PRELIMS Flashcards
is a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment
Psychological Disorder
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning Psychological Disorder Psychological Dysfunction mental disorder Personal Distress or Impairment
Psychological Dysfunction
was present since she fainted at the sight of blood. But many people experience a mild version of this reaction (feeling queasy at the sight of blood) without meeting the criteria for the disorder, so knowing where to draw the line between normal and abnormal is often difficult. For this reason, these problems are often considered to be on a continuum or a dimension rather than to be categories that are either present or absent.
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Dysfunction
Dysfunction
Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles
is set in the context of a person’s background
Psychological Disorder
Psychological Dysfunction
mental disorder
Personal Distress or Impairment
Personal Distress or Impairment
deviates from the average
-e.g. statistical norms, talented/eccentric
(e.g. Lady Gaga and J.D. Salinger)
Another view is that your behavior is abnormal if you are violating social norms, even if a number of people are sympathetic to your point of view. To enter a trance state and believe you are possessed reflects a psychological disorder in most Western cultures but not in many other societies, where the behvior is accepted and expected
Psychological Disorder
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
mental disorder
Dysfunction
Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
Psychopathology
is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. these are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
mental disorder
Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorder
clinical description
causation
treatment and outcome
enhancing th practice
consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science
consumer of science
determining the effectiveness of The practice
Psychological Disorder
Psychopathology
mental disorder
evaluator of science
evaluator of science
conducting research that leads to procedures useful in practice consumer of science creator of science clinical description evaluator of science
creator of science
- represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder.
consumer of science
creator of science
clinical description
evaluator of science
CLINICAL DESCRIPTION
-(how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?)
Prevalence
Acute onset,
Chronic course
Insidious onset
Prevalence
-(Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year) Prevalence Incidence Episodic course Insidious onset
Incidence
meaning that they begin suddenly; Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Acute onset,
develop gradually over an extended period Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Insidious onset
- tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime. Prevalence Acute onset, Chronic course Insidious onset
Chronic course
the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a later time. This pattern may repeat throughout a person’s life. prognosis. Incidence Episodic course Insidious onset
Episodic course-
the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period. prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
Time-limited course-
The anticipated course of a disorder is called the prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
prognosis.
\: why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions prognosis. Incidence Time-limited course- Study of etiology
Study of etiology
How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffering From Psychopathology?
Treatment:
Incidence
The Supernatural Tradition
Study of etiology
Treatment:
Three Dominant Traditions of Abnormal Behavior Include:
Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological
900 to 600 b.c., all physical and mental disorders were considered the work of the devil
DEMONS AND WITCHES
End of the 14th century, religious and lay authorities supported these popular superstitions and society as a whole began to believe more strongly in the existence and power of demons and witches. People turn to magic and sorcery to solve their problems.
Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery, astrological bodies
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
The Supernatural Tradition
in which various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits. Other approaches included shaving the pattern of a cross in the hair of the victim’s head and securing sufferers to a wall near the front of a church so that they might benefit from hearing Mass.
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
exorcism
insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable. Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, although symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the sin of BLANK, or sloth
Treatment: exorcism The Supernatural Tradition STRESS AND MELANCHOLY acedia
STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
acedia
also suggested that the disease of melancholy (depression) was the source of some bizarre behavior, rather than demons. he pointed out that much of the evidence for the existence of sorcery and witchcraft, particularly among those considered insane, was obtained from people who were tortured and who, quite understandably, confessed to anything.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Nicholas Oresme,
Behavior in Europe during the Middle Ages that lent support to the notion of possession by the devil. Groups of people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout, rave, and jump around in patterns as if they were at a particularly wild party late at night . Insect bites were used as additional explanation of such phenomena.
Mass Hysteria
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
lunatic,
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
largescale outbreaks of bizarre behavior.
may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion, in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us
Mass Hysteria
Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
lunatic,
Mass Hysteria
(Swiss physician who lived from 1493 to 1541)
- rejected notions of possession by the devil, suggesting instead that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people’s psychological functioning. This influential theory inspired the word blnk
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Paracelsus
lunatic,
suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. They did not limit their search for the causes of psychopathology to the general area of “disease,” because they believed that psychological disorders might also be caused by brain pathology or head trauma and could be influenced by heredity (genetics).
he considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and emotion. Therefore, disorders involving these functions would logically be located in the brain.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Hippocrates
The Humoral Theory by
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
HIPPOCRATES
is the first example of associating psychological disorders with a “chemical imbalance.”
