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Studies of Religion 1 unit > Preliminary: Islam > Flashcards

Preliminary: Islam Flashcards

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1
Q

When and where did Islam begin?

A

Arabian Peninsula (largest peninsula in the world)
1400yrs ago.

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2
Q

Describe the land of pre islamic arabia.

A

desert land: extreme temps, lack of water, poor soils.
Land of scarcity, punished by elements.
Characterised by bitter tribal rivalries over water.
Nomadic tribes and settled communities.
Borders between states not clearly defined.

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3
Q

What were the main faiths in pre islamic arabia?

A

Judaism
Christianity
Zoroastrianism

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4
Q

What was pre islamic society called and what does it mean?

A

Jahiliya
Age of ignorance

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5
Q

What was the conditions for women in pre islamic arabia?

A
  • Treated differently under some traditions of various tribes.
  • Some tribes, women had low status because they weren’t able to participate in warfare.
  • Other tribes, women attained significant wealth.
    EG Khadijiah (muhammad’s first wife)
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6
Q

What was life like for a person living in pre islamic arabia?

A
  • Lived short and brutal lives in warring tribes.
  • Energy devoted to daily survival against the ruthless environment and other tribes.
  • Morality was dictated merely by necessity and obligations did not extend beyond one’s tribe.
  • Most important social network amongst people was their connection to their clan, family and tribe.
  • A person’s identity was based on membership to one of these groups.
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7
Q

What were the religious conditions of pre islamic arabia?

A
  • Kaaba was worshipped by certain tribes with a circling ritual, later done by muhammad’s followers.
  • Allah was the name of the moon god, many centuries before muhammad.
  • Polytheistic
  • Judaism, christianity, zoroastrianism.
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8
Q

What is Kaaba?

A

The black rock at mecca.

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9
Q

Who was muhammad?

A

The prophet and founder of islam.
Born in mecca.
By 630, he had unifies most of Arabia under a single religion.

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10
Q

What were the principal events of Muhammad’s life?

A

Childhood
Marriage
Revelations
Hijra
Final sermon

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11
Q

Describe the principle event in muhammad’s life: Childhood.

A
  • Was raised by his grandfather, then his uncle.
  • Poor but respectable family active in Meccan politics and trade.
  • His honesty and sincerity in his dealings with others earned him the name Al Amin, the trustworthy one.
  • Showed an untypical revulsion for the pagan rites of idolatry which were the focus of Mecca’s religious life at that time.
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12
Q

Describe the principle event in muhammad’s life: Marriage.

A
  • At 25 married Khadija, a wealthy Meccan widow.
  • She asked him to marry him.
  • Marriage lasted until she dies.
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13
Q

When did muhammad’s revelations begin?

A

610 CE.

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14
Q

Describe the principle event in muhammad’s life: Revelations.

A
  • Angel Jibril visited and called on him to recite in the name of God.
  • Further revelations followed, passing to mankind the word of God in the language of the Quran.
  • Muhammad only told those closest to him until 612 CE, when he announced his mission and preached the message of God.
  • The numbers of converts to Islam increased, accepting Muhammad as a prophet and the verses of the Quran as divine revelation.
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15
Q

Where did Muhammad receive his revelations?

A

He would retreat from the city to a cave (Hira cave), on the outskirts of Mecca.

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16
Q

What was Muhammad’s mission that he announced in 612 CE?

A

The urgent need to abandon paganism and idolatry and to replace the materialism and greed of the society with the God-given values of justice, charity and compassion.

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17
Q

Describe the principle event in muhammad’s life: Hijra.

A

Migration to Medina to escape persecution of those who rejected his message.

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18
Q

Describe the principle event in muhammad’s life: Final sermon.

A
  • Final pilgrimage to Mecca.
  • Before his death, he received a last series of message from Allah through Jibril.
  • The messages stressed that Allah’s message to humanity had been completed and the Quran was the final message of Allah. And the Quran is the message of Allah and if one acts according to its teachings, adherents will never go wrong.
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19
Q

What is the importance of the principal events of Muhammad’s life?

