midterms ab psych Flashcards
suggested that the very genetic structure of cells may change as a
result of learning if genes that were inactive or dormant interact with the
environment in such a way that they become active.
Eric Kandel
Individuals inherit tendencies to express
certain traits or behaviors, which may then be
activated under conditions of stress. Each
inherited tendency is a
diathesis
Individuals inherit tendencies to express
certain traits or behaviors, which may then be
activated under conditions of stress. Each
inherited tendency is a diathesis, which means,
literally, a condition that makes someone
susceptible to developing a disorder. When the
right kind of life event, such as a certain type
of stressor, comes along, the disorder develops.
The Diathesis–Stress Model
genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will
experience stressful life events
The Gene–Environment Correlation Model
For example, people with a genetic vulnerability to develop a certain disorder,
such as blood–injection–injury phobia, may also have a personality trait that
makes them more likely to be involved in minor accidents that would result in
their seeing blood.
The Gene–Environment Correlation Model
are biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and
transmit impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron. Major neurotransmitters
relevant to psychopathology include norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline),
serotonin, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamate.
Neurotransmitters
When studying areas of the brain for clues to psychopathology, most researchers focus on the
blnk as well as on the blnk and blnk
Also, the or HPA axis;
frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex,
limbic system and
the basal ganglia.
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis,
is concerned with how we acquire and process information
and how we store and ultimately retrieve it
Cognitive Science
concluded that simply pairing two events closely in time
(such as the meat powder and the metronome in Ivan Pavlov’s laboratories) is
not what’s important in this type of learning; at the least, it is a simple summary.
Rather, a variety of judgments and cognitive processes combine to determine the
final outcome of this learning, even in lower animals such as rats.
Robert Rescorla
was described by Martin Seligman and Steven Maier which occurs when rats or
other animals encounter conditions over which they have no control.
Learned Helplessness
theorized that the same phenomenon may happen with people who are faced with uncontrollable
stress in their lives. Subsequent work revealed this to be true under one important condition: People
become depressed if they “decide” or “think” they can do little about the stress in their lives, even if it
seems to others that there is something they could do. People make an attribution that they have no control,
and they become depressed.
Martin Seligman
Lately, Seligman has turned his attention to a different set of attributions, which he terms blnk (Seligman, 1998, 2002). In other words, if people faced with considerable stress and difficulty in
their lives nevertheless display an optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to function better
psychologically and physically.
learned optimism
play an enormous role in our day-to-day lives and can contribute in
major ways to the development of psychopathology.
Emotions
blnk response is the alarm reaction that activates during potentially
life-threatening emergencies. The whole purpose of the physical rush of
adrenaline that we feel in extreme danger is to mobilize us to escape the danger
(flight) or to fend it off (fight).
Flight or fight
- describes various anxiety-based symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, phobias, and the marked
somatic symptoms of sweating and increased heart rate (tachycardia). The CAUSE: The individual
believes that he or she has become the object of black magic, or witchcraft, and is suddenly badly
frightened.
Susto (Latin America)
