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Pharmaceutics > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

1
Q

may be prepared from any combination of solid,

liquid or gas, the three states of matter

A

Solutions

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2
Q

Liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents

A

Solutions

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3
Q

Homogenous mixture that is prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in another liquid and represents a group of preparations in which the molecules of the solute or dissolved substance are dispersed

A

Solutions

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4
Q

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

A

Solid Solution
Liquid Solution
Gaseous Solutions

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5
Q

the solvent is solid
the solvent is liquid
the solvent is gas

A

Solid Solution
Liquid Solution
Gaseous Solutions

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6
Q

SS - Solid in solid example

A

Cu + gold= 12 karat yellow gold

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7
Q

SS- Liquid in solid example

A

Hg dissolved in Ag = amalgam

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8
Q

SS- Gas in solid

A

air dissolved in soap = floating soap

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9
Q

LS- solid in liquid

A

salt in water

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10
Q

LS- ▪ Liquid in liquid

A

alcohol and water

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11
Q

LS- Gases in liquid

A

carbonated beverages

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12
Q

GS- Solid in gas

A

sulfur in air

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13
Q

GS- Liquid in gas

A

water vapor in air

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14
Q

GS- Gas in gas

A

oxygenated air

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15
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING THE “RATE” OF SOLUBILITY

A

Particle size
Agitation
Temperature

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16
Q

an increase in surface area to the solvent will _____ rate of solution. So the particle size should be reduced by_____ before it is dissolved

A

Increase

communition

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17
Q

increases the rate of solution by removing from the surface of the solute. The more concentrated solution around it the ___ concentrated the solvent.

A

less

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18
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF SOLUTE

A

Temperature
Molecular Structure
Effects of other substance
pH (weak acids, weak bases)

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19
Q

has the widest range of usefulness of all the solvents employed in pharmaceutical dispensing or manufacturing. It is a good solvent for most
inorganic and organic

A

Water

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20
Q

good solvent for many organic substances both natural and synthetic.

A

Alcohol USP, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol

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21
Q

Alcohol USP, Ethyl Alcohol, Ethanol limit for:

6 to 12 years old
12 years old and bove
Adult

A

0.5%
5%
10%

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22
Q

99.5% absolute alcohol is partially free from water

A

Dehydrated Alcohol

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23
Q

prepared by mixing equal volume of Alcohol USP and purified water

A

Diluted Alcohol NF

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24
Q

– contains about 70% of ethyl alcohol by volume the

remainder consists of water, denaturants with or without color additives and perfume oils and stabilizers

A

Alcohol, Rubbing

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25
Q

– clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste.

A

Glycerin USP (Glycerol)

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26
Q

It is miscible both with water and alcohol

A

Glycerin USP (Glycerol)

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27
Q

Excellent solvent for tannins, phenol and boric

acid. It has a preservative quality.

A

Glycerin USP (Glycerol)

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28
Q

miscible in water, acetone, alcohol and chloroform

A

Propylene Glycol

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29
Q

miscible in water, acetone alcohol and other glycols

A

Polyethylene glycol 400

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30
Q

miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, hexane and both fixed and volatile oils

A

chloroform

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31
Q

miscible with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and most of the volatile oils

A

Acetone

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32
Q

METHODS OF PREPARING SOLUTIONS

A

Simple Solution
Solution by Chemical reaction
Solution by Extraction

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33
Q

prepared by dissolving the solute in the solvent

A

Simple Solution

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34
Q

prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent.

A

Solution by Chemical reaction

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35
Q

vegetables or animal origin are often extracted with

suitable solvent. Preparation of this type may be classified as solutions but more often EXTRACTIVES

A

Solution by Extraction

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36
Q

used as a major ingredient. Water is used as a vehicle

and a solvent for the desired flavoring or medical agent

A

AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

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37
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER

A

o Tasteless
o Freedom from irritating qualities
o Lack of pharmacologic activity

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38
Q

PREPARATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

A

o Distillation
o Demineralization or Deionization
o Reverse Osmosis

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39
Q

This ionization process is the well-known Zeolite process of softening water high mineral content.

A

Demineralization or Deionization

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40
Q

act as a catalyst such as dehydrated aluminum

A

Zeolite

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41
Q

the water should be ___before they can be used for pharmaceuticals

A

purified

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42
Q

Transport of solvent through semipermeable membrane separating 2 solutions of different concentrations (less
concentrated and more concentrated

A

Reverse Osmosis

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43
Q

A reversely new separation process w/c in principle may be applied to the separation, concentration and fractionalization of inorganic or organic substances in aqueous or non-aqueous solutions in the liquid or the gaseous phase is known

A

reverse osmosis

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44
Q

reverse osmosis also referred as “__ “ membrane

filtration

A

“crossflow or tangential flow”

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45
Q

Aromatic water is also called

A

medicated water

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46
Q

defined in the USP as clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances

A

AROMATIC WATERS

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47
Q

2 Components of aromatic water

A
  1. Volatile oil

2. Water

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48
Q

Official Processes of Preparation in aromatic water

A

Distillation

Solution Method

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49
Q

is the process of obtaining aromatic water by distillation one or more times from delicate drugs with small quantities of volatile principles

A

Cohobation

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50
Q

Example of cohobation

A

Stronger Rose (Aqua Rose Fertier, Triple Rose Water)

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51
Q

Solution Method

A

❑ Simple Solution Method

❑ Alternate Solution by Intervention

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52
Q

volatile material is mixed thoroughly with __ g of purified talc

A

15

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53
Q

T or F

Aromatic water are not permanently stable preparations

A

True

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54
Q

aqueous solution which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic.

A

Douche

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55
Q

Douches are usually directed to the appropriate body parts by using

A

Bulb syringe

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56
Q

vaginal syringe is made up of an ___ ounce capacity bulb syringe with a large vulcanite or rubber spray tube

A

8 to 10

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57
Q

KINDS OF DOUCHES

A

Eye douche
Pharyngeal douche
nasal Douche
Vaginal douche

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58
Q

Vaginal Douche are also called

A

urethral douche or irrigation

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59
Q

Enema are also called

A

clyster

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60
Q

Enemas are usually given at body temperature in quantities of ___ injected slowly with enema syringe

A

1 to 2 pints

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61
Q

If they are to be retained in the intestine, they should not be used in larger quantities than __ ounces for an adult

A

6 fluid

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62
Q

Enema of soft soap - prepared by dissolving __ g of soft soap with purified water to make __

A

50

1000 mL

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63
Q

TYPES OF ENEMA

A

Evacuation Enemas
Retention Enemas
Nutritive Enema
Medicated Enema

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64
Q

rectal enemas employed to promote evacuation of bowel and to cleanse the colon for retention and for diagnosis - toenema

A

Evacuation Enemas

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65
Q

a number of solutions are administered rectally for the local effects of the medication - toenema

A

Retention Enemas

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66
Q

supply nutrient to thepatient - toenema

A

Nutritive Enema

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67
Q

supply medication for systemic effect- - toenema

A

Medicated Enema

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68
Q

BaSO4 and Fleet Enema - toenema

A

Diagnostic Enema

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69
Q

Are aqueous solutions used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs

A

gargles

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70
Q

Examples of gargles

A

Phenol Gargle and Potassium Chlorate (also known as Golden Gargle) and Phenol Gargle are official in B.P.C

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71
Q

Latin name of phenol gargle

A

Gargarisma Phenol

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72
Q

Contains 50mL of Phenol Glycerin (__ % w/w pheno and __% w/w glycerin), __ amaranth solution ( __%w/v in chloroform water) and water to make 1L

A

16%, 84%

10mL, 1%

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73
Q

an aqueous solution which is most often used for its Deodorant Refreshing Antiseptic effect

A

mouthwash

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74
Q

washes also called

A

LAVATIO ORI

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75
Q

Eye washes- as anesthetic, anti-infective, diagnostic, myotic and anti-inflammatory

A

Collyrium

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76
Q

Mouthwash - antibacterial

A

Collutorium

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77
Q

Nasal wash - antibacterial and antiseptic

A

Collunarium

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78
Q

Juices are formerly known as

A

INPISSATED JUICES

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79
Q

Example of Juices

A

Cherry juice and Raspberry juices are official in USP

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80
Q

concentrated solutions of sugar (such as sucrose) in water or other aqueous liquids with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances

A

Syrups

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81
Q

3 Types of syrups

A

Simple syrup
Medicated syrup
Non-medicated/Flavored syrup

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82
Q

concentrated solution of sucrose in purified

water alone

A

Simple syrup

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83
Q

aqueous solution of sucrose containing other substances as polyols(glycerin and sorbitol)

A

Medicated syrup

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84
Q

contained various aromatic and pleasantly flavored substances and is intended as a vehicle or flavor for preparations.

A

Non-medicated/Flavored syrup

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85
Q

are used as vehicles and have no official formulas and therefore no detailed descriptions of the product are found in compendia.

A

Non-medicated/Flavoring syrups

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86
Q

Pharmaceutical Classification

• Based on their basic formula

A
  • sugar based syrups

- artificial sweeteners and non-nutritive syrups

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87
Q

syrups which are concentrated solutions

A

sugar based syrups

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88
Q

formulated with artificial sweetening agents and viscosity builders

A

artificial sweeteners and non-nutritive syrups

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89
Q

This sucrose - based syrup utilizes sweet orange peel tincture, and citric acid as the source of flavor and tartness

A

Orange Syrup

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90
Q

syrup of orange peel, sweet orange peel __ mL;citric acid __ g; talc __ g; sucrose __ g; purified water q.s to
make __ mL

A 
Syrupus Aurantii
50 mL
5 g
15 g
820 g
100 mL
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91
Q

Commercially available vehicles for the extemporaneous compounding of Syrups.

A

Ora - Sweet and Ora-Sweet SF

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92
Q

Sugar free

A

Ora-Sweet SF

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93
Q

A sucrose - based syrup containing about __% by volume of raspberry juice

A

Raspberry Syrup

48%

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94
Q

Licorice syrup, Glycyrrhiza fluid extract __ mL; Fennel oil __ mL; Anise oil __ mL; syrups, q.s to make __ mL

A 
Glycyrrhiza Syrup
250 mL
0.55 mL
0.5 mL
1000 mL
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95
Q

Cocoa Syrup =

A

Syrupus cacao, Cacao syrup

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96
Q

Cocoa Syrup chocolate flavored, cocoa __ g; sucrose __ g ; liquid glucose __ g; glycerin __ mL;
Sodium chloride __g; Vanilla __ g ; Sodium benzoate __g ; water q.s. to make 1000 mL

A 
180 g
600g
180 g
50 mL
2 g
0.2 g
1 g
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97
Q

Cherry Syrup =

A

Syrupus Gerasi

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98
Q

Cherry juice __ mL; sucrose __; alcohol __ ; water q.s. to make 1000 mL

A

475 mL
800 g
20 mL

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99
Q

Acacia Syrup=

A

Syrupus acaciae

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100
Q

Acacia Syrup

Acacia powder __ g; Sodium benzoate __ g; Vanilla tincture __ mL; Sucrose __ g; Purified
water q.s to make 1000 mL.