A

Muslims look to the principal events for inspiration and a guide for living.

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20
Q

What makes Islam an attractive religion?

A
  • Simplicity, power, coherence of basic message (shahada)
  • Teachings are easy to understand and devotional exercises are simple to perform.
  • Concepts of brotherhood and equality among all the races and classes of the faithful were very enticing.
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21
Q

What does caliph mean?

A

Successor
The people that took on the role of supreme spiritual and political leader of the Muslim empire.

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22
Q

What was the role of a caliph?

A

Under the leadership of the calips, Islamic armies proved successful so Islam expanded out of the Arabian peninsula.

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23
Q

Who were the Caliphs?

A
  • The first four leaders of Islam that succeeded Muhammad.
  • They serves as Muhammad’s advisors during early Islam.
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24
Q

Why were the caliphs called rightly guided?

A

Because each learned about Islam directly from Muhammad.

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25
Q

Who was the first caliph and what years was his reign?

A

Abu Bakr
632-634

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26
Q

Who was the second caliph and what years was his reign?

A

Umar
634-644

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27
Q

Who was the third caliph and what years was his reign?

A

Uthman
644-656

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28
Q

Who was the fourth caliph and what years was his reign?

A

Ali
656-661

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29
Q

Who was Abu Bakr to Muhammad?

A

Muhammad’s close friend and father in law.

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30
Q

How was Abu bakr elected and why were some still unhappy?

A
  • Elected in a democratic process.
  • Some unhappy with the outcome as they hoped Muhammad’s cousin and son in law, Ali, would lead because they wanted someone with Muhammad’s actual bloodline.
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31
Q

What was another name for Abu Bakr?

A

The truthful.

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32
Q

What did Abu Bakr focus on?

A

Establishing the unity of the Muslim community and consolidating the territories under Islamic rule.

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33
Q

What did Abu Bakr do?

A
  • Sent an expedition to Syria which had been planned by Muhammad.
  • Defended Madinah from tribes who recanted their Muslim faith after Muhammad died.
  • Brought all of central Arabia under Muslim control and was successful in spreading Islam further through conquest.
  • Compiled prophet;s saying into the Quran.
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34
Q

Where did Islam expand to under the reign of Umar?

A

Middle East and sassinands of Iraq.
Palestine, Syria, Egypt and North Africa.

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35
Q

What did Umar do?

A
  • Organised famine relief in 639CE.
  • Made military expansion more efficient. These changes increasingly centred power in the office of the caliph.
  • Introduced social welfare programs: pensions, public granaries, system of stipends for poor and needy.
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36
Q

What did Umar focus on?

A

Expanding Islamic empire through military conquest and establishing effective governance.

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37
Q

How did Umar die?

A

Assassination.

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38
Q

How was Uthman related to Muhammad?

A

Muhammad’s son-in-law.

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39
Q

Where did empire expand under Uthman’s rule?

A

Libya, parts of Eastern Europe.

40
Q

Why was Uthman assassinated?

A

His policies favoured his own clan, leading to dissatisfaction among muslim community.
He faced opposition and criticism, leading to his assassination.

41
Q

What did Uthman do?

A

Initiated the compilation of the Quran into a unified manuscript and sent copies yo regions of the Islamic empire.

42
Q

What happened after Uthman’s assassination?

A

His assassination sparked a period of civil unrest and marked the beginning of the first Fitnah.

43
Q

What was the first fitnah?

A

A significant schism within the Muslim community.

44
Q

How was Ali related to Muhammad?

A

Muhammad’s cousin and son in law.

45
Q

What was Ali known as in the community?

A

Known as a wise leader who wrote many speeches and proverbs.

46
Q

Why was Ali not suited to caliph at that time?

A

There was already division in the country and Ali’s character/personality did not help.

47
Q

Why was Ali assassinated?

A

He had refused to punish those responsible for Uthman’s death.
Dissent arose among a group who assassinated him.

48
Q

What was the name of the group that assassinated Ali and what did they believe?

A

Kharijite
Believed strongly in the need to elect caliphs and that id the caliph failed to adhere to the true tenets of Islam he could then be deposed by the community.

