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RADIATION THERAPY > MIDTERMS > Flashcards

MIDTERMS Flashcards

1
Q

it is the name given to a collection of related diseases

A

cancer

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2
Q

is an abnormal growth of cells

A

cancer

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3
Q

as cancerous cells grow and multiply, they form a mass of cancerous tissue called a _____

A

tumor

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4
Q

the term _____ refers to an abnormal growth or mass

A

tumor

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5
Q

they are typical in cell structure
they grow slowly
they do not spread to other organs

A

benign tumors

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6
Q

atypical tissue structures with patterns varying from area to area within the same tumor

lack of capsule, containing treelike roots projecting outward

abnormal cellular DNA content

high mitotic rate, cells produce rapidly

spread by progressive local invasion, lymphatic infiltration and distant metastases to other areas

A

malignant tumors

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7
Q

_____ is the attempt to identify norms or standards of right or good behavior, moral duty and obligations

A

ethics

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8
Q

serves as a guide by which radiation therapy technologist may evaluate their professional conduct as it relates to patients

A

code of ethics

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9
Q

it is a person’s concept of right or wrong as it relates to conscience

A

moral ethics

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10
Q

study of the law mandating certain acts and forbidding others under penalty of criminal sanction

A

legal ethics

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11
Q

use of practical wisdom for emotional and intellectual problem solving

A

virtue ethics

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12
Q

doing or producing of good, acts of kindness and charity

A

beneficence

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13
Q

higher level of wrongdoing

A

malfeasance

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14
Q

failure to act where there was a duty to act

A

nonfeasance

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15
Q

conduct that is lawful but inappropriate

A

misfeasance

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16
Q

quality or state of being self governing, self directing freedom especially moral independence

A

autonomy

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17
Q

principles that relates to the knowledge that information revealed by a px to a health care provider

A

confidentiality

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18
Q

truthfulness within the realm of health care practice

A

veracity

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19
Q

_________________ begins this study of human disease by introducing students to general processes of disease including cell injury and cell death in tissues and organs

A

principles of pathology

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20
Q

is a branch of medical science that involves the study and diagnosis of disease through the exam of surgically removed organs, tissues, bodily fluids and in some cases the whole body

is the study of disease, it is the bridge between science and medicine

A

pathology

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21
Q

one of the key problems in the treatment of cancer is the _____ _______ of the disease

A

early detection

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22
Q

in which only a sample of tissue is removed

A

incisional biopsy

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23
Q

in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed

A

excisional biopsy

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24
Q

in which as sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle

A

needle biopsy

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25
Q

_______ cells look uniform, with similar sizes and orderly organization

A

normal cells

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26
Q

________ cells look less orderly, with varying sizes and without apparent organization

A

cancer cells

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27
Q

staging is based on the TNM system first developed in Paris in between the years 1943 and 1952 by __________ ______ and the Union for International Cancer Control

A

Pierre Denoix

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28
Q

______ is often described as feeling weary or exhausted

A

fatigue

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29
Q

_________ ______ involves a machine outside the patient’s body that aims radiation at cancer cells

A

external beam

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30
Q

it is the most commonly used device for external beam therapy

A

linear accelerator

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31
Q

_________ screening is required initially upon employment and testing is offered annually thereafter

A

tuberculosis screening

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32
Q

________ must be up to date

A

immunizations

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33
Q

what is the approved antiseptic for hand hygiene?

A

chlorhexidine gluconate

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34
Q

______ ______ education must be provided and reviewed periodically by hospital epidemiology to assess compliance with established infection control policies and procedures

A

infection control

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35
Q

xray machines that operates at a potential of 40-50 kV

tube current of 2 mA

SSD of 2 cm

useful for tumors not deeper than 2 cm

very rapidly decreasing depth dose, skin surface maximally irradiated

filter material used is 0.5-1mm aluminum

A

contact therapy

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36
Q

xray machines operating at the range of 50-100 kv

SSD of 15-20 cm

used only for superficial lesions

maximum dose is on surface and falls off very rapidly with depth due to low energy and short SSD

filter material used is aluminum

A

superficial therapy

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37
Q

therapy machine operating at the range of 100 - 500 kv

mostly operated at 200-300 kV with 10-20 mA

treatment distance is 50-70 cm

penetrate tissue to a useful depth of 4-6 cm

filters used consist of copper, tin and aluminum

A

orthovoltage machines

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38
Q

xray therapy unites at the range of 500-1000 kv

uses resonant transformer that could generate up to 2000 kV

first use in 1937 at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital in London

A

supervoltage machines

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39
Q

invented by Ernest Lawrence in 1932

machine that can produce heavy charged particle atoms

use for proton beam therapy which is useful for treating specific lesions

it can also produce neutron beam

A

cyclotron

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40
Q

built by RJ Van de Graaf in 1933

an electrostatic accelerator that produced high energy xrays at about 12 mV

needs insulation provided with a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide

enclosed in a steel tank filled with gas mixture at pressure of about 20 atmospheres

A

Van de Graaf unit

41
Q

developed by Dwight Kerst in 1941

1st high energy xray and electron producing megavoltage machine beam up to 45 meV

machine in which electrons are accelerated in a circular orbit via a changing magnetic field

electrons are extracted from the orbit to produce an electron beam, or it can be directed to hit a target inside the machine to produce electron beam

A

betatrons

42
Q

is the dose gradient produced outside the useful radiation beam

A

penumbra

43
Q

it is the dose received outside of the useful beam as a result of transmission through the secondary collimators

A

transmission penumbra

44
Q

results from the effective area of the radiation source

A

geometric penumbra

45
Q

machine developed by Engr. Harold Johns and company in 1952

source is produced in nuclear reactor by the irradiation of Cobalt 59 with slow neutron

