PRELIMS Flashcards
5 major ethnic groups :
(Pakistan)
PUNJABIS,
SINDHIS,
PATHANS,
MUHAJIRS, &
BALOCH.
East and West Pakistan were so great that the division was described as a second
“Two - Nation Theory”
became the foundation of Sri Lankan tradition and culture.
Buddhism
the capital of Bhurishrestha Kingdom in Vanga
Singhapura,
the capital of Rajarata for over a thousand years
Anuradhapura
close diplomatic and cultural ties were maintained with Emperor Asoka of the Mauryan dynasty
the reign of Devanampiya Tissa
the oldest and largest stupa,
Thuparama Dagoba
the kingdom of Devanampiya Tissa during his 40-year reign which sponsored what later on became
Theravada/Hinayana Buddhism
distinguished himself as the one who expanded and beautified Anuradhapura by building numerous stupas, temples and monasteries/ Slayed ELARA
Dutugamunu
launched a campaign to destroy Mahayana Buddhism and built numerous reservoir and irrigation systems in Sri Lanka
King Mahasena (275-301 CE)
the sacred tooth relic of the Buddha was brought to Sri Lanka from India by
Princess Hemamali
liberated Anuradhapura in 459 CE from the Tamils again,
King Dhatusena
three Hindu Empires
(Pallava, Pandya and Chola)
the last Sinhalese king of Anuradhapura, fled to Ruhuna/Rohana until 1017, when he was captured and taken prisoner to India by the Chola
King Mahinda V
the Chola in Sri Lanka established their capital at
Polonnaruwa
who made it mandatory that the Sinhalese king be Buddhist
King Nissankamalla
distinguished himself as a literary genius and wrote Kausilumina
Prakramabahu II
Restored the kingdom to Polonnaruwa and relied upon diplomacy with the Pandyan that brought the tooth relic back to Sri Lanka
King Prakramabahu Ill
a powerful clan in Gampolla, allied itself with the other Sinhalese kingdoms against the Aryachakravarti dynasty
Alagakkonara
Last Sinhalese Kingdom
Kotte Kingdom by King Vikramabahu III
the king was assassinated by his three sons who divided the kingdom into three realms
Sitawaka, Raigama and Kotte (Sri Lanka)
Portuguese campaigns against the Jaffna kingdom led to the loss of Kandy, which was seized by
Vimaladharmasuriya
established during the reign of Vikramabahu IlI of Gampola in the late 15th century
Kingdom of Kandy
Kandyan King and his daughter fled to Jaffna and Baptized…
as Christians and adopted the name Don Philipp and Dona Catharina
the Kingdom of Kandy survive with the help of the
Danish East India Company
First Governor of Ceylon
Frederick North
(French archaeologist) reveal that Afghanistan was inhabited by humans 50,000 years ago and farming communities developed early in the area
Louis Dupree
were known to be diadochy/successors of Alexander to the empire
Seleucus and Antigonus
Chandragupta Maurya got hold of the Hindu- Kush region after signing a
peace treaty with the Seleucid kingdom which involved intermarriage and 500 elephants
established commercial and cultural contacts with Rome in the west and China in the east (Afghanistan)
Kushan Empire
known to the people Of India as the “Red Huns”
Kidarites
the name of central and western Afghanistan during its Middle Ages
Khorasan
it was the conversion Of the — into Islam that made the Muslim conquest Of most Of Afghanistan possible
Pashtun
Land of Mystic Splendor
KINGDOM OF SIKKIM
earliest settlers/inhabitants are a people called (Sikkim)
Lepchas
Had a divine vision that brought him and his five sons to the kingdom of Sakya where his son Khye Bumsa helped
Guru Tashi
introduced Buddhism to the Lepchas and annexed the Chumbi valley
Chogyal and the 3 lamas
was forced into exile to Tibet in 1788 during a massive invasion by the Nepalese Gorkhas
Chogyal Tenzing
the British governor of India that denied Sikkimese independence from
Claude White
Chogyal for a brief period in 1914 during which he sought widened sovereignty from Britain and sponsored sweeping reforms (Sikkim)
Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal
ancient Bhutanese and Tibetan chronicles lend credence to its existence was originally called Drukyul
(country of the Drukpa, the Dragon people)
were said to have overran northern Bhutan during the early historical period
Monpa
an exile from India adopted Buddhism as the official religion in 746 CE and sponsored its propagation (Bhutan)
Chakhar Gyalpo
was invited for a visit by the king and after vanquishing demons and converting the king, he went to Tibet
the Buddhist saint Padmasambhava (Guru Rimpoche or the Second Buddha)
