PRELIMS Flashcards
is a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment
Psychological Disorder
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Psychological Disorder Psychological Dysfunction mental disorder Personal Distress or Impairment
Psychological Dysfunction
was present since she fainted at the sight of blood. But many people experience a mild version of this reaction (feeling queasy at the sight of blood) without meeting the criteria for the disorder, so knowing where to draw the line between normal and abnormal is often difficult. For this reason, these problems are often considered to be on a continuum or a dimension rather than to be categories that are either present or absent.
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Dysfunction
Dysfunction
Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles
is set in the context of a person’s background
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment
Personal Distress or Impairment
deviates from the average
-e.g. statistical norms, talented/eccentric
(e.g. Lady Gaga and J.D. Salinger)
Another view is that your behavior is abnormal if you are violating social norms, even if a number of people are sympathetic to your point of view. To enter a trance state and believe you are possessed reflects a psychological disorder in most Western cultures but not in many other societies, where the behvior is accepted and expected
Psychological Disorder
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
mental disorder
Dysfunction
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
Psychopathology
is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. these are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
mental disorder
Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorder
clinical description
causation
treatment and outcome
enhancing th practice
consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science
consumer of science
determining the effectiveness of The practice
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
evaluator of science
conducting research that leads to procedures useful in practice consumer of science creator of science clinical description evaluator of science
creator of science
- represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.
consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
-(how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?)
Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset
Prevalence
-(Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year) Prevalence Incidence Episodic course Insidious onset
Incidence
meaning that they begin suddenly; Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Acute onset,
develop gradually over an extended period Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Insidious onset
- tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime. Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Chronic course
the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life. prognosis. Incidence Episodic course Insidious onset
Episodic course-
the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period. prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
Time-limited course-
The anticipated course of a disorder is called the prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
prognosis.
\: why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
Study of etiology
How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffering From Psychopathology?
Treatment:
Incidence
The Supernatural Tradition
Study of etiology
Treatment:
Three Dominant Traditions of Abnormal Behavior Include:
Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological
900 to 600 b.c., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil
DEMONS AND WITCHES
End of the 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular superstitions and society as a whole began to believe more strongly in the existence and power of demons and witches. People turn to magic and sorcery to solve their problems.
Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, astrological bodies
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
The Supernatural Tradition
in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits. Other approaches included shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head and securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church so that they might benefit from hearing Mass.
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
exorcism
insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable. Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the sin of BLANK, or sloth
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
acedia
also suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons. he pointed out that much of the evidence for the existence of sorcery and witchcraft, particularly among those considered insane, was obtained from people who were tortured and who, quite understandably, confessed to anything.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Nicholas Oresme,
Behavior in Europe during the Middle Ages that lent support to the notion of possession by the devil. Groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night . Insect bites were used as additional explanation of such phenomena.
Mass Hysteria
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
lunatic,
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
largescale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.
may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us
Mass Hysteria
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
lunatic,
Mass Hysteria
(Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541)
- rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. This influential theory inspired the word blnk
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Paracelsus
lunatic,
suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They did not limit their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of “disease,” because they believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics).
he considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Hippocrates
The Humoral Theory by
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
HIPPOCRATES
is the first example of associating psychological disorders with a “chemical imbalance.”
A phlegmatic personality
The Humoral Theory
Melancholic
A choleric person
The Humoral Theory
(literal meaning “red, like blood”) describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic,
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric person
sanguine
means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain). A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric person
Melancholic
(from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under personstress.
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric
A phlegmatic personality
(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered (Maher & Maher, 1985a).
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric
A choleric person
Champion of the biological tradition in the United States.
His position was that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
John P. Grey
It was almost 100 years before the community mental health movement was successful in reducing the population of mental hospitals with the controversial policy of
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
deinstitutionalization
- insulin was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down. Higher dosages resulted to temporary comatose.
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Insulin shock therapy
discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Benjamin Franklin
suggestions on the possible benefits of applying electric shock directly to the brain—notably, by two Italian physicians, ,
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy (which ultimately did not prove to be true). Some of his followers concluded that induced brain seizures might cure schizophrenia.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Joseph von Meduna
class of drugs called (major tranquilizers), for the first time hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients; these drugs also controlled agitation and aggressiveness. Other discoveries included benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers), which seemed to reduce anxiety.
Insulin shock therapy
Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics
