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Midterms Flashcards

1
Q

They serve as carriers for drugs that are topically delivered by way of the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining

A

SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

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2
Q

advantageous in terms of its easy application, rapid

formulation, and ability to topically deliver a wide variety of drug molecules

A

SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

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3
Q

usually are intended for localized drug delivery

A

SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

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4
Q

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

A 
▪ Smooth texture
▪ Elegant in appearance 
▪ Non dehydrating 
▪ Non gritty 
▪ Non greasy and non-staining 
▪ Non hygroscopic
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5
Q

PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMI-SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

A

▪ Non irritating
▪ Do not alter membrane / skin functioning
▪ Miscible with skin secretion
▪ Have low sensitization index

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6
Q

APPLICATION PROPERTIES

A

▪ Easily applicable with efficient drug release.

▪ High aqueous wash ability

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7
Q

homogenous, translucent, viscous, semi solid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes

A

Ointments

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8
Q

Ointments also called

A

(Unguents)

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9
Q

should be of such composition that they soften but not

necessarily melt when applied to the body

A

Ointments

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10
Q

GENERAL USES OF OINTMENTS

A
  1. Acts as protective or protectant - serve as physical barrier to environment
  2. Acts as emollient - softens skin and makes it pliable
  3. Carrier of medicament – vehicle
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11
Q

TYPES OF OINTMENTS

A

Medicated

non-medicated

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12
Q

FACTORS OF SELECTING OINTMENT BASES Characteristics

A
  • Physicochemical properties of the medicaments
  • Patient’s conditions
  • Intended site of application
  • Characteristics of the various vehicles available
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13
Q

are water-free, and aqueous preparations may only be incorporated into them in small amounts and then with difficulty

A

HYDROCARBON BASES

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14
Q

HYDROCARBON BASES uses

A
  • used mainly for their emollient effect and not intended for penetration into the skin.
  • They are difficult to wash off.
  • They do not “dry out” or change noticeably upon aging
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15
Q

Characteristics of HYDROCARBON BASES

A

a) Retained on the skin for prolong period of time
b) Do not permit the escape of moisture to the skin to the atmosphere
c) Difficult to wash as such they act as occlusive dressing
d) They do not change noticeably upon aging
e) Insoluble in water
f) Not water-washable
g) Anhydrous
h) Will not absorb water
i) Emollient
j) Occlusive
k) Greasy
l) Nonirritating
m) Inexpensive, non-reactive

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16
Q

Sources Of Hydrocarbon Bases

A

Vegetable Oil
Animal Fat
HC

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17
Q

Liquid hydrocarbon

A

mineral oil

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18
Q

Animal Fat

A

Oleic oil

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19
Q

HC from

A

Petrolatum

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20
Q

3 Forms of HC

A

Liquid hydrocarbon
Semi-solid HC petrolatum
Solid HC

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21
Q

Semi-solid HC petrolatum

A

Vaseline

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22
Q

Solid HC

A

Paraffin

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23
Q

Examples Of Hydrocarbon Bases

A
  • Petrolatum, NF
  • White Petrolatum, USP
  • Yellow Ointment
  • White Ointment, USP
  • Mineral Oil, USP
  • Paraffin, NF
  • Olive Oil, USP
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24
Q

mixture of semisolid HC obtained from petroleum

A

Petrolatum, NF

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25
Q

Properties of Petrolatum, NF

A

An unctuous mass, color yellowish to light amber

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26
Q

Petrolatum, NF melts between

A

380C -600C

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27
Q

Petrolatum, NF synonyms

A

Yellow petrolatum, Petroleum jelly

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28
Q

Commercial product of Petrolatum, NF

A

Vaseline

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29
Q

is petrolatum that has been decolorized

A

White Petrolatum, USP

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30
Q

White Petrolatum, USP uses

A

diaper rash, dry skin

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31
Q

White Petrolatum, USP synonym

A

White Petroleum Jelly

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32
Q

White Petrolatum, USP commercial

A

White Vaseline

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33
Q

Yellow Ointment contains

A

Each 100 g contains 5 g yellow wax and 95 g of

petroleum

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34
Q 
purified wax obtained from honeycomb of 
the bee (Apis mellifera)
A

