Prelims Flashcards
Are articles and materials which are found in connection with an investigation and which aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was committed or which in general assist in the prosecution of the criminal.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE/S
is one who practice forensic chemistry.
Forensic chemist
That branch of chemistry which deals with the application of chemical principles in the solution of problems that arise in the administration of justice.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
kind of evidence which seeks to establish a conclusion by inferences from proved facts. Another fact at issue.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
Evidence which directly establishes the main fact of issue. Is simply that which the senses perceive.
DIRECT EVIDENCE
Is a proof of allegation. It is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.
EVIDENCE
Evidence wherein scientific knowledge is necessary. Evidence based on or conforming to the principles and techniques of science.
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
Proceeds not from the personal knowledge of the witness but from the mere repetition of what the witness heard other say.
HEARSAY EVIDENCE
4 FORMS OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
a. Real or Autoptic Evidence
b. Testimonial Evidence
c. Experimental Evidence
d. Documentary Evidence
FOUR MAJOR CLASSIFICATION/KINDS OF EVIDENCE
- Direct Evidence
- Circumstantial Evidence
- Hearsay Evidence
- Scientific Evidence
Any written evidence presented by an expert in court which is relevant to the subject matter in dispute and not excluded in the Rules of Court.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE
required to perform certain experiments to prove a certain matter of fact. The court however, in its own description may or may not allow this kind of evidence.
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
An expert witness may be placed on the witness stand and answers all questions to be propounded by both parties in the case. It is the declaration of the truth or facts by an expert.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE
Is that evidence which is addressed to the senses of the court. It is not limited to that which can be known by the senses of vision but extended to those which are perceived by the senses of hearing, taste, smell or touched.
REAL OR AUTOPTIC EVIDENCE
One who posses a special skill, be it in art, trade or science, or one who has special in matters not generally known to men of ordinary education and experience.
EXPERT WITNESS
States facts and may not express his opinions or conclusions. He may testify to impressions of common experience such as the speed of a vehicle, whether a voice was that of a man, woman or child. Beyond this he is closely limited.
ORDINARY WITNESS
In an offense is a person whose guilt is considered on reasonable grounds to be a practical possibility.
SUSPECT
A person, other than a suspect who is requested to give information concerning an incident or personspect when testities in court. He maybe a victim, a complainant, an accuser, a source of information, an observer of occurrence.
WITNESS
Are known specimens used to compare with the questioned specimen needed to aid in establishing a suspect’s relationship to the crime under investigation.
STANDARD SPECIMEN
Perfect Person. The forensic chemist.
IDEAL PERSON TO COLLECT THE EVIDENCE
Person capable of applying Knowledge or theory to practice. Person trained by
PRACTICAL PERSON TO COLLECT THE EVIDENCE
crime lab studies the biological materials found by the investigators at the scene.
Forensic Biology
If investigators find bullets or a weapon at a crime scene, a crime lab will study the materials to reveal any information that will help investigators piece together who used it.
Firearms Identification
SIX GOLDEN RULES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
- Go slowly
- Be Thorough
- Take notes
- Consult Others
- Use Imagination
- Avoid complicated Theories
the decoding of encrypted documents. For example, the Federal Bureau of Investigation has a Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit.
Cryptanalysis
Crime labs identify drugs, bomb materials and other chemicals found at a crime scene. They use complicated equipment to analyze the materials to help investigators build a case.
Chemical Analysis
The yellowish fluid of blood in which numerous blood corpuscles are suspended.
PLASMA
largely protein in nature and consists of albumen, several globulins and fibrinogen.
Solid- 10%
the fluid or liquid portion of blood where the cells are suspended. It is principally composed of:
(55%) PLASMA-
Has been called the circulating tissue of the body. It is referred to as a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances.
BLOOD
straw-yellow liquid formed when clotted blood is allowed to strand for sometime and the clot contracts.
Serum
THE FOUR TESTS FOR BLOOD:
- PRELIMINARY TEST
- CONFIRMATORY TEST
- PRECIPITIN TEST
- BLOOD GROUPING TEST
Determines the blood group of human.
BLOOD GROUPING TEST
Determines whether blood is of human or non-human origin, and if non human, the specific animal family from which it originated.
PRECIPITIN TEST
Determines whether bloodstain really contains blood. Test that positively identifies blood.
CONFIRMATORY TEST
Determines whether the stain contains blood or another substance. Determines whether visible stains do or do not contain blood. It is used to demonstrate the presence of blood.
PRELIMINARY TEST
Is any substance that may cause an explosion by its sudden decomposition or combustion. A material either a pure single substance or mixture of substances which is capable of producing an explosion by its own energy.
EXPLOSIVES
Black coarsely peppered pattern. Individual specks of nitrates (NO3) and nitrites (NO2) around the bullet hole visible with the naked eye.
TATTOOING
Blackening of area surrounding the bullet hole
SMUDGING
Means light burning
SINGEING
Consist of cellulose nitrate or glyceryl nitrate combined with cellulose nitrate and some stabilizers.
SMOKELESS POWDER
It is consist of an intimate mixture of charcoal or carbon (C)- 15%; Sulfur (S)-10%; and potassium nitrate (KNO3) or sodium nitrate (NaNO3- 75%. When exploded in an open space the following reactions occur:
BLACKPOWDER
military explosive that looks like ordinary putty or molding clay
PLASTIC EXPLOSIVES
Used mostly for military explosives. A safe explosive. It will burn but not explode if set on fire.
TNT
Made by mixing nitroglycerine with powdered clay or sawdust.
DYNAMITE
Mixture of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and glycerine. Oily liquid that is very dangerous because the slightest shake will cause it to explode.
NITROGLYCERINE
Explode under the influence of the shock of the explosion of a primary explosive.
HIGH EXPLOSIVES
Explode or detonate when they are heated or subjected to shock. They do not bum.
PRIMARY EXPLOSIVE OR INITIATORS
Are combustible materials containing within themselves all oxygen needed for their combustion that bum but do not explode and function by producing gas that produces explosion.
PROPELLANTS OR LOW EXPLOSIVES
A condition whereby males have abnormally low sperm counts or with few spermatozoa.
OLIGOSPERMIA
A condition wherein males have no spermatozoa at all in their seminal fluid
ASPERMIA
A viscid whitish fluid of the male reproductive tract consisting of spermatozoa suspended in secretion of accessory glands.
SEMEN
