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Pharmaceutics > Prelims > Flashcards

Prelims Flashcards

1
Q

The general area of study concerned with the formulation, manufacture, stability and effectiveness of pharmaceutical dosage forms.

A

PHARMACEUTICS

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2
Q

This study deals with different dosage form designs which converts a drug into a medicine

A

PHARMACEUTICS

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3
Q

DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

A
  • The means of administering drugs to the body in safe, efficient, effective, reproducible and convenient manner
  • allows for precise dosing
  • In all cases, the goal of a drug delivery system is to get the right dosage to the right place
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4
Q

the group of atoms in the molecule of a drug

responsible for the drug’s action

A

pharmacophore

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5
Q

the ability of drug to bind to its biological target

A

Drug affinity

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6
Q

Drug should bind to specific receptor site on the cell

A

Selectivity

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7
Q

atmospheric oxygen or humidity

A

Coated tablets and sealed ampule

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8
Q

influence of gastric acid after oral administration

A

Enteric coated tablet

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9
Q

provide liquid preparation of substance that are either insoluble or unstable in the desired vehicle

A

Suspension

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10
Q

conceal the bitter, salty, offensive taste or odor of a drug substance

A

Coated tablet, capsules, flavored syrups

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11
Q

provide liquid dosage forms of substances soluble in the desired vehicle

A

Solution

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12
Q

provide rate-controlled drug action to decrease the frequency of drug administration

A

Sustained release tablets, capsules

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13
Q

provide optimal drug action from topical administration site

A

Ointments, creams, transdermal patches, ear and nasal preparations

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14
Q

insert a drug into one of the body’s orifices

A

Suppositories

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15
Q

place a drug directly into the blood stream or into body tissue

A

parental injection

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16
Q

provide optimal drug action through inhalation therapy especially to asthmatic patients

A

Inhalations, aerosols

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17
Q

Liquid Medicinal Agents: 2 approaches

A
  1. Liquid substances are sealed in a soft gelatin capsule

2. Liquid substances are developed into a salt form to convert into a solid such that it is chemically modified.

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18
Q

Example of liquids medicinal agent convert to solid

A

Arecoline and Scopolamine turns to hydrobromide form as solids

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19
Q

most preferred by researchers medicinal agents

A

Solid Medicinal Agents

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20
Q

following advantages of Solid Medicinal Agents

A

Stability, Ease of handling, and could be made into tablet and capsule

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21
Q

most encountered destructive processes in drug formulation are

A

hydrolysis and Oxidation

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22
Q

process in which drug molecule interact

with water molecules to yield breakdown products of different chemical constitution

A

HYDROLYSIS

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23
Q

In case of liquid formulation how can you protect it from hydrolysis?

A

the use of anhydrous vegetable oils as vehicle will also stabilize the formulation

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24
Q

Substituting liquids (hydrolysis)

A

glycerin, propylene glycol and alcohol for water

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25
Q

destructive process occurring in pharmaceutical. involves the change in the number of electrons from an atom or molecule

A

OXIDATION

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26
Q

taste of Low molecular weight substance

A

salty

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27
Q

higher molecular salts

A

bitter except some lead salts

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28
Q

increase the sweetness of the compound

A 
organic compounds, an increase in the number of 
hydroxyl group (OH-)
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29
Q

nitrogen containing compounds are

A

extremely bitter like plant alkaloids

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30
Q

certain ether nitrogen containing compounds are extremely sweet like

A

saccharin

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31
Q

approved color additives are classified into 3 groups

A

FD & C dyes
D & C dyes
External D & C dyes

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32
Q

mixtures of finely divided drugs and/or chemicals used externally or internally in dry form

A

powders (pulvis)

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33
Q

process of grinding a powder in a mortar and pestle to reduce its particle size

A

TRITURATION

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34
Q

process of reducing particle size by first forming a paste of the solid with a minimum amount of a levigating agent and then triturating the paste in a mortar or on slab with a spatula

A

LEVIGATION

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35
Q

Is the reduction of particle size with the aid of a second agent which can be readily removed from the pulverized product

A

PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

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36
Q

PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION (COMMINUTION)

A

TRITURATION
LEVIGATION
PULVERIZATION BY INTERVENTION

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37
Q

method by which small amount of powders may be blended by a spatula on a sheet of paper or pill till.

