the squamous epithelium
squamous cell carcinoma
refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle and fat
sarcoma
is cancer that originates in the plasma cell of bone marrow
myeloma
are cancers of the bone marrow
the disease is often associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells
leukemia
cancer that develops in the glands of the lymphatic system
lymphoma
stage of cancer where abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue
also called carcinoma in situ, that may become cancer
stage 0
stages of cancer where cancer is present
stage 1, 2 and 3
stage of cancer where the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body
stage 4