Yellow wax

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35
Q

Yellow Ointment synonyms

A

Simple Ointment

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36
Q

White Ointment, USP contains

A

100 g contains 5% of white wax (bleached purified beeswax) and 95% white petrolatum

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37
Q

is a mixture of liquid HC obtained from petroleum

A

Mineral Oil, USP

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38
Q

Mineral Oil, USP is useful in

A

levigating of substances insoluble in it in the

preparation of ointment base

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39
Q

Mineral Oil, USP

A

Salicylic acid, Zinc oxide

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40
Q

Mineral Oil, USP synonyms

A

Liquid Petrolatum

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41
Q

a purified mixture of solid HC obtained from petroleum

A

Paraffin, NF

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42
Q

Characteristics of Paraffin, NF

A

colorless or white, more or less translucent mass that may be used to harden or stiffen oleaginous semisolid ointment bases

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43
Q

from crushed olives- also called ___________

A

Olive Oil, USP - sweet oil

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44
Q

Those that permit the incorporation of

aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsion.

A

Anhydrous absorption bases

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45
Q

Anhydrous absorption bases characteristics

A

a) Insoluble in water
b) Not water washable
c) Anhydrous
d) Can absorb water
e) Emollient
f) Occlusive
g) Greasy

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46
Q

Greasy examples

A

Hydrophilic Petrolatum and Anhydrous Lanolin

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47
Q

Those that are already water-in-oil emulsion that permits the incorporation of small additional quantities of aqueous solution

A

Emulsion Base

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48
Q

Emulsion Base characteristics

A

a) Insoluble in water
b) Not water washable
c) Contains water (limited)
d) Emollient
e) Occlusive
f) Greasy

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49
Q

Are oil-in-water emulsion that are capable of being washed from skin or clothing with water

A

water removable base

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50
Q

water removable base frequently referred to as

A

“water washable” ointment base

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51
Q

By this method, all or some of the components of an ointment are combined by melting together and cooled with constant stirring until congeal.

A

Fusion method

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52
Q

In fusion method added last when temperature is low enough not to cause decomposition

A

heat labile substances and volatile constituents

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53
Q

Semisolid pharmaceuticals frequently either in

A

jars or in tubes

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54
Q

The jars may be made

A

glass, uncolored, colored green, amber or blue or

opaque and porcelain white

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55
Q

The tubes are made of tin or plastic. These are called

A

“collapsible tube”

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56
Q

TESTS REQUIREMENTS FOR OINTMENTS

A

Microbial Content
Minimum Fill Test
Packaging, Storage, and Labeling
Additional Standards

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57
Q

Microbial Content

A

▪ Meet acceptable standard for microbial

▪ Must contain antimicrobial preservatives

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58
Q

Microbial Content: Preservatives

A

methylparaben, propyl paraben, phenols, benzoic acid,

sorbic, quaternary ammonium salts

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59
Q

example of Microbial Content

A

Betamethasone Valerate Ointment

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60
Q

Betamethasone Valerate Ointment – must be absence of

A

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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61
Q

net weight and volume

A

Minimum Fill Test

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62
Q

Packaging, Storage, and Labeling

A

▪ metal, plastic tubes, jar
▪ Well close containers, light sensitive, light resistant
▪ Labeling- type of base used (water soluble or insoluble)

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63
Q

Additional Standards

A

▪ Examine the viscosity

▪ Vitro drug release to ensure within lot and lot-to-lot uniformity

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64
Q

A semisolid dosage form containing one or more drug substances dissolved or dispersed in either a water-in-oil emulsion or an oil-in-water or in another
type of water-washable base.

A

creams

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65
Q

These are viscous semisolid emulsions which are meant for external use

A

creams

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66
Q

Cream is divided in to two types namely as

A

1) Aqueous creams

2) Oily creams

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67
Q

the emulsions are o/w type & it is relatively non

greasy

A

Aqueous creams

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68
Q

The emulsifying waxes are (examples)

A

anionic, cationic & non –ionic

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69
Q

used as emulsifying agent in creams

A

polysorbate, triethanolamine soap

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70
Q

In case of oily creams w/o type & it is relatively

A

greasy

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71
Q

emulsifying agent in oily creams

A

wool fat, wool alcohols, beeswax & calcium soap

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72
Q

The cream should be store in

A

collapsible tube & supplied in well closed

container to prevent evaporation & contamination.