A

SPATULATION

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38
Q

May be employed both to comminute and to mix powder using mortar preferably with a rough inner surface.

A

TRITURATION

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39
Q

small amount of potent substance is to be mixed with a large amount of diluent a general method

A

“geometric dilution”

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40
Q

process of mixing by passing the powder through sifters. Not generally acceptable for potent drugs

A

SIFTING

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41
Q

process of mixing powders by placing in large containers or powder blenders the rotates by tumbling motion

A

TUMBLING BY MECHANICAL MIXING

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42
Q

involves the pressing of mixed powders into an object to be reground into a precise powder

A

DRY GRANULATION

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43
Q

DRY GRANULATION also called

A

slugging or roller compaction

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44
Q

used to improve flow, reduce segregation,

enhance drying, and limit wide particle size distribution

A

Milling equipment

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45
Q

an efficient and versatile blending machine for

mixing and lubrication process of dry powders homogeneously

A

“V” BLENDER

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46
Q

volatization when incorporated may be prevented or

retarded by use of

A

heat-sealed plastic bags or by double wrapping with a waxed or glassine paper inside a bond paper

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47
Q

absorb the moisture from the atmosphere

A

Hygroscopic

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48
Q

absorb the moisture from the atmosphere and convert it into solution

A

Deliquescent

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49
Q

when two or more low melting substances are mixed together they liquefy due to formation of new compund

A

eutectic mixture

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50
Q

Are products which are completely soluble and are intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptic or cleansing agent for a body cavity

A

DOUCHE POWDERS

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51
Q

Form of bulk powder, generally containing flavors, soap or detergent, mild abrasive, & an polishing agent

A

DENTIFRICES

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52
Q

dilution of potent powdered drugs prepared by intimately mixing them with a suitable diluent in a definite proportion by weight

A

TRITURATION

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53
Q

Are non-toxic preparations for local application and therefore no systemic effect.

A

DUSTING POWDERS

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54
Q

Are finely divided powders introduced into the body cavities such as the ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets and vagina

A

INSUFFLATIONS

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55
Q

(powder blower) is usually used, pressure

aerosols are being employed especially for potent drugs.

A

Insufflator

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56
Q

administered by inhalation with the aid of dry-powder inhalers, which deliver micronized particles of medication in metered quantities

A

AEROSOL POWDERS

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57
Q

After the powders have been properly mixed by the geometric dilution, it may be divided into individual units based upon the dose.

A

DIVIDED (CHARTULAE)

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58
Q

dry mixture of the ampicillin and diluents and

stabilizing agents – anti-infectives

A

Ampicillin Soluble Powder -

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59
Q

used as a topical anti-infective

A

Polymyxin B Sulfate and Bacitracin Zinc Topical Powder, USP

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60
Q

mixture of Clioquinol, lactic acid, zinc stearate, and lactose - vaginal insufflation as an antitrichomonal

A

Compound Clioquinol Powder, USP

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61
Q

employed as a topical dusting powder in the

treatment of mycotic infections

A

Nystatin Topical Powder, USP

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62
Q

vaginal Insufflations as antimicrobial

A

Compound Iodochlorhydroxyquin Powder NF

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63
Q

local anti-infectives for diaper rash in infants

A

Methylbenzenethonium Chloride Powders NF

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64
Q

Are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles

A

GRANULES

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65
Q

granules usually in a size of

A

4 to 12 sieve size range

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66
Q

granules method of preparation

A

o Dry Granulation (Fusion)

o Wet Granulation

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67
Q

induce vomiting

A

emetic drugs

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68
Q

prevent vomiting

A

antiemetic drugs

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69
Q

increase the flow of urine;

A

Diuretic drugs

70
Q

increase respiratory tract fluid

A

expectorant drugs

71
Q

evacuate the bowel

A

cathartics or laxatives

72
Q

study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action

A

pharmacodynamics

73
Q

deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or biotransformation, and excretion (ADME) of drugs

A

pharmacokinetics

74
Q

applies pharmacologic principles to the study of the effects and actions of drugs in humans

A

clinical pharmacology

75
Q

transit through the liver and exposure to the hepatic enzyme system

A

first pass effect

76
Q

deals with the adverse or undesired effects of drugs.