A

cobalt 60

46
Q

the decay rate of Cobalt 60 is described by its half life which is ___ years

A

5.26 years

47
Q

cobalt 60’s source head is made up of 3 encapsulated materials for shielding purpose

lead, ____ and uranium

A

lead, tungsten and uranium

48
Q

on 1924, the principles of LINAC were proposed by ____ ____

A

Gustav Ising

49
Q

it uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to accelerate charged particles, such as electrons to high energies through a linear tube

A

linear accelerator

50
Q

advantages:

low cost machine
easy to maintain
accessibility of parts

disadvantages:

limited field size
machine output drop in
has a large penumbra
cost of new sources is high

A

cobalt 60

51
Q

advantages:

has asymmetric or independent jaws which is important for many radical treatment techniques
complex treatment techniques can be done
high px througput
better skin sparing effect

disadvantages:

machine cost
needs a lot of time for calibration and QA procedure

A

LINAC

52
Q

it is located outside the treatment room where initiation and monitoring of radiation treatment takes place

A

control console

53
Q

systems are linked to treatment machines for the purpose of verifying set parameters and recording every treatment being input in the computer

A

record and verify system computers

54
Q

it is designed with the treatment head located at the top of the gantry

A

gantry

55
Q

is a point in space which the axis of the gantry rotates 360

it is also the reference point for many treatment parameters

A

isocenter

56
Q

the source of electron injected into the accelerator structure

A

electron gun

57
Q

energized by microwave power supplied through the waveguide from the klystron or magnetron

A

accelerator structure

58
Q

magnetically deflects electrons coming from the accelerator around a loop to be used for xray or electron beam production

A

bending magnet

59
Q

contains collimator for beam shaping, ion chambers for beam monitoring and various beam production devices including the target

A

treatment head

60
Q

a thin lead foil causes fairly uniform electron distribution across the beam

A

scattering foil

61
Q

used to reduce the intensity of the forward peaked dose, usually consists of lead, tungsten and uranium

A

flattening filters

62
Q

a dose monitoring system that monitors dose rate, integrated dose and beam symmetry

A

ion chamber

63
Q

a range finder used to align the patient to the proper distance relative to the radiation source

A

optical distance indicator

64
Q

a light used to align the px treatment area to the beam

A

light field

65
Q

places the px under the gantry relative to the isocenter

A

treatment table/couch

66
Q

it is a handheld control suspended from the treatment room ceiling or attached to the table/couch

A

hand held control pendant

67
Q

holds and supports gantry to its vertical position

A

gantry stand

68
Q

supplies electrical power to the entire equipment room and treatment room

A

main power

69
Q

contains the components that supply and control power to all areas of the machine

A

modulator

70
Q

coveys power to the accelerator in the gantry

A

accelerating waveguide

71
Q

the source of microwave power which sits upon an insulating oil tank similar to an xray

A

Klystron or Magnetron

72
Q

is the activity of checking by comparison with a standard, the accuracy of a measuring instrument of any type

is the process by which we determine the intensity of the signal we measure when we analyze a sample of known concentrion

A

calibration

73
Q

also called the absorbed dose

it is the total energy of ionizing radiation absorbed by unit mass of material, especially of living tissue

measured in Grays or rads

A

radiation dose

74
Q

is a dose quantity which is the measure of the energy deposited in matter by ionizing radiation per unit mass

A

absorbed dose

75
Q

sometimes called dose distribution

is the quantity of radiation absorbed per unit time

A

dose rate

76
Q

in the fields of health physics and radiation protection is the measurement, calculation and assessment of the ionizing radiation dose absorbed by an object, usually the human body

A

radiation dosimetry

77
Q

is also the process of relating the administered amount of radioactivity to the absorbed radiation dose in tumors, organs or the whole body

A

dosimetry

78
Q

is a mass of material similar to human tissue used to investigate the effect of radiation beam on human body

A

phatnoms

79
Q

an attached stem

a capacitor of ion chamber is attached to this when exposed to ionizing radiation provides a reading on calibrated scale

A

electrometer

80
Q

is a closed device containing a gas for determining the intensity of xrays be measuring the current flow between oppositely charged electrodes

A

ion chamber

81
Q

refers to any one of a large number of disease characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue

A

cancer

82
Q

is any substance, radionuclide or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis

A

carcinogen

83
Q

not cancerous

they either cannot spread or grow

A

benign tumors

84
Q

is an evaluation of the degree of differentiation of a tumor and pertains to its aggresiveness

A

grading

85
Q

is based on the size of the tumor, spread to regional lymph nodes and metastases to distant sites

A

staging

86
Q

abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

A

in situ

87
Q

cancer is limited to the place where it started, with no sign that it has spread

A

localized

88
Q

cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes, tissues or organs

A

regional

89
Q

cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

A

distant

90
Q

refers to a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin or cancer of the internal or external lining of the body

A

carcinoma

91
Q

carcinoma that develops in an organ or gland

A

adenocarcinoma

92
Q

carcinoma that originates in the squamous epithelium

A

squamous cell carcinoma

93
Q

refers to cancer that originates in supportive and connective tissues such as bones, tendons, cartilage, muscle and fat

A

sarcoma

94
Q

is cancer that originates in the plasma cell of bone marrow

A

myeloma

95
Q

are cancers of the bone marrow

the disease is often associated with the overproduction of immature white blood cells

A

leukemia

96
Q

cancer that develops in the glands of the lymphatic system

A

lymphoma

97
Q

stage of cancer where abnormal cells are present but have not spread to nearby tissue

also called carcinoma in situ, that may become cancer

A

stage 0

98
Q

stages of cancer where cancer is present

A

stage 1, 2 and 3

99
Q

stage of cancer where the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body

A

stage 4

RADIATION THERAPY (3 decks)

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