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73
Q

are semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of a gelling agent.

A

gels

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74
Q

gels are sometimes called

A

“Jellies”

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75
Q

gels may thicken on standing, forming a

A

“thixotropy”

76
Q

True or false

must be shaken before use to liquefy gel and enable pouring

77
Q

Examples of gelling agents: synthetic macromolecules

A

Carbomer 934

78
Q

Examples of gelling agents: Cellulose derivatives

A

carboxymethylcellulose

79
Q

Examples of gelling agents: natural gums

A

tragacanth

80
Q

high-molecular-weight water-soluble polymer

81
Q

They are used as gelling agents

82
Q

carbomers concentrations

A

0.5% to 2.0% in water

83
Q

Classes of Gel: 2 phase systems

A

Single phase gel

Continuous phase

84
Q

separation between the insoluble matter and liquid vehicle is observed. This type contains inorganic materials

A

Single phase gel

85
Q

Example of Single phase gel

A

Al(OH)3 Gel (aluminum hydroxide)

86
Q

commonly aqueous where alcohol and gels may be use as continuous phase

A

Continuous phase

87
Q

Example of Continuous phase which is Mineral oil + polyethylene resin =

A

oleaginous ointment base

88
Q

for patch testing

89
Q

for electrocardiography

90
Q

for anti- inflammatory corticosteroid

A

Fluocinonide Gel

91
Q

dental care prophylactic

A

Na Fluoride & Phosphoric acid gel

92
Q

treatment of acne

A

Tretinoin Gel

93
Q

for intravaginal

A

Prostaglandin Gel

94
Q

are semisolid preparations intended for application to the skin

95
Q

Contain a larger portion of solid material (25%)

96
Q

paste are prepared by

A

direct mixing or the use of heat

97
Q

paste is suited for application of hairy parts of the body

98
Q

Paste still used today:

A

Zinc Oxide paste: 25 % of Zinc oxide, starch and petrolatum

99
Q

❑ are solid or semi-solid adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic.
❑ Applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at site.

100
Q

provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application

A

Unmedicated plasters

101
Q

provide effects at the site of application.

A

Medical plasters

102
Q

plasters few used today:

A

salicylic acid plaster

103
Q

salicylic acid plaster used on

A

toes for removal of corns

104
Q

Purpose of plasters

A
  1. To afford protection and mechanical support
  2. To furnish an occlusive macerating action
  3. To bring medication into close contact with surface of skin
105
Q

Examples of Plaster

A

Adhesive plaster
Modern Plasters
Medicated plasters
Back Plasters

106
Q

consisting of vinyl resin, plasticizers, and chemical additives

A

Adhesive plaster

107
Q

are practically all machine made and are

available in colors such as flesh, striped, and others

A

Modern Plasters

108
Q

Example of medicated plasters

A

Salicylic Acid Plaster, Salonpas

109
Q

are made of heavy cotton or wool and cotton backing to

provide warmth and support.

A

Black plasters

110
Q

Black plasters are usually use from

A

for backache, sore shoulders, sore arms, and other muscular aches

111
Q

The active constituents of back plaster is

A

Chilli Plaster; Hot Salonpas

112
Q

are unctuous preparations of such consistency that may be easily spread at ordinary temperature upon muslin cloth or similar material with spatula yet not soft to liquefy and run when applied to the skin

113
Q

contents of cerates

A

oil, hard petrolatum and beeswax

114
Q

Cerate example

A 
Cantharides cerates; 
Rosin cerate; 
Camphor cerate; 
Cerate of lead acetate; 
Compound Rosin Cerate
115
Q

Are viscous preparation intended for warm, external application to a body for purpose of reducing inflammation

116
Q

Are soft semisolid, external applications which either stimulate a body surface or alleviate an inflamed area by supplying medication substance in the presence of heat and mixture

117
Q

Are dental preparation employed primarily as temporary protective coverings for exposed pulps; also for holding medicinal agents in tooth cavities and rebasing of dentures

118
Q

are melted prior to application, cooled to only slightly above body temperature, and applied to the affected area with a fine brush. After application this hardens, usually covered with bandage.