A

100 g
1 g
5 mL
800 g

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101
Q

Citric acid Syrup =

A

Syrupus Acidi Citrici, Syrup lemon

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102
Q

Citric acid Syrup -

Lemon tincture __ mL; Citric acid __ g: Purified water q.s to make 1000
mL

A

10 mL

10 g

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103
Q

may be used as the basis for the preparation of

flavored or medicated syrup

A

Simple syrup

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104
Q

Simple Syrup has __ % sucrose in purified water

A

85%

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105
Q

COMPONENTS OF SYRUPS

A 
Sugar
Antimicrobial preservatives
Flavorants
colorants
Miscellaneous
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106
Q

PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF SYRUPS

Generally, syrups are stored at ___ in tightly closed bottle and well-filled bottles

A

room temperature

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107
Q

PRESERVATIVES SYRUPS

  • Benzoic acid- __ %
  • Sodium benzoate – __ %
  • Combination of methyl, propyl, butyl parabens totaling= %
A
  1. 1% to 0.2%
  2. 1 to 0.2
  3. 1%
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108
Q

Honey is also called

A

“Clarified honey” or “Strained Honey”

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109
Q

Honey instead of __ was used as a base for thick liquid preparation known as

A

Syrup

Honeys or Mels

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110
Q

___ the secretion deposited in the honeycomb of the bee and consists of a mixture of invert sugar – __ %; sucrose – __ %; dextrin – __%

A

Honey
62-83%
8%
0.2%

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111
Q

Honeys example

Oxymel (acid honey) – contains acetic acid – __ mL; Purified water __ mL; honey q.s to make 1000 mL

A

150 mL

150 mL

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112
Q

Are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids, produced by dispersing gum in water or by extracting with water mucilagenous principle from vegetable substances

A

MUCILAGES

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113
Q

used primarily to aid in suspending insoluble substances in liquids

A

MUCILAGES

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114
Q

Are liquid preparation composed by pyroxylin dissolved a solvent mixture. Usually composed of alcohol and ether with or without added substances

A

COLLODIONS

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115
Q

is obtained by the action of mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acids on cotton and consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate.

A

• Pyroxylin (nitrocellulose soluble gun cotton, collodion cotton)

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116
Q

applied to the skin by means of a soft brush or other suitable applicators. The solvent rapidly evaporates, leaving a film residue of pyroxylin

A

Collodion

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117
Q

protective coating collodion

Collodion, USP is a clear or slightly opalescent viscous
liquid prepared by dissolving __% W/V pyroxillin in __ mixture of ether and alcohol

A

4%

3:1

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118
Q

protective coating collodion

___ is prepared by adding __% of Camphor and __% castor oil to the Collodion

A

Flexible Collodion, USP
2%
3%

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119
Q

provides medication collodion

__ % solution of salicylic acid in flexible collodion. Used as keratolytic effect t ( topical drug that softens the superficial keratincontaining layer of the skin and promotes its desquamation) especially in the removal of corns from the toes.

A

Salicylic acid Collodion, USP

10%

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120
Q

Salicylic acid Collodion, USP synonym

A

Corn solvent

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121
Q

• Are clear, pleasantly flavored, sweetened hdyroalcoholic liquids intended for oral as compared to syrup, elixirs are less sweet and viscous since they contain a lower portion of sugar and consequently less effective in masking the taste of medicinal substances

A

Elixirs

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122
Q

Elixir is by __ solution

A

simple solution

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123
Q

Elixir main ingredient

A

ethanol and water

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124
Q

Elixir

The alcohol content varies from __% depending on the water alcohol solubility of the ingredients

A

3 to 41 %

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125
Q

Preparation of Elixirs

A
  1. Simple solution with agitation

2. By the admixture of two or more liquid ingredients

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126
Q

Classes of Elixirs

A

Medicated and nonmedicated elixirs

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127
Q

Solutions of mixtures of medicinal or pharmaceutical substances in glycerin

A

GLYCERITES

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128
Q

Generally, a minimum of __ % of glycerin is present in glycerites

A

50%

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129
Q

Glycerites possess preservative properties?

A

true

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130
Q

A drugs or combinations of drugs the by virtue of their high vapor pressure can be carried by a current into the nasal passage where they exert their effects.

A

INHALATIONS/INHALANTS

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131
Q

The device in which they bare administered is termed an (in inhalation)

A

inhaler

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132
Q

treatment of anginal pain (inhalant)

A

Amyl Nitrite inhalant

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133
Q

nasal decongestant (inhalant)

A

Propylhexedrine inhalant

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134
Q

Are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin, generally with
rubbing

A

Liniments

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135
Q

LINIMENTS are formerly called

A

“embrocations”

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136
Q

Liniments are prepared in the different manner as solutions, emulsions or suspensions

A

False

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137
Q

Just read

A

All liniments Must Bear a Label Indicating

  1. for external use only
  2. Shake well for emulsion or suspension
  3. Store in tight containers
  4. Not to be applied to bruises or broken skin areas
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138
Q

Formerly called “Essences”

A

SPIRITS

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139
Q

alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances.