A phlegmatic personality
The Humoral Theory
Melancholic
A choleric person
The Humoral Theory
(literal meaning “red, like blood”) describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic,
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric person
sanguine
means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain). A phlegmatic personality sanguine Melancholic A choleric person
Melancholic
(from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under personstress.
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric
A phlegmatic personality
(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered (Maher & Maher, 1985a).
A phlegmatic personality
sanguine
Melancholic
A choleric
A choleric person
Champion of the biological tradition in the United States.
His position was that the causes of insanity were always physical. Therefore, the mentally ill patient should be treated as physically ill. The emphasis was again on rest, diet, and proper room temperature and ventilation.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
John P. Grey
It was almost 100 years before the community mental health movement was successful in reducing the population of mental hospitals with the controversial policy of
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
deinstitutionalization
- insulin was occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but it also seemed to calm them down. Higher dosages resulted to temporary comatose.
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Insulin shock therapy
discovered accidentally, and then confirmed experimentally in the 1750s, that a mild and modest electric shock to the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did little harm
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Benjamin Franklin
suggestions on the possible benefits of applying electric shock directly to the brain—notably, by two Italian physicians, ,
Insulin shock therapy
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
observed that schizophrenia was rarely found in individuals with epilepsy (which ultimately did not prove to be true). Some of his followers concluded that induced brain seizures might cure schizophrenia.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Joseph von Meduna
class of drugs called (major tranquilizers), for the first time hallucinatory and delusional thought processes could be diminished in some patients; these drugs also controlled agitation and aggressiveness. Other discoveries included benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers), which seemed to reduce anxiety.
Insulin shock therapy
Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics
deinstitutionalization
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) neuroleptics
(1856–1926) was the dominant figure during this period and one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry. He was extremely influential in advocating the major ideas of the biological tradition, but he was little involved in treatment
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Emil Kraepelin
the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such Insulin shock therapy Bolstered deinstitutionalization Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
Bolstered
- thought that the two causes of maladaptive behavior were the social and cultural influences in one’s life and the learning that took place in that environment.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Plato
- also emphasized the influence of social environment and early learning on later psychopathology.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Aristotle
referred more to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct.
Involved more humane treatment of institutionalized patients
Encourage and reinforced social interaction
Moral Therapy
Bolstered
Greek Asclepiad Temples
Moral Therapy
of the 6th century b.c. housed the chronically ill, including those with psychological disorders. Patients were well cared for, massaged, and provided with soothing music.
Moral Therapy
Bolstered
Greek Asclepiad Temples
Greek Asclepiad Temples
had already instituted remarkable reforms by removing all chains used to restrain patients and instituting humane and positive psychological interventions.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Jean-Baptiste Pussin
first at La Bicêtre and then at the women’s hospital Salpétrière, where he invited Pussin to join him (Gerard, 1997; Maher & Maher, 1985b; Weiner, 1979). Here again, they instituted a humane and socially facilitative atmosphere that produced “miraculous” results.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Philippe Pinel
followed Pinel’s lead in England
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
William Tuke (1732–1822)
- often considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry, introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital. It then became the treatment of choice in the leading hospitals. Asylums had appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than hospitals. It was the rise of moral therapy in Europe and the United States that made asylums habitable and even therapeutic.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Benjamin Rush (1745–1813)
began the mental hygiene movement and spent much of her life campaigning for reform in the treatment of the mentally ill
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Dorothea Dix
suggested that the problem was caused by undetected fluid found in all living organisms called “animal magnetism” which could be blocked.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Franz Anton Mesmer
put animal magnetism to test. Blind experiment with water (magnetized and nonmagnetized) that suggested curing power. Both groups got better, mesmerism was nothing more than strong suggestion.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Benjamin Franklin
demonstrated that some techniques of mesmerism were effective with a number of psychological
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarusdisorders.
Jean-Martin Charcot
Discovery that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension.
Moral Therapy
Bolstered
CATHARSIS
Greek Asclepiad Temples
CATHARSIS
His method includes asking the patient to describe their problems, conflicts and fears. He worked on the case of Anna O.
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Joseph Breuer
discovered the “unconscious mind” and its apparent influence on the production of psychological disorder
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Breuer and Freud
When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and Superego
Defense Mechanisms:
Bolstered
CATHARSIS
Object Relations Theory
Defense Mechanisms:
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
she Emphasized the influence of the ego in defining behavior
Abnormal behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating its functions such as delaying and controlling the impulses of the id.
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Emphasized how children incorporate (introject) objects
Examples include images, memories, and values of significant others (objects)
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Introjected objects may assume conflict roles in determining the identity, or self.