A

Glycerogelatins

119
Q

Example of Glycerogelatins

A

Zinc Gelatin Boot

120
Q

a firm, plastic mass containing 10% zinc oxide in a glycerogelatin base

A

Zinc Gelatin

121
Q

treatment of varicose ulcers because of its ability to form pressure bandage

A

Zinc Gelatin

122
Q

Zinc Gelatin is also known as

A

“gelatin boot”

123
Q

are external application resembling ointments in consistency, but remaining semisolid at body temperature

124
Q

dressings liquefy at ___ and remain pliable in thin films below __

A

50 degree C

28 degree C

125
Q

Classes of Dressings

A
  1. Primary wound dressing or now as wet dressing
  2. Absorbents - surgical cotton and gauze
  3. Bandages
  4. Adhesive tapes
126
Q

formerly official in the NF VI, was employed

as an air-excluding, soft, pliable, analgesic, splintlike covering for surface denuded by burns

A

Paraffin dressing

127
Q

is absorbent gauze saturated with white petrolatum.

A

Petrolatum Gauze, USP

128
Q

sterile antibacterial dressings containing nitrofurazone

A

Furazone gauze pads

129
Q

any material used as covering, protective, or support for a diseased part

A

Surgical dressing

130
Q

Surgical dressing examples

A

a. Adhesive bandage, USP

b. Gauze bandage

131
Q

The most relevant studies are performed in ___.

132
Q

Animal models may be used insofar as they may be effective as predictors of human response such as

A
  1. Weanling pig
  2. Rhesus monkey
  3. Hairless mouse or rat
133
Q

Skin penetration may be tested in vitro using:

A

Various skin tissues (human or animal) in a diffusion cell
Using human skin
Animal skin

134
Q

Backing, adhesive, and protecting layers Examples of this technology:

A

TransdermNitro (Novartis)

and Transderm-Scop (Novartis)

135
Q

MEMBRANE-CONTROLLED TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM Advantage over monolithic systems

A

release rate of drug

remains constant when the drug solution in the reservoir remains saturated

136
Q

Prepared by preconstruction of the delivery unit filling the drug reservoir

A

sealing or lamination

137
Q

Protects the system from environmental entry and from loss of drug from the system or moisture from
skin

A

Occlusive or blockade backing membrane

138
Q

Stores and releases the drug at the skin site

A

Drug reservoir or matrix sytem

139
Q

Removed before application and enables drug release

A

Release liner

140
Q

Maintains contact with the skin after application

A

Adhesive layer

141
Q

Adhesive layer example

A

Polybutyl acrylate

142
Q

ADHESIVE LAYER

A

❑ Must be pressure sensitive
❑ Adheres to the skin with minimal pressure and remains in place for intended
period of wear
❑ Should be non-irritating, permit unimpeded drug flux to the skin, compatible
with all other systems, allow easy peel-off after use

143
Q

Commonly used as adhesive

A

polybutyl acrylate

144
Q
  • Patch is worn (at least 4 hours before the anti-nausea effect is required) in a hairless area behind the ear
  • Prevents motion sickness, nausea and
    vomiting resulting from the use of certain anesthetics and analgesics used in surgery
A

Transdermal Scopolamine (transderm scop system)

145
Q

For prophylactic treatment of angina

A

Transdermal Nitroglycerin

146
Q

When taken sublingually use of Transdermal Nitroglycerin

A

relatively low dose, short plasma half-life, high peak plasma levels, and inherent side effects

147
Q

First transdermal system for hypertension

A

Transdermal Clonidine (Catapres TTS)

148
Q
  • As adjunct in smoking cessation programs Effective aid in quitting smoking
  • Provides sustain blood levels of nicotine replacement therapy
A

Transdermal Nicotine (Nicotrol)