A

Toxicology

77
Q

must be considered before the development of a pharmaceutical formulation

A 
Physical characteristic
Chemical characteristic
Solubility
Partition coefficient
dissolution rate
physical form
Stability
78
Q

Enhanced aqueous solubility may be achieved by preparing more soluble derivatives of the parent compound

A

salts or esters
chemical complexation
reducing the drug’s particle size

79
Q

preference for lipids

A

lipophilic

80
Q

preference for an aqueous phase

A

hydrophilic

81
Q

speed at which a drug substance dissolves in a medium

A

dissolution rate

82
Q

considered a process of solution and diffusion, with the penetrant dissolving in the plastic on one side and diffusing through to the other side

A

Permeability

83
Q

True or False
Glass containers are less permeable than
plastic containers

A

True

84
Q

a term used to describe the movement of components of a container into the contents

A

Leaching

85
Q

devised to make possible the administration of drugs in measured and accurate amount

A

dosage form

86
Q

Physical properties

A

physical description, particle size, crystalline structure, melting point, and solubility

87
Q

relate to its ability to get to a site of action and elicit a
biologic response.

A

Biologic properties

88
Q

FD&C dyes

A

which may be used in foods, drugs, and cosmetics

89
Q

D&C dyes

A

some used in drug, some for cosmetics and some for medical devises

90
Q

external D&C dyes

A

use of which is restricted to external parts of the body, not including the lips or any other body surface covered by mucous membrane

91
Q

powders were found to be a convenient mode of administering drugs derived from hard vegetables such as

A

roots (e.g., rhubarb), barks (e.g., cinchona), and

woods (e.g., charcoal)

92
Q

reduction of the particle size of a solid substance to a finer state

A

Comminution

93
Q

is used to facilitate crude drug extraction, increase the dissolution rates of a drug, aid in the formulation of
pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms, and enhance the absorption of drugs

A

Comminution

94
Q

particles are passed by mechanical shaking through a series of sieves

A

SIEVING

95
Q

Sieving range

A

from 40 to 9500 micrometers, depending upon sieve sizes

96
Q

Particles are sized through the use of calibrated grid

background or other measuring devise

A

Microscopy

97
Q

In which particles is determined by measuring the

terminal settling velocity of particles through a liquid medium in gravitational or centrifugal environment

A

SEDIMENTATION RATE

98
Q

particle size is determine by the reduction in light reaching the sensor as the particle, dispersed in a liquid or gas, passes through the sensing zone

A

LIGHT ENERGY DIFFRACTION/LIGHT SCATTERING

99
Q

a pulsed laser is fired through an aerolized particle spray and photographed in three dimensions with a halographic camera, allowing the particles to be individually imaged and sized

A

LASER HOLOGRAPHY

100
Q

Is based on the principle that a particle, driven by an
airstream, will impact on a surface in its path, provided that its inertia is sufficient to overcome the drag force that tends to keep it in the airstream

A

CASCADE IMPACTION

101
Q

SIEVING

A

40-9500 micrometers

102
Q

MICROSCOPY

A

0.2-100 micrometers

103
Q

SEDIMENTATION RATE

A

0.8-300 micrometers

104
Q

LIGHT ENERGY DIFFRACTION/LIGHT SCATTERING

A

0.2 - 500

micrometers

105
Q

LASER HOLOGRAPHY

A

1.4 - 100 micrometers

106
Q

Range of aerosol powder

A

1-6 micrometers

107
Q

method used in divided chartulae

A

block and divide

108
Q

Granules are usually in __ sieve size

A

4-12 sieve size

109
Q

Method of preparation

A

Dry granulation

Wet granulation

110
Q

solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients

A

Tablets

111
Q

Manufactured with tablet machine capable of exerting great pressure or compacting the powdered or granulated tableting material

A

Compressed Tablets (C.T.)