49
Q

What was the Battle of Camel?

A
  • A result of the sunni and shia division.
  • A conflict between the supporters of Ali and those opposing him, including Aisha, muhammad’s wife.
  • Not directly about the sunni-shia divide but seen as a consequence between the historical tensions between the two groups.
  • Deepened divisions within the early Muslim community and contributed to the later development of distinct sunni and shia branches of Islam.
50
Q

What caused the emergence of the sunni and shia?

A

under Ali’s rule, a major split in the Islamic world occurred.
The sunnis: the muslim majority who accepted the method of election of the 4 rightly guided caliphs.
Shia: Ali should have been the first caliph, only followed the caliph Ali.

51
Q

What did the Shias believe?

A
  • Leadership is only hereditary
  • Imam was divinely guided and sinless with unlimited power
52
Q

What did the sunnis believe?

A
  • Whoever was most qualified could be leader
  • Authority from the collective judgement of the ulema
  • The caliph function was administrative and political
  • Imam is the leader of a mosque
53
Q

What percentage of muslims are sunni?

A

85-90%

54
Q

What percentage of muslims are Shia?

A

10-15%

55
Q

What are the principal beliefs of Islam?

A
  1. Allah as the one true God
  2. Angels as the instruments of Allah’s will
  3. The books of Allah
  4. Prophets
  5. Last Judgement
  6. Life after death
  7. The supremacy of Allah’s will.
56
Q

What is the importance of the 7 articles of faith?

A

Acceptance of the faith wipes out all past sins, but one must observe the 5 pillars of Islam.

57
Q

What are the articles of faith (Aqida)?

A
  1. tawhid
  2. Angels
  3. Books of Allah
  4. Rusul
  5. Akhira
  6. Fate/predestination
58
Q

What is Tawhid?

A

First article of faith.
- Emphatic monotheism: Shahada
- Most basic belief to Islam- belief in the oneness of God.
- Dismiss all other Deities as mere fabrications and empty illusions in the face of the one true God.
- The eternal and all powerful creator, there is no other being the same.
- Allah is absolute unity, all seeing, all hearing, all knowing.
- As the Lord of all worlds, he is unchanging, invisible and present in all places at all times.

59
Q

What is Shahada?

A

” There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.”

60
Q

What is Angels?

A

The second article of faith. (Malaika)
- Quran given to Muhammad by Archangel Jibril speaking on behalf of Allah.
- Islam affirms the existence of spiritual beings, intermediate between humanity and Allah, who carry out Allah’s will in the world.
- The fallen angel, Satan
- Angels help muslims in battle, protect the gates of heaven and hell, keep record of people’s thought and actions for reference on Judgement day.

61
Q

What is Books of Allah?

A

The third Article of faith.
- The written revelation of God’s intentions.
- 4 most important: torah of moses, psalms of david, gospels of jesus, quran.
- Believe that other books had much in common with Islam but over time the original teachings became distorted or lost.
- Quran is most complete and most true book.

62
Q

What is Rusul?

A

The fourth article of faith.
- The messengers or prophets of God.
- Islam progressively revealed by God to humankind through a series of prophets who have spoken on behalf of God.
- Earlier revelations were corrupted by evil influences, so they are not reliable. - only partial, falsified, distorted.
- Mos important are those who introduced new teachings.
- To rectify errors, God dent Quran to muhammad, who received it fully, purely and correctly.

63
Q

What is Akhira?

A

The fifth article of faith.
- The afterlife.
- A record of thoughts and actions will be examines and a person consigned appropriately to heaven of hell.
- Heaven: for those who believe in the revelation of the prophet. Perpetual luxury, complete physical comfort, abundance of food and water.
- Hell: for unbelievers and gross sinners.

64
Q

What is fate/predestination?

A

The sixth article of faith.
- Allah will pass sentence on each person.
- Nothing can occur without the knowledge of Allah and nothing is outside his control.
- Some people are predestined or fated to go to heaven or hell.
- Omniscience of Allah.

65
Q

What is the Quran?