149
Q

Treatment of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause, female hypogonadism, female castration, primary ovarian failure, and atrophic conditions caused by deficient endogenous estrogen production (atrophic vaginitis and kraurosis vulvae)

A

Transdermal Estradiol

150
Q

Example of Transdermal Estradiol

A

Vivelle (Novartis)

151
Q

For optimal absorption, applied to clean, dry scrotal skin that has been dry-shaved

A

Transdermal Testosterone

152
Q

Placed on the scrotum (stretching the scrotal skin with one hand and pressing the adhesive side of the TDDS against the skin with the other hand, holding it in place for about 10 seconds)

A

Transdermal Testosterone

153
Q

applied nightly to a clean, dry unabraded area of the skin of the back, abdomen, upper arms, or thighs

A

Androderm TDDS

154
Q

intended for localized action are most frequently used to relieve constipation or pain, irritation, itching, and inflammation associated with hemorrhoids.

A

Rectal suppositories

155
Q

Vaginal suppositories act as

A

antiseptic in feminine hygiene and as specific agents

to combat an invading pathogen

156
Q

as antibacterial and as a local anesthetic preparatory

to urethral examination

A

Urethral Suppositories:

157
Q

For system effects, the _____ of the rectum and vagina permits absorption of many soluble drugs

A

mucous membranes

158
Q

used frequently as the site for the systemic absorption of drugs

159
Q

for the relief of nausea and vomiting and as a tranquilizer

A

Prochlorperazine & Chlorpromazine

160
Q

for opioid analgesia

A

Morphine and oxymorphone

161
Q

for the relief of migraine syndrome

A

Ergotamine tartrate

162
Q

a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic

A

Indomethacin

163
Q

for the relief of nausea and vomiting

A

Ondansetron

164
Q

Shape of modern rectal suppository

A

conical or torpedo shaped

165
Q

length of rectal suppository

A

2 -3 centimeters

166
Q

Suppositories for adults weigh

A

2 grams each

167
Q

children suppositories weigh

A

1 gram each

168
Q

Urethral suppositories for males weigh

A

4 grams each

169
Q

Urethral suppositories for females weigh

A

2 grams each

170
Q

Vaginal suppositories, also called

171
Q

Vaginal suppositories are usually in shape of

A

globular (ball), oviform or cone-shaped

172
Q

Vaginal suppositories weigh

A

about 5 grams

173
Q

are pencil-shaped suppositories similar in shape to urethral suppositories but shorter in length about ___

A

Aural suppositories

32mm long

174
Q

a lipophilic drug that is distributed in a fatty suppository base in low concentration has loss of a tendency to escape to the surrounding aqueous fluids than would a hydrophilic substance present in fatty base to an extent approaching the saturation

A

Lipid-water solubility

175
Q

“The smaller the particle size, the more readily the dissolution of the particle and the greater the chance for rapid absorption”

176
Q

Ability to melt, soften or dissolve at body temperature

Ability to release the drug substance

A

SUPPOSITORY BASE

177
Q

SUPPOSITORY BASE is either __ character

A

hydrophilic or hydrophobic

178
Q

When a base is not specified, ___is used

A

Cocoa Butter

179
Q

Hydrogenated fatty acids of vegetable oils

A

palm, kernel oil, and cotton seed oil

180
Q

Fat bases compounds

A

lycerin with the higher molecular weight fatty acids: palmitic and stearic acids

181
Q

Water-soluble or water-miscible bases

A
  • Glycerinated gelatin

* polyethylene glycols

182
Q

Miscellaneous bases are combination of

A

lipophilic and hydrophilic

183
Q

• Mixture of oleaginous and water-soluble materials Example

A

Polyoxyl 40 stearate (mixture of monostearate & distearate esters of mixed polyethylene diols & the free glycols)

184
Q

Mixtures of many fatty acids (including Cocoa Butter) with emulsifying agents capable of forming W/O emulsion. Also referred to as

A

hydrophilic suppository base

185
Q

are widely used today as they are easy to manufacture, more stable and less messy

A

Vaginal inserts (tablets)

Pharmaceutics (3 decks)

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