Defense Mechanisms:
Bolstered
CATHARSIS
Object Relations Theory
Object Relations Theory
The Neo-Freudians: Departures From Freudian Thought
De-emphasized the sexual core of Freud’s theory
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Basic quality of human nature is positive and there is strong desire for self-actualization. Need to remove barriers for individual to flourish.
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Cognitive Psychotherapy
Behavioristic Psychotherapy
humanistic
It is a psychotherapy called the talking cure. The objective is to unearth hidden intrapsychic conflicts that cause abnormal behavior.
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Humanistic Psychotherapy
Cognitive Psychotherapy
Behavioristic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Humanistic Theory
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
is a ubiquitous form of learning
it involves a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli
and Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Classical conditioning
Standardization
Clinical assessment
Classical conditioning
– Systematic desensitization
Joseph Wolpe
Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the consequences that follow behavior
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg,
Anna Freud and Self-Psychology
Breuer and Freud
Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, and Erik Erickson
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning
RET/REBT – 1950’s - It is what we think that causes us to be disturbed
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy –Albert Ellis –
Social Learning Theory – 1960 (vicarious learning) & Social Modeling
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Albert Bandura
Cognitive Therapy (1960 & 70); David Burns, MD - Cognitive distortions
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Aaron (Tim) Beck MD
– Multimodal Therapy – 1970’s – 7 domains to address in assessment and treatment
Nicholas Oresme, Paracelsus Hippocrates John P. Grey Benjamin Franklin ,Aristotle Joseph von Meduna Emil Kraepelin Plato Jean-Baptiste Pussin Philippe Pinel Benjamin Rush William Tuke Franz Anton Mesmer Dorothea Dix Jean-Martin Charcot Anna Freud Joseph Breuer Aaron (Tim) Beck MD Albert Bandura Arnold Lazarus
Arnold Lazarus
BASIC- ID;
Behavior, Affect, Sensation, Imagery, Cognitive, Interpersonal, and Drug (physical)
is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and
social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
Diagnosis
Reliability
Standardization
Clinical assessment
Clinical assessment
- is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the
individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set forth in the fifth
edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM-5
Diagnosis
Reliability
Standardization
Clinical assessment
Diagnosis
is the degree to which a measurement is consistent.
Diagnosis
Reliability
Standardization
Clinical assessment
Reliability
is whether something measures what it is designed to measure—in this
case, whether a technique assesses what it is supposed to.
Validity
Appearance and behavior.
Standardization
Affect
Validity
is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is
determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements. The standards might apply to the procedures of testing, scoring,
and evaluating data.
Validity
Appearance and behavior.
Standardization
Affect
Standardization
The clinician notes any overt physical behaviors,
such as leg twitch, as well as the individual’s dress, general appearance,
posture, and facial expression. For example, slow and effortful motor
behavior, sometimes referred to as psychomotor retardation, may indicate
severe depression.
Validity
Appearance and behavior.
Standardization
Affect
Appearance and behavior.
Clinician looks for rate or flow of speech, continuity of
speech, content of speech (evidence of delusions, hallucinations)
Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood
Thought processes.
is the predominant feeling state of the individual. Does the person appear to be down in the dumps
or continually elated? Does the individual talk in a depressed or hopeless fashion? How pervasive is this
mood? Are there times when the depression seems to go away?
Thought processes.
Semistructured interviews
Intellectual functioning.
Affect
Mood
Mood
refers to the feeling state that accompanies what we say at a given point. we laugh when we say something funny or look sad when we talk about something sad. Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood
Affect
Clinicians make a rough estimate of others’
just by talking to them. Do they seem to have a
reasonable vocabulary? Can they talk in abstractions and metaphors (as most of
us do much of the time)? How is the person’s memory
Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood?
Intellectual functioning.
refers to our general awareness of our surroundings. Does an individual know what the date is, what time it is, where he or she is, who he or she is, and who you are Thought processes. Semistructured interviews Intellectual functioning. Affect Mood
Sensorium.
The Mental Status exam
Appearance and behavior. Thought processes. Mood and affect Intellectual functioning. Sensorium.
are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to
elicit useful information in a consistent manner so that clinicians can be sure they have inquired
about the most important aspects of particular
Semistructured interviews
Physical Examination
Behavioral Assessmentdisorders
Semistructured interviews
Many patients with problems first go to a family physician and are given a physical. If the patient
presenting with psychological problems has not had a physical exam in the past year, a clinician
might recommend one, with particular attention to the medical conditions sometimes associated
with the specific psychological problem.