A

SPIRITS

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140
Q

Brandy =

___ % alcohol from grapes

A

Spiritus Vini vitis

48 to 54%

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141
Q

Whisky = __

__ of alcohol from cereals

A

Spiritus frumenti

47 to 53%

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142
Q

Majority of spirits are prepared by dissolving the solute in alcohol by agitation. Filtration is generally desirable to obtain a sparking clear product

A

Simple solution

143
Q

Example of what method

Aromatic Spirit - __% hydroalcoholic solution of ammonia and ammonium carbonate flavored and perfumed with lemon, lavender and myristica oil.

A

Simple Solution

62 to 68%

144
Q

Macerate the vegetable materials in a suitable solvent to remove the undesired constituents or to extract one which is desired

A

Solution with Maceration

145
Q

Peppermint Spirit
– __ % hydroalcoholic solution containing __ %
peppermint oil

A

79 to 85%

10%

146
Q

Peppermint Spirit=

A

Spiritus Menthae Piperitae

147
Q

Only the preparation of Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia NF, involves a chemical reaction where the official Ammonium carbonate

A

Solution by Chemical Reaction

148
Q

No spirits currently official are prepared by distillation, However, two products of historical significance which is official in NF are prepared by distillation.

Examples:
Brandy and whisky

A

Distillation

149
Q

Are preparations used for the temporary relief of toothache by application of a small cotton saturated with the product into the tooth cavity

A

TOOTHACHE DROPS

150
Q

The word emulsion, came from____, “meaning ___

A

emulgio

to milk out

151
Q

Is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible

A

Emulsions

152
Q

The dispersed phase is referred to as the

A

Internal phase

153
Q

dispersion medium as the

A

External or Continuous phase

154
Q

Emulsions having an oleaginous internal phase and aqueous external phase are referred to as

A

oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions

155
Q

Emulsions having an aqueous internal phase and an oleaginous external phase are termed

A

water-in- oil (w/o) emulsions

156
Q

Just read

A

O/W emulsion may be diluted with water or an aqueous preparation, & W/O emulsion with an oleaginous or oil miscible liquid

157
Q

Just read

A

▪ The aqueous phase may contain water-soluble drugs, preservatives, coloring and flavoring agents
▪ The oil phase frequently consists of fixed oil or volatile and drugs that exist as oil, such as oil soluble vitamins and antiseptic

158
Q

Just read

A

It is necessary to add antioxidant to prevent autoxidation of the oil and rancidity/and or destruction of any vitamin present

159
Q

emulsions useful as vehicle to develop the bioavailability of poorly absorbed drugs

A

O/W emulsions

160
Q

For orally administered emulsion permits the palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored vehicle.

A

O/W

161
Q

On the unbroken skin __ emulsion

A

W/O

162
Q

easily removed from the skin __ emulsion is preferred

A

O/W

163
Q

Results in the lowering of the interfacial tension of the 2 immiscible liquids, reducing the repellant force between the liquids and diminishing each liquids attraction for its own molecules

A

Surface Tension Theory

164
Q

tension lowering substances are referred to as

A

surface active (surfactants) or wetting agents

165
Q

Assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion

A

Oriented-Wedge Theory

166
Q

is based on the presumption that certain emulsifying agents orient themselves about and within a liquid in a manner reflective of their
solubility in that particular liquid

A

Oriented-Wedge Theory

167
Q

An emulsifying agent having a greater hydrophilic character than hydrophobic character will promote an O/w emulsion and a W/O emulsion result through use of more hydrophobic than hydrophilic
emulsifiers

A

Oriented-Wedge Theory

168
Q

Places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as a thin layer of film
adsorbed on the surface of the drops

A

Plastic or Internal Film Theory

169
Q

prevents the contact and the coalescence of the dispersed phase

A

Plastic or Internal Film Theory

170
Q

the tougher and more pliable the film, the greater the stability of the emulsion

A

TRUE

171
Q

States that the viscosity of an emulsion aids emulsification by the mechanical hindrance to coalescence of the globules although it is not the cause of emulsification.

A

Viscosity Theory

172
Q

These materials form hydrophilic colloids when added to water and generally produced O/W emulsions

A

Natural emulsifying agent

173
Q

Most frequently use Natural emulsifying agent

A

Acacia

174
Q

thickening agents in Acacia emulsified products

A

Tragacanth and Agar

175
Q

Natural emulsifying agent proteins

A

gelatin, egg yolk, casein

176
Q

These materials employed primarily as thickening and stabilizing agents for O/W emulsions such as lotion and ointments

A

High Molecular Weight alcohols

177
Q

may also be employed in externally used emulsion and promote W/O emulsions

A

Cholesterol

178
Q

These materials generally form O/W emulsions when the insoluble material is added to the aqueous phase if there is greater volume of the aqueous phase than of the oleaginous phase

A

Finely divided solids

179
Q

Synthetic (wetting agents), which may be

A

▪ Anionic: triethanolamine oleate and sodium lauryl sulfate
▪ Cationic: benzalkonium chloride
▪ Nonionic: sorbitan esters (span); polyethylene glycol 400 monostearate; polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters (Tweens)

180
Q

Just read

A

Qualities Required for Emulsifiers
▪ Must be compatible with other ingredients in the formula
▪ Must not interfere with the stability and efficacy of the therapeutic agent
▪ Must be stable to microorganisms
▪ Must be non-toxic
▪ Must possess little or no odor, taste or color 6. Must promote emulsification and maintain stability of the emulsion for intended shelf-life

181
Q

HLB or Hydrophilic-Lipophile Balance usual range

A

between 1 to 20

182
Q

Surfactants having an assigned HLB value from __ are greatly lipophilic and produce W/O emulsions

A

3 to 6

183
Q

those HLB values of from

about ____ produce O/W emulsions

A

8 to 18

184
Q

In selecting an Emulsifier for an emulsion, choose one having the same or nearly the same HLB value as the oleaginous phase

A

True

185
Q

Just read

A

▪ Ex.: Mineral oil has assigned HLB of 4 if a W/O emulsion is desired and a value of 10.5 if O/W emulsion is prepared
▪ Therefore, use surfactant SPAN 80 (Sorbitan monoleate) with HLB 4.3 for W/O emulsion and methylcellulose with HLB of 10.5 for O/W

186
Q

The method is also referred to as the “4:2:1” because for every 4 parts (volumes) of oil, 2 parts of water and 1 part of gum are added in preparing the initial or primary emulsion.

