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Histopath, Lec > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

first and most critical step in tissue processing

A

fixation

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2
Q

stop the metabolic processes that continue to alter the state of the tissue being examined

A

killing

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3
Q

renders the tissue firmer for proper grossing and easy cutting of thin sections for processing

A

hardening

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4
Q

primary goal:

A

to preserve the mophologic and chemical integrity of the cell in as life-like manner as possible

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5
Q

what does fixation prevents?

A

degeneration, decomposition, putrefaction, distortion of tissues

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6
Q

secondary goal:

A

harden and protect the tissue from the trauma of further handling, for easier cutting and process for microscopy

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7
Q

practical purpose:

A

aims to prevent or arrest the degenerative processes

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8
Q

results from tissue digestion by intracellular enzymes

A

autolysis

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9
Q

brought about by microorganisms which may already be present in the specimen

A

putrefaction

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10
Q

objectives of fixation

A

preserve the tissye, prevent breakdown of cellular elements, to coagulate protoplasmic substances

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11
Q

preserves the tissue by stopping all cellular activities

A

to preserve the tissue

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12
Q

prevents autolysis by inactivating the lysosomal enzymes

A

to prevent breakdown of cellular elements

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13
Q

renders insoluble certain tissue components

A

to coagulate protoplasmic substances

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14
Q

methods of fixation:

A

physical & chemical

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15
Q

under physical method:

A

heat, microwave, cryo-preservation

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16
Q

under the chemical method:

A

immersion & perfusion

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17
Q

application being confined to smears of microorganisms

A

heat fixation

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18
Q

can be regarded as heat fixation, works as physical agent similar in mechanism to vacuum

A

microwave fixation

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19
Q

also known as freeze drying

A

cryo-preservation

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20
Q

has some applications in histochemistry but not usually applied to diagnostic tissue specimens

A

cryo-preservation

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21
Q

usually achieved by immersing the specimen in the fixative solution

A

immersion fixation

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22
Q

injecting the vascular system with fixative

A

perfusion

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23
Q

two basic mechanisms involved in fixation

A

additive & non-additive

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24
Q

chemical constituent becomes part of the tissue by forming cross-links or molecular complexes

A

additive

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25
Q

not incorporated but alters the composition of tissues

A

non-additive

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26
Q

how long before specimen should be transferred to fixative?

A

less than 1 hour after surgery

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27
Q

why does it need to be transferred less than 1 hour after surgery?

A

deterioration will commence with the loss of blood supply

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28
Q

general ratio in fixative:

A

20:1 or at least 10:1

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29
Q

main factors involved in fixation:

A

volume, hydrogen ion concentration, temperature, thickness of section, osmolality,concentration, duration of fixation, interval

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30
Q

volume

A

10-20:1, fixative to specimen

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31
Q

hydrogen ion concentration

A

best carried out close to neutral pH, in the range of 6-8

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32
Q

common buffers:

A

phosphate, bicarbonate, cacodylate, veronal

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33
Q

temperature of regular tissue processing:

A

40 degrees C

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34
Q

temperature for electron microscopy:

A

0-4 degrees C

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35
Q

formalin is heated to ______ is sometimes used for the rapid fixation of very urgent biopsy specimens

A

60 degrees C

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36
Q

recommended size of tissue

A

2 cm squared, and no more than 4mm. thick

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37
Q

thickness for electron microscopy

A

1 to 2 mm squared

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38
Q

thickness for light microscopy

A

2 cm squared wide

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39
Q

commonly quoted rate of penetration for aldehyde fixative:

A

2-3 mm per hour

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40
Q

recommended fixative

A

normal phosphate buffered saline based fixative

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41
Q

types of fixative:

A

according to composition and according to action

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42
Q

only one component substance

A

simple fixative

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43
Q

two or more fixatives

A

compound fixative

44
Q

examples of simple fixative

A

aldehyde, metallic fixative, picric, acetic, acetone, alcohol, osmium tetroxide

45
Q

according to action:

A

microanatomical fixative and cytological fixative

46
Q

permit the general microscopic study of tissue structures

A

microanatomical fixative

47
Q

preserve the specific parts and particular microscopic elements of the cell itself

A

cytological fixative

48
Q

preserve the nuclear structures in particular

A

nuclear fixative

49
Q

preserve cytoplasmic structures

A

cytoplasmic fixative

50
Q

preserve the chemical constituents of cells and tissues

A

histochemical fixative

51
Q

gas produced by the oxidation of methyl alcohol

A

formaldehyde

52
Q

made with formaldehyde but the percentage denotes a different formaldehyde

A

formalin

53
Q

most widely used fixative:

A

10% neutral buffered formalin

54
Q

fixation of 10% neutral buffered formalin

A

24 hours

55
Q

most common metallic fixative

A

mercuric chloride

56
Q

combination of histology and pathology

A

histopathology

57
Q

also called anatomic pathology

A

histopathology

58
Q

a highly specialized physician who identify diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope

A

pathologist

59
Q

Is a branch of biology that deals with the
microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues and
organs in relation to their function.

A

histology

60
Q

the scientific study of the nature of the disease
and its causes, processes, development, and
consequences.