112
Q

prepared by subjecting the fill material to more than a single compression

A

Multiple compressed tablets

113
Q

inner tablet is the

A

core

114
Q

outer tablet is the

A

shell

115
Q

Compressed tablets may be coated with a

colored or an uncolored sugar layer

A

Sugarcoated Tablet

should be water soluble and quickly dissolve after swallowing

116
Q

Purpose of sugarcoated tablet

A

protect the enclosed drug from the environment

provide a barrier to objectionable taste and smell of the drug

117
Q

Disadvantages of sugarcoated tablet

A

time and expertise needed in the coating

process and increased shipping costs

118
Q

Coating is made of thin layer of a polymer capable of forming a skin-like usually colored film over the tablet.

A

Film-Coated Tablets (F.C.T.)

119
Q

Capsule-shaped compressed tablet with 1/3 the size of capsule with the same amount of fill, more ease in swallowing & more tamper evident

A

Gelatin Coated Tablet

120
Q

delayed release features, designed to pass the stomach to the intestines where the tablet will disintegrate allowing drug dissolution & absorption

A

Enteric-Coated Tablets (E.C.T.)

121
Q

Flat, oval tablets intended to be dissolved slowly in the buccal pouch

A

Buccal tablets

122
Q

Designed to erode promptly underneath the tongue for rapid drug effect

A

Sublingual Tablets

123
Q

Disc-shaped solid forms containing a medicinal substance in a hard candy or sugar base. Meant to dissolve slowly for localized effect or systemic effect

A

Lozenges or troches

124
Q

Have rapid disintegration when chewed or allowed to dissolve in the mouth, have a creamy base usually specially flavored and colored mannitol

A

Chewable Tablets

125
Q

Meant for large-sized tablets given to children and adults with difficulty in swallowing solid dosage forms

A

Chewable Tablets

126
Q

prepared by compressing granular effervescent salts that release gas when in contact with water

A

Effervescent Tablets

127
Q

Small & cylindrical, very soft, soluble & designed to dissolve rapidly

A

Molded Tablet Triturate (M.T.T.)

128
Q

Prepared by compression (limited pressure) usually containing potent substance

A

Compressed Tablet Triturate (CTT)

129
Q

used for diluent in Compressed Tablet Triturate

A

Sucrose and lactose

130
Q

Used by physicians for extemporaneous preparations of parenteral

A

Hypodermal Tablet (H.T.)

131
Q

Used by pharmacists when compounding prescriptions and not dispensed to patients.

A

Dispensing Tablets (D.T.) or compounding tablets

132
Q

Designed to disintegrate and release their medication and therefore are devoid of special rate controlling features like coating and other way

A

Immediate Release Tablets (I.R.)

133
Q

Characterized to dissolve within 10 seconds to 1 minute.

A

Instant Disintegrating/ Dissolving Tablets

134
Q

Designed to release their medication in a predetermined manner over an extended period of time

A

Extended-Release Tablet (E.R.) /Controlled Release (C.R.)

135
Q

Uncoated and bullet- or ovoid- shaped tablets for localized effect. Prepared by compression and shaped to fit smugly into plastic inserter devices

A

Vaginal Tablet/Inserts

136
Q

10 tablets are individually weighed and average weight calculated

A

USP Weight Variation Test

137
Q

Compendial requirement for content uniformity

A

85% to 115% of the label claim

less than 6% standard deviation

138
Q

Tablet thickness: is determined by

A

▪ the diameter of the die
▪ the amount of fill
▪ the compactibility of the fill material
▪ the force of pressure applied during compression

139
Q

Affects its disintegration & drug absorption. The greater the pressure, the harder the tablet. It should be hard enough to resist breaking during the normal handling and yet soft enough to disintegrate properly after swallowing

A

Tablet hardness

140
Q

minimum requirement for a satisfactory tablet

A

force of 4 kilograms as determined by hardness tester

141
Q

tendency to crumble by allowing it to roll and fall within the rotating machine

A

Tablet friability

142
Q

True or false

A maximum weight loss of not more than 1% of the weight of the tablets being tested is acceptable.