A

Continental or Dry gum method

187
Q

A mortar with a rough rather than smooth inner surface must be used to ensure proper grinding action and the reduction of the globule size during the preparation of the internal phase emulsion. A glass mortar has too smooth a surface to produce the proper size reduction of the internal phase

A

True

188
Q

For the extemporaneous preparation of emulsions from volatile oils or oleaginous substances of low viscosities, the bottle method is used.
(2:2:1)

A

English or wet gum method Bottle or Forbes bottle method (G+O+W)

189
Q

In SITU soap method

Two types of soap developed by this method are

A

Calcium soaps and Soft soaps.

190
Q

The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of ___
A (10 microns) to 1000 A whereas in a microemulsion the droplets may be ___ angstroms in diameter

A

100

5000

191
Q

is the joining together of globules to form large clumps or floccules which rise or settle in the emulsion more rapidly than do the individual particles

A

Flocculation

192
Q

is the rising or settling of globules or floccules to form a concentrated layer at the surface or to the bottom of the emulsion

A

Creaming

193
Q

is taking up of a certain amount of liquid without a measurable increase by a gel with an increase volume

A

Imbibition

194
Q

is the taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume. Only those liquid that solvate a gel

A

Swelling

195
Q

is when the interaction between particles of the dispersed phase becomes so great than on standing, the dispersing medium is squeezed out in droplets and the gel shrinks

A

Syneresis

196
Q

a form of instability in aqueous and no aqueous gels

A

Syneresis

197
Q

a reversible gel-sol formation with no change in volume or temperature-a type of non-Newtonian flow

A

Thixotrophy

198
Q

is formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only the framewok remains

A

Xerogel

199
Q

Is a two-phase system consisting of a finely divided solid dispersed in a liquid vehicle

A

Suspensions

200
Q

finely divided particles are also referred to as

A

‘Suspensoids”

201
Q

Suspensions

the substance distributed is referred to as

A

dispersed phase

202
Q

Suspensions

the vehicle is termed the

A

dispersing phase or dispersion medium

203
Q

Dispersions containing coarse particles, usually ___ um in size, are referred to as ___

A

coarse dispersion.

10 to 50 um

204
Q

Dispersions containing particles of smaller size are termed ___ usually in a range of __

A

fine dispersions

0.5 - 10 um

205
Q

Suspensions for injections must contain particles size such that they can pass freely through the syringe needle called

A

“syringeability”

206
Q

Ophthalmic suspension should be formulated such that the particles do not exceed __ microns

A

10 microns (less than 10 microns)

207
Q

They are liquid suspension or dispersion intended for external application to the skin, frequently containing suspended particles or emulsified liquid droplets

A

LOTIONS

208
Q

aqueous suspensions of insoluble, inorganic drugs and differ from gels mainly in that the suspended particles are larger.

A

MAGMAS & MILK

209
Q

oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients, dissolved, suspended or dispersed in a suitable vehicle

A

MIXTURES

210
Q

semisolid systems consisting of small inorganic particles suspended
in a liquid medium

A

Gels

211
Q

It consists of a network of small discrete particles

A

Gels

212
Q

involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive components through the use of selective solvents

A

Extraction

213
Q

Galenicals include classes of preparations knows as

A 
o Decoction
o Infusion
o Fluidextracts
o Tinctures
o Pilular (semi solid) extracts
o Powdered extracts
214
Q

Maceration (Process M)- term derived from latin word __ meaning to soak.

A

“macerare”

215
Q

Process in which the properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum and the soluble constituents are dissolved

A

Maceration (Process M)

216
Q

Just read

A

Percolation –

Per =“through”; Colare = “strain”

217
Q

The process in which the comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of drug

A

Percolation

218
Q

The drug is packed in a special extraction apparatus termed as ___ with the extractive collected called the __

A

percolator

percolate

219
Q

Cylindrical with little if any taper except for the lower orifice also called

A

Oldberg percolator

220
Q

form of maceration with gentle heat

A

Digestion

221
Q

process in which vegetable drugs, generally coarsely comminuted, are extracted of the water-soluble constituents

A

Infusion

222
Q

process of boiling vegetable substances with water to extract the soluble principle

A

Decoction

223
Q

defined as alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solution prepared from vegetable material or from chemical substance

A

TINCTURES

224
Q

Topical solutions employ an ___

A

aqueous vehicle

225
Q

topical tinctures characteristically employ an ___

A

alcoholic vehicle

226
Q

Jus read

A

Topical solutions and Tinctures are prepared by simple solution and self -preserved.