Psychological tests
Self-Monitoring
Physical Examination
Behavioral Assessment
Physical Examination
using direct observation to assess formally an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in
specific situations or contexts. this may be more appropriate than an interview
in terms of assessing individuals who are not old enough or skilled enough to report their
problems and experiences.
Psychological tests
Self-Monitoring
Physical Examination
Behavioral Assessment
Behavioral Assessment
People can also observe their own behavior to find patterns, a technique
Psychological tests
Self-Monitoring
Physical Examination
Behavioral Assessment
Self-Monitoring
include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses
that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long-standing
personality features, such as a tendency to be
Testingsuspicious
Psychological tests
Projective Testing.
Intelligence Testing.
Neuropsychological
Psychological tests
This includes a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures
of people or things, are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see. The theory here
is that people project their own personality and unconscious fears onto other people and things—in
this case, the ambiguous stimuli—and, without realizing it, reveal their unconscious thoughts to the
therapist.
Psychological tests
Projective Testing.
Intelligence Testing.
Neuropsychological Testing
Projective Testing.
self-report questionnaires that assess personal traits.
Projective Testing.
Intelligence Testing.
Neuropsychological Testing
Personality inventories:
Personality inventories:
, (MMPI),
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The test provides a score known as intelligence
quotient. It is an estimate of how much a child’s performance in school will
deviate from the average performance of others of the same age.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Intelligence Testing.
Neuropsychological Testing
Personality inventories:
Intelligence Testing.
It measures abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention
and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and
abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the
person’s performance and the possible existence of brain impairment
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Intelligence Testing.
Neuropsychological Testing
Personality inventories:
Neuropsychological Testing
Pictures of the Brain
- includes procedures that examine the structure of the brain, such as the size of
various parts and whether there is any damage and procedures that examine the
actual functioning of the brain by mapping blood flow and other metabolic activity.
psychophysiology
Neuroimaging:
IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY
NOMENCLATURE;
Neuroimaging:
refers to measurable changes in the nervous system that reflect
emotional or psychological events. The measurements may be taken either directly
from the brain or peripherally from other parts of the body.
psychophysiology
Neuroimaging:
IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY
NOMENCLATURE;
psychophysiology
STRATEGIES; Use to determine what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances. NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY Neuroimaging: IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY NOMENCLATURE;
IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY
Use to determine a general class of problems to which the presenting problem belongs.
An attempt to name or classify the problem
NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY
Neuroimaging:
IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGY
NOMENCLATURE;
NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY
refers to any effort to construct groups or categories and to assign objects or people to these categories on the basis of their shared attributes or relations
TAXONOMY:
NOSOLOGY:
CLASSIFICATION
NOMENCLATURE;
CLASSIFICATION
if classification is in a scientific context TAXONOMY: NOSOLOGY: CLASSIFICATION NOMENCLATURE;
TAXONOMY:
application of a taxonomic system to psychological or medical phenomena
or other clinical areas
TAXONOMY:
NOSOLOGY:
CLASSIFICATION
NOMENCLATURE;
NOSOLOGY:
describes the names or labels of the disorders that make up the
nosology (for example, anxiety or mood disorders)
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
NOMENCLATURE;
NOMENCLATURE;
originates in the work of Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926) and the biological tradition in the study of psychopathology.
Assumes that every diagnosis has a clear underlying pathophysiological cause, such as a bacterial infection or a malfunctioning
endocrine system, and that each disorder is unique.
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
NOMENCLATURE;
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
Take into account the variety of cognitions, moods, and behaviors with which the patient presents and quantify them on a scale. For
example, on a scale of 1 to 10, a patient might be rated as severely anxious (10), moderately depressed (5), and mildly manic (2) to
create a profile of emotional functioning
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
NOMENCLATURE;
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
NOMENCLATURE;
An alternative approach that identifies certain essential characteristics of an entity so that you (and
others) can classify it, but it also allows certain nonessential variations that do not necessarily change the
classification.
Basis of the DSM-5
Dimensional approach
Prototypical approach
Classical (or pure) Categorical Approach
NOMENCLATURE;
Prototypical approach
once labeled, individuals with a disorder may identify with the negative
connotations associated with the label (Hinshaw & Stier, 2008). This
affects their self-esteem, although Ruscio (2004) indicates that the
negative meanings associated with labeling are not a necessary
consequence of making a diagnosis if it is relayed in a compassionate
manner.
Caution About Labeling and Stigma