A

pathology

61
Q

is the art and science performed by the histotechnologist to produce a tissue section of good quality
that will enable the pathologist to diagnose the presence or absence of disease

A

histotechnology

62
Q

divisions of pathology

A

gross pathology and microscopic pathology, anatomic pathology, clinical pathology

63
Q

the recognition of disease based on macroscopic examination of surgical specimens

A

gross pathology

64
Q

The recognition of disease based on microscopic examination of surgical specimens generated

A

microscopic pathology

65
Q

The study of changes in the function, structure, or appearance of organs or tissues, including
postmortem examinations and the study of biopsy specimens.

A

anatomic pathology

66
Q

kinds of anatomic pathology:

A

surgical, autopsy, exfoliative cytology

67
Q

The pathology of disease processes that are surgically accessible for diagnosis or treatment.

A

surgical pathology

68
Q

The pathology of disease processes that are surgically accessible for diagnosis

A

autopsy pathology

69
Q

A branch of General Cytology which deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been
desquamated from the epithelial surfaces

A

exfoliative cytology

70
Q

The branch of general pathology directed to the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases through the
examination of blood, body fluids, secretions, and tissue biopsy specimens for chemical,
morphological, microbiological, and immunological abnormalities.

A

clinical pathology

71
Q

kinds of clinical pathology:

A

cc, hema, bb, microbiology, clinical immunology and serology

72
Q

father of modern histology

A

marie francois xavier bichat

73
Q

father of histopathology and cellular pathology

A

johannes peter muller

74
Q

proposed the use of formaldehyde as fixative

A

ferdinand blum

75
Q

the simplest, least invasive test and uses the smallest needle

A

fine needle aspiration

76
Q

removes not only cells, but also a small amount of the surrounding tissue

A

core needly biopsy

77
Q

takes out even more surrounding tissue

A

incisional biopsy

78
Q

generally removes the entire area in question

A

excisional biopsy

79
Q

also called a wide local incision

A

excisional biopsy

80
Q

considered the primary technique for obtaining diagnostic full-thickness skin
specimens.

A

punch biopsy

81
Q

where small fragments of tissue are “shaved” from a surface (usually skin).

A

shave biopsy

82
Q

where tissue is scooped or spooned to remove tissue or growths from body cavity such as
endometrium or cervical canal.

A

curettings

83
Q

carefully dissected with a needle and
separated by direct or zigzag spread using an applicator stick.

A

teasing

84
Q

is a process whereby small pieces of tissue (not more than one mm. in diameter) are placed in a
microscopic slide and forcibly compressed with another slide or with a cover glass.

A

squash preparation

85
Q

This technique is especially useful in cytological examinations, particularly for cancer diagnosis

A

smear preparation

86
Q

With an applicator stick or a platinum loop, the material is rapidly and gently applied in a
direct or zigzag line throughout the slide,

A

streaking

87
Q

-A selected portion of the material is transferred to a clean
slide and gently spread into a moderately thick film by teasing the
mucous strands apart with an applicator stick

A

spreading

88
Q

two slides are then pulled apart with a single uninterrupted motion

A

pull-apart

89
Q

surface of a freshly cut
piece of tissue is brought into contact and pressed on to the surface of a
clean glass slide

A

touch preparation

90
Q

Normally utilized when a rapid diagnosis of the tissue in question is required

A

frozen section

91
Q

Very thin slices (________ micra) are cut from fresh tissue frozen on a microtome with CO 2 or on a Cryostat
and then transferred to a slide, and processed for light microscopic studies

A

10-15

92
Q

a cold chamber kept at an atmospheric temperature

A

cryostat

93
Q

temperature of cryostat

A

-10 to -20 C

94
Q

Used in histochemistry and during intraoperative procedures and is the
most rapid of the commonly available freezing agents.

A

liquid nitrogen

95
Q

excellent method for freezing muscle tissue.

A

isopentane

96
Q

Tissue blocks can be frozen by adapting a conventional freezing
microtome gas supply of carbon dioxide gas from a C0 2 cylinder, or by
using a specially made piece of equipment known as cryostat.

A

carbon dioxide gas

97
Q

Adequate for freezing small pieces of tissue except muscle

A

aerosol sprays

98
Q

temperature for knife

A

-40 to -60

99
Q

temperature for tissue

A

-5 to -10

100
Q

temperature for environment

A

0 to -10

101
Q

This method makes use of the Cryostat, an apparatus used in fresh tissue microtomy.

A

cryostat procedure

102
Q

optimum working temperature of cryostat

A

-18 to -20

103
Q

Preserves tissues by rapid freezing (quenching)

A

freeze-drying

104
Q

A process of dehydration, performed at temperatures low enough to avoid the formation of ice
crystals and to circumvent the damaging effects observed after ambient-temperature
dehydration

A

freeze-substitution

105
Q

difference of freeze subsitituon and drying

A

instead of being subjected to dehydration in an expensive vacuum drying apparatus, is fixed in
Rossman’s formula or in 1% Acetone and dehydrated in absolute alcohol

106
Q

advantage of freeze-substitution

A

more economical and less time consuming

Histopath, Lec (5 decks)

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