227
Q

Methods of Preparation of Tinctures

A

By simple solution

By simple solution

228
Q

Methods of Preparation of Tinctures

tinctures prepared from chemical substances

A

By simple solution

229
Q

Methods of Preparation of Tinctures

by maceration or percolation

A

By extraction

230
Q

Alcohol Content of Green soap Tincture

A

28 to 32% alcohol

231
Q

Alcohol Content of Tolu Balsam Tincture

A

77 to 83% alcohol

232
Q

liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as a preservative or both, and so made that each mL contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard drug that it represents

A

FLUIDEXTRACTS

233
Q

true or false

Fluidextracts are sometimes referred to as “100% tinctures”

A

True - ▪ Because they contain alcohol and are highly concentrated

234
Q

true or false

Fluidextracts of potent drugs are ten times as concentrated or as potent
as corresponding tincture

A

True

235
Q

Preparations of Fluidextracts

  • entails exhaustive percolation with an alcoholic or
    hydroalcoholic menstruum
A

Process A

236
Q

Preparations of Fluidextracts

  • is used in the preparation of fluidextract with boiling water as the menstruum and alcohol generally added to the concentrated percolate as preservative. A heat resistant or metallic percolator is used
A

Process B or D

237
Q

Preparations of Fluidextracts

  • is intended to facilitate total drug extraction by
    collecting 1000 mL of percolate from each 1000 g of drug, uses long narrow column of drug and percolation under pressure
A

Process C and E

238
Q

are concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstruum, evaporation of all or nearly all the solvents, and adjustment of the
residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards

A

Extract

239
Q

Just read

A

Methods of Preparation in extraction

Prepared by percolation then evaporation of the solvent either by
distillation under pressured and using reduced heat

240
Q

Just read

3 Forms of Extract (depending upon the extent of the removal of solvent)

A

▪ Semiliquid extracts are those of a syrupy consistency
▪ Pilular or solid extracts of a plastic consistency
▪ Powdered extracts prepared to be dry by the removal of all the solvent

241
Q

True or false

Packaging and Storage of Extracts

Must be packaged in wide mouth containers or plastic tubes and closely tight to prevent loss of moisture which would result in its becoming hard and unstable for use

A

True

242
Q

The term parenteral derived from the Greek words

A

para (outside) and enteron, (intestine)

243
Q

Refers to the injectable routes administration

A

PARENTERALS

244
Q

joints

A

Intra-articular

245
Q

spinal column

A

Intraspinal

246
Q

arteries

A

Intra-arterial

247
Q

veins

A

Intravenous

248
Q

shin

A

Intradermal

249
Q

joint fluid

A

Intrasynovial

250
Q

spinal fluid

A

Intrathecal

251
Q

heart

A

Intracardiac

252
Q

muscles

A

Intramuscular

253
Q

under the skin

A

Subcutaneous

254
Q

Generally, the flow rates of IV are expressed in ___ range from __

A

mL/hr

42 to 150 mL/hour

255
Q

Hazard of Intravenous Injection

A

The possibility of thrombus formation - induced by the touching of the wall of the vein by the catheter or needle

256
Q

s a blood clot formed within the blood vessel (or heart) due usually to a slowing of the circulation or to an alteration of the blood or vessel wall

A

Thrombus

257
Q

Once such a blot circulates, it becomes an ___ - carried by the blood stream until it lodges in a blood vessel, obstructing it, and resulting in blockage
or occlusion referred to as an ___

A

embolus

Embolism

258
Q

provide effects that are less rapid, but generally of greater duration than those obtained from intravenous administration

A

Intramuscular injections

259
Q

True or false

IM are not performed deep into the skeletal muscles

A

False

260
Q

IM : limited : ___ in the gluteal region

A

5 mL

261
Q

IM : in the deltoid of the arm

A

2 mL

262
Q

IM: Injection

is __ inches deep; __ gauge needle

A

2 to 3 inch

20 to 22

263
Q

technique useful for IM injections of medications that stain upper tissue

A

Z-Track Injection

264
Q

May be utilized for the injection of small amounts of medication or of drugs beneath the surface of the skin of the upper arm, the anterior surface of the thigh, and the lower portion of the abdomen
lower portion of the abdomen

A

SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE (

265
Q

The maximum amount of drug given SC is about

A

1.3 mL

266
Q

SC: Syringes- up to __ capacities

A

3 mL

267
Q

SC: Utilizing needles __ gauge

A

24 to 26 gauges

268
Q

SC insulin needles: gauge between ___ ; needle length between ___ to __ inch

A

25 to 30
5-16
5-8 inch

269
Q

Substances may be effectively injected into the corium, the more vascular layer of the skin just beneath the epidermis

A

INTRADERMAL ROUTE

270
Q

INTRADERMAL ROUTE

These substances include

A

diagnostic determinations, desensitization, or

immunization

271
Q

INTRADERMAL ROUTE

Usual site

A

anterior surface of the forearm

272
Q

Just read

A

A short (3-8 inch) and narrow gauge (23 to 26) is inserted horizontally into the skin with the bevel facing upward. The injection is made when the bevel just disappears into the corium

273
Q

INTRADERMAL ROUTE

needle volume is

A

about 0.1 mL

274
Q

long-acting injections are called

A

respiratory or depot preparations

275
Q

Injections true or false

The use coloring agents is strictly prohibited

A

True

276
Q

Parenteral products are packaged in special ___ containers of specific and highly quality

A

hermetic

277
Q

Water for Injection is required to be sterilized, it must be pyrogen free

A

False (not required to be sterilized )

278
Q

This water is purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis.