A

True

143
Q

Tablet Disintegration Test

A

▪ Uses a basket-rack assembly containing 6 open ended transparent tubes held vertically upon a 10-mesh stainless steel wire screen.
▪ The basket is raised and lowered in the immersion fluid (water at 37oC) at a frequency of 29-32 times per minute. Result: the residue of the tablet on the screen is a soft mass having no palpable inner core.
Disintegration time ranged from 2 mins. to 4 hours depending upon the monograph.

144
Q

Tablet Disintegration Test

For enteric coated tablets

A

test is done in a simulated gastric fluid for 1 hr. No sign of disintegration must be seen

145
Q

Pooled dissolution testing

A

• Samples coming from different batches placed in individual dissolution vessel in the apparatus or multiple dosage units in a single vessel. This recognizes the concept of batch characteristics

146
Q

3 METHODS FOR COMPRESSED TABLET

A

WET GRANULATION
DRY GRANULATION
DIRECT COMPRESSION

147
Q

Fillers

A

lactose and microcrystalline cellulose

148
Q

to facilitate adhesion of powder particles. Starch, povidone, methylcellulose.

A

Binder

149
Q

– to improve the flow of granules from the hopper to the die; prevent adhesion to the punches and die during compression; reduce friction between tablet and die’s wall during tablet ejection and provide tablet sheen

A

Lubricant

150
Q

Fluid-bed granulator which performs the blending, granulating, drying into 1 continuous process

A

Fluid-bed Process

151
Q

Powder mix is mixed, wetted, agglomerated and dried using microwave

A

Microwave Vacuum Process

152
Q

the powder mixture is compacted to large pieces and broken down or sized into granules

A

DRY GRANULATION

153
Q

compress tablet formulation within a steel die cavity by the pressure exerted by the movement of the two steel punches (upper and lower).

A

Tableting machine

154
Q

Imperfections of tablets

A
  • Laminations – horizontal striations
  • Tablet capping – the top of tablet separates from the whole
  • Tablet splitting
155
Q

Reasons OF Imperfections of tablets

A
  • particles have no time to bond due to fast high-speed production
  • air is entrapped during direct compression
  • punches not clean
  • aging
156
Q

appropriate for chemicals with flowing and cohesive properties

A

DIRECT COMPRESSION

157
Q

to remove traces of loose powder adhering to the tablets following compression

A

Tablet Deduster

158
Q

Tablets are coated

A
  • to protect from air and/or humidity
  • mask the taste
  • provide characteristics of drug release
  • to provide aesthetics or distinction to the product
159
Q

tedious, time-consuming and needs expertise of

qualified technician and the product doubles the size and weight

A

Sugarcoating

160
Q

– provides a thin, skin-tight coating of a plastic material over the compressed tablet

A

Film coating

161
Q

to produce thin smooth film. Cellulose acetate

phthalate

A

Film former

162
Q

to provide water solubility/ permeability
for body fluids to penetrate through and make the drug
available. Polyethylene glycol

A

Alloying substance

163
Q

to produce elasticity/flexibility to the coating & provide durability. Castor oil

A

Plasticizer

164
Q

Advantages of direct compression

A

Size and wt. almost the same as the tablet, more resistant to destruction by abrasion, markings can be embossed on the coating

165
Q

maybe accomplished through coating with enough thickness or coating which allow dissolution at a pH 4.9 or higher.
Example is shellac

A

Enteric coating

166
Q

pray coating of powder, pellets, granules or tablets held in suspension by a column of air

A

Fluid –Bed or Air Suspension Coating

167
Q

the coating material (granulation or powder

form) is compressed into the tablet core

A

Compression Coating

168
Q

solid dosage forms in which one or more medicinal &/or inert substances are
enclosed within a small shell or container generally prepared from a suitable
form of gelatin

A

Capsules

169
Q

HARD GELATIN CAPSULES- Also referred to as

A

“DFC” (Dry Filled Capsule)

170
Q

Manufactured into 2 sections

A

the capsule body and a shorter cap

171
Q

HARD GELATIN CAPSULES are made up of

A

gelatin, sugar & water

172
Q

Colored with various FD&C and D&C dyes and made opaque by adding agents such as

A

TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Pharmaceutics (3 decks)

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