introduction of —– gave Bhutan its first written chronicles and literature and it also helped unite its people at least from a religious standpoint
Buddhism
Rimpoche also established the …
Ningmyapa sect (Red Hat sect) of Mahayana Buddhism, the most dominant in Bhutan
manuals describing forms of devotion to natural energies
Tantras
Most dominant practice
Drukpa
the king was both the god and the head of the government (head of the religion [highest of the gods] and the one who ruled the country)
Theocratic
Nawang Nyamgal
an expatriate Drukpa monk established an independent kingdom in Bhutan in 1616
codified laws, and built an impregnable network of dzongs (fortress temples)
Bhutanese families in Drukyul,
(at whose feet one submits or Dharma Raja)
“shabdrung”
Je Khenpo (lord abbot) and civil affairs were managed by the Druk Desi (regent) elected by a state council
Namgyal’s administration was a state monastic body
served as the seat Of government for spring, summer and fall,
Thimpu
northeast Of Thimpu was the winter capital
Punakha Dzong
ponlop,
- collected taxes, decided cases, and maintained peace and order
- administered local governments (three regions)
in the early 18th century, Bhutan encountered some trouble in the principality of
COOCH BEHAR
failure of the negotiations for another peace treaty with the British in 1864 led to the
Duar WAr
(Dragon King), head of a hereditary absolute monarchy
Druk Gyalpo
Dorji family
was also declared as the head Of the hereditary office of gongzim (chief chamberlain), the highest government position
(Bhutan)
Bhutan was gradually modernized with the introduction of western-style schools, modern communication facilities, re-establishment and expansion of trade with India and revitalization of the Buddhist monastic system
Ugyen Wangchuck’s leadership
Jigme Wangchuck
continued his father’s centralization and modernization agenda and built more schools, hospitals and roads
Nepal’s Legendary Age
Kirati Period
are considered to be the first inhabitants of the Kathmandu valley
Kirati
was an important son of the Sakyamuni and he was later on revered as Gautama Buddha “The Enlightened One”
Siddhartha Gautama
Buddha’s birthplace
Lumbini
Ashoka built stupas in …
Patan and Swayambhunath
paid Emperor Samudragupta (335-375 BCE) taxes and tributes and obeyed his commands
the “Lord of Nepal”
came to Nepal to attack and destroy the Kirata kingdom
Licchavi
nobles who were allowed to maintain their own armies, own land, and sometimes influence the court.
samantas
Was a rajput dynasty that ruled Nepal up to the middle of the 12th century
The Kingdom of the Thakuris
One of its most notable kings (Nepal) was who built a wooden house made from a single tree, from which the name Kathmandu was derived
Gunakama Deva who built the Kasthamandapa,
Early in the 11th century, the country was ruled by
Thakauri Nuwakot dynasty
unified the Kathmandu valley and its environs and gave Nepal its first codified laws based upon ancient religious textbooks
Jayasthitimalla
Jayasthitimalla’s great grandson
Yakshamalla
the death of Yakshamalla lead to the division of Nepal into three kingdoms:
Patan, Bhadgaon, and Kathmandu
Portuguese missionary — visited Nepal and in 1715, the first Capuchin mission was founded in Kathmandu
John Cabral
unified Nepal by launching an invasion of the Kathmandu valley in the 1760s after his conquest of Patan and Bhadgaon in 1768, he ordered the permanent expulsion of all foreigners, including traders, Catholic missionaries, musicians and artists who were influenced by the northern Indian style
Pritvhi Narayan Shah of Gorkha
Nepal was forced to sign the — which forced it to give up its claims to its western territories; moreover, they were forced to accept a British resident in Kathmandu
Sagauli Treaty
to control succession brought her to conspire with Jang Bahadur Rana to assassinate the prime minister
Rajendra’s queen
Jung Bahadur Rana’s nephews killed Jung’s sons in a coup and adopted the name
“Jung Bahadur”
expressed remorse over the coup, he was deposed by his brothers after holding power for only two months
Deva Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana
ruled the country as prime ministers until the 1950s (Nepal)
Shumsher Ranas
that guaranteed Nepal’s independence
Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship
Nepal lost and was forced to sign the — with the British and the —- Treaty with Sikkim
Suguali & Titalia Treaty