A

Water for Injection, USP

279
Q

▪ may not contain other substances

▪ meets standard for the presence of total solids

A

Purified water, USP

280
Q

▪ is water for injection which has been sterilized and packaged in single
dose containers of not greater than IL size
▪ as water for Injection, it must be pyrogen free and may not contain an
antimicrobial agent or other added substance

A

Sterile Water for Injection, USP

281
Q

▪ is sterile water for injection containing one or more suitable
antimicrobial agents.
▪ it is packaged in pre-filled syringes or in vials containing not more than
30 mL of the water. Label must state, “Not for Use in Newborns”.

A

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP

282
Q

▪ a sterile isotonic solution of sodium chloride in Water for Injection.
▪ It contains no anti- microbial agents

A

Sodium Chloride Injection, USP

283
Q

Sodium chloride concentration is __% to render isotonic solution. It is also used to flush a catheter or IV line to maintain its patency.. “Not for Use in Newborns”

A

Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection

0.9%

284
Q

▪ is a sterile solution of sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and calcium
chloride in water for injection.
▪ It is used as electrolyte replenisher and a systemic alkalizer.
▪ Lactated R = Na lactate

A

Ringer’s Injection, USP

285
Q

must be present in adequate concentration at the time of use to prevent the multiplication of microorganism.

A

Antifungal/Antibacterial

286
Q

Antifungal/Antibacterial

__ %; for agents like chlorobutanol, cresol

phenol -___%

A
  1. 01 %

0. 5%

287
Q

one of the pathways of degradation which can be accelerated during thermal sterilization.

A

Oxidation

288
Q

Antioxidants- Sulfur dioxide - %

A

0.2%

289
Q

antioxidants which functions by being

preferentially oxidized

A

Reducing agents

290
Q

antioxidants which block an oxidative chain reaction in which they are not usually consumed

A

Blocking agents

291
Q

compounds increase the effectiveness of antioxidants, particularly those blocking oxidative reactions

A

Synergists

292
Q

those that complex with catalysts which otherwise would accelerate the oxidative reaction

A

Chelating agents

293
Q

Inert gases like ___ have been used to

displace oxygen from a solution and reduce the possibility of oxidative changes in the formulation

A

nitrogen and carbon dioxide

294
Q

added to maintain the required pH for many products; a change in pH may cause significant alterations in the rate of degradation reactions

A

Buffers

295
Q

The principal buffer systems used to stabilize pH are the

A

Acetates
Citrates
Phosphates

296
Q

Compounds contributing to the isotonicity of a product reduce the pain of injection in areas with nerve endings

A

Tonicity Contributors

297
Q

Containers for sterile products are made of ___

A

glass or plastic

298
Q

Two general types of glass

A

▪ soda-lime

▪ borosilicate

299
Q

glass compounds are classified into 4 types

highly resistant borosilicate glass

A

Type I

300
Q

glass compounds are classified into 4 types

treated soda-lime glass

A

Type II

301
Q

glass compounds are classified into 4 types

soda lime glass

A

Type III

302
Q

used to seal the openings of catridges, vials and bottles, providing a material soft and elastic enough to permit entry and withdrawal of a hypodermic needle without loss of the integrity of the sealed container

A

Rubber closures

303
Q

the complete destruction or elimination of microbial life.

A

Sterilization

304
Q

conducted in an autoclave and employs steam under pressure

A

Steam distillation

305
Q

usually carried out in sterilizing ovens specifically designed for this purpose. The ovens may be heated either gas or electricity and generally thermostatically controlled. It is conducted at temperatures of ___ for periods not less than 2 hours

A

Dry-heat sterilization

1600C to 1700C

306
Q

This is a nonthermal method for the sterilization of select solutions by removing microorganisms from the solution while permitting the passage of all the desired components of the solution and imparting no undesirable components from the filter

A

Sterilization by filtration

307
Q

Sterilization by filtration

available in pore sizes from

A

14 to 0.025 um.

308
Q

Sterilization by filtration

The size of the smallest particle visible to the naked eye is about __ , a red blood cell is about __ , the smallest bacteria, about__ , and a polio virus, about 0.025 um

A

40 um

  1. 5 um
  2. 2 um
309
Q

believed to exert its lethal effect upon microorganisms by alkylating essential metabolites, affecting particularly the reproductive process.

A

Ethylene oxide

310
Q

acceptable practical method for sterilizing

plastic

A

Ethylene dioxide

sterilization

311
Q

Just read

A

▪ Sterilization by ionizing radiation

 Ionizing Radiations are highly radiations emitted from
radioactive isotopes such as cobalt-60 (gamma rays) or produced by mechanical acceleration of electrons to very high velocities and energies (cathode rays, beta rays).

 Ionizing radiations destroy microorganisms by stopping
reproduction as a result of lethal mutations

312
Q

fever producing organic substances arising from microbial contamination and responsible for many of the febrile reactions which occur in patients following injections

A

Pyrogens

313
Q

obtained from aqueous extracts of the circulating amebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, and which has been prepared & characterized for use as an LAL reagent for gel-clot formation

A

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL)

314
Q

The test involves measuring the rise in temperature of rabbits

A

Pyrogen Test

315
Q

If no rabbit shows an individual rise in temperature 0.60C or more above its respective control temperature, and if the sum of the 3 individual maximum temperature rises does not exceed __, the product meets the requirements for the absence of pyrogens

A

1.40 degree celcius

316
Q

is a useful method for evaluating the efficiency of the sealing process.

A

Leaker’s test

317
Q

the test consists of immersing completely the sterile sealed ampules in an aqueous dye bath ___ % within a vacuum chamber.

A

0.5 to 1.0% of methylene blue

318
Q

a sterile aqueous solution of insulin. It is prepared from beef or pork pancreas or both or through biosynthetic means (Human Insulin).

A

Insulin Injection

319
Q

Just read

A

Insulin

With a pH of 2.8 to 3.5. Insulin Injection is prepared to contain 100 or 500 USP
Insulin Units in each mL

320
Q

Expiration of . Insulin Injection (regular)

A

Not to be later than 24 months after the date of distribution

321
Q

It is produced by utilizing a special non-disease forming laboratory strain of Escherichia coli and recombinant DNA technology

A

Human Insulin

322
Q

consists of Zinc-insulin

crystals in solution. It has a rapid onset of action and relatively short duration of action (6 to 8 hours)

A

Neutral Regular Human Insulin (Humulin R)

323
Q

is a turbid preparation that is intermediate acting, with a slower onset of action and longer duration of action (slightly less than 24 hours) than regular insulin

A

NPH Human Insulin (Humulin N) -

324
Q

Is a sterile suspension, in an aqueous vehicle buffered with dibasic sodium phosphate to between pH ____ of insulin prepared from zinc-insulin crystals modified by the addition of protamine so that the solid phase of the
suspension consists of crystals composed of insulin, zinc, and protamine

A

Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)

7.1 and 7.4,

325
Q

prepared from the sperm or the mature testes of fish belonging
to the genus Oncorhynchus

A

Protamine

326
Q

Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)

Expiration date

A

24 months

327
Q

Isophane Insulin Suspension (NPH Insulin)

dosage range

A

10 to 80 USP Units

328
Q

Humulin 70/30, Humulin 50/50 contains ___and their preservatives are

A

0.01 to 0.04 mg/100 units

m-cresol and phenol

329
Q

modified by the addition of zinc chloride so that the suspended particles
consist of a mixture of crystalline and amorphous insulin in a ratio of approximately 7 parts of crystals to 3 parts of amorphous material

A

Insulin Zinc Suspension

330
Q

These solutions are usually administered by IV infusion to replenish body fluids, electrolytes, or to provide nutrition

A

LARGE VOLUME PARENTERALS (LVP)

331
Q

LARGE VOLUME PARENTERALS (LVP) are usually administered in volumes of

A

100 mL to liter

332
Q

Normal water requirement for adult

A

25 to 40

mL/kg of body weight or an average of about 2,000 mL per square meter of body surface area

333
Q

Estimate guidelines in normal daily requirement for water

<10 kg
10-20kg
>20 kg to maximum of 80 kg

A

100 mL/kg/day
1000 mL plus 50 mL/kg/day
1500 mL Plus 20 mL/kg/day

334
Q

important for cardiac and skeletal muscle function

The usual daily
intake is about __ mEq and the usual daily loss is about __ mEq

A

Potassium
100
40

335
Q

Low potassium levels

A

Hypokalemia

336
Q

Excess potassium

A

Hyperkalemia can cause kidney

failure

337
Q

is vital to maintain normal extracellular fluids

A

Sodium

338
Q

SODIUM

Average daily intake of sodium

A

135 to 170 mEq (8 to 10 g of Sodium chloride)

339
Q

Sodium loss/deficit

A

3 to 5 g sodium chloride (51 to 85 mEq of sodium)

is administered daily

340
Q

The principal anion of the extracellular fluid usually paired with sodium

A

Chloride

341
Q

also important for muscle contraction, balancing the fluid levels inside and outside the cells & maintaining the acid-base balance of the extracellular fluid

A

Chloride

342
Q

the fasting state, the average daily loss of body proteins is approximately__ man

A

80g/day for a 70 kg

343
Q

Generally, patients requiring parenteral fluids are given _% dextrose to reduce caloric deficit

A

5%

344
Q

This is the infusion of large amounts of basic nutrients sufficient to achieve active tissue synthesis and growth.

A

Parenteral hyperalimentation

345
Q

Pellets or Implants about __mm in diameter and __ mm in length

A

3.2 mm, 8mm

346
Q

implanted under the skin (thigh or abdomen) with special injector or by surgical incision - used for potent hormones

A

pellets

347
Q

intended to bathe or wash wounds, surgical incisions, or body tissues

A

Irrigation Solutions

348
Q

This solution is employed topically to the bladder as a 0.25% solution for irrigation. It is administered to wash blood and surgical debris away while maintaining suitable conditions for the tissue

A

Acetic acid Irrigation, USP

349
Q

Employed as a topical antibacterial in the continuous irrigation of the bladder

A

Neomycin and Polymixin B Sulfate Solution for Irrigation, USP

350
Q
  • It is used topically as an irrigation and must be

labeled “not for injection”. The solution is sterile and pyrogen free.

A

Ringer’s Irrigation, USP

351
Q

This solution is employed topically to wash wounds and into body cavities where absorption into the blood is not likely. The solution also employed rectally as an enema for simple evacuation and also for colonic flush.

A

Sodium Chloride Irrigation, USP

352
Q

The label designations “for irrigation only”
and “not for injection” must appear prominently on the label. The water must not contain any antimicrobial or other added agent

A

Sterile Water for Irrigation, USP

353
Q

Solutions allowed to flow into the peritoneal cavity, are used to remove toxic substances normally excreted by the kidney

A

Peritoneal Dialysis

354
Q

▪ Is employed to remove toxins from the blood. In this method, the arterial blood is shunted through a polyethylene catheter through an artificial dialyzing membrane bathed in an electrolyte solution.

A

Hemodialysis

Pharmaceutics (3 decks)

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