A
  • The direct, authentic words of Allah.
  • The sacred text of Islam.
  • The divine revelations received by Muhammad from Jibril.
66
Q

How long was the Quran received over?

A

23 year period.

67
Q

How many chapters of the Quran are there?

A

114 Surah.

68
Q

What does the Quran contain?

A
  • Contains Islamic belief, ethics, law and ritual.
  • Discusses Allah and all human existence: doctrine, social organisation and laws.
  • Guidance for Islam.
69
Q

What is the Hadith?

A

The collected traditions of Muhammad, based on his sayings, approvals and actions.
- secondary to the Quran.
- Collected by prophet’s companions after his death.

70
Q

What is the Hadith used for?

A

Source of religious law and moral guidance.

71
Q

What does the Hadith contain?

A

Sayings of prophets, actions and approvals.

72
Q

What is the sunnah?

A

The chapters of the Hadith.
- Sayings and way of the prophet Muhammad.
- A source of knowledge and used in Islamic law.

73
Q

What is Fiqh?

A

Islamic Jurisprudence
- The process which jurists derive set guidelines, rules and regulations from principles of the Quran and sunnah.

74
Q

What is Shariah law, what is it based on and what is it used for?

A
  • Legal rules and ethical principles.
  • Based on teachings of the Quran.
  • regulate all aspects of muslim life:
    performance of ritual, personal morality, hygiene, etiquette, family and inheritance laws, social and political order.
75
Q

What are the main sources of Shariah Law, in order of use?

A
  1. Quran
  2. Sunnah/Hadith
  3. ljma
  4. Qiyas
76
Q

How is the Quran a source of Shariah law?

A
  • All sources of Islamic law must be in essential agreement with the Quran.
  • When the Quran doesn’t speak directly/in detail on a certain subject, only then muslims turn to alternative sources of law.
77
Q

How is the Sunnah/Hadith a source of Shariah law?

A
  • Details passed on and recorded to be referred to in future legal rulings.
  • Many issues concerning personal conduct, community and family relations and political matters were addressed during the time of the prophet and decided by him. This was recorded in the Hadith.
78
Q

How is the Ijma a source of Shariah law?

A
  • Consensus of religious and legal scholars within the community is sought.
  • The prophet once said that his community would never agree on an error.
79
Q

What is Ijma?

A

Consensus among religious leaders.

80
Q

How is Qiyas a source of Shariah law?

A
  • Cases where something needs a legal ruling but not clearly addressed in other sources.
  • Judges use analogy, reasoning and legal precedent to decide new case law.
  • General principle can be applied to new situations.
81
Q

What is Qiyas?

A

Comparison with teachings of the Quran or Hadith.

82
Q

What is Halal and give examples?

A

Actions permitted according to Islamic law.
EG Meat: chicken, lamb, beef, goat.
Other: seafood, legumes, nuts, eggs

83
Q

What is Haram and give examples?

A

Actions that are prohibited according to Islamic law.
EG Meat: pork, bacon, blood.
Other: Cursing, murder, alcohol, disrespecting parents.

84
Q

What are the 5 pillars of Islam in order (english)?

A
  1. Creed, declaration of faith
  2. Prayer
  3. Almsgiving
  4. Fasting
  5. Pilgrimage
85
Q

What are the 5 pillars of Islam in order (Araibic)?

A
  1. Shahadah
  2. Salah
  3. Zakat
  4. Sawn
  5. Hajj
86
Q

Describe the pillar of Islam: Creed, declaration of faith/Shahadah.

A

To believe that there is no other God except Allah and that the Prophet Muhammad is His messenger.

87
Q

Describe the pillar of Islam: Prayer/Salah.

A

Prayer performed five times each day:
- Fajr: Dawn
- Zurh: Early afternoon
- Asr: Late afternoon
- Maghrib: After sunset
- Isha: Night

88
Q

Describe the pillar of Islam: Almsgiving/Zakat.

A

To give a share of your personal wealth to help people in need and support the Muslim community.
2.5% of your saving a year to the poor.

89
Q

Describe the pillar of Islam: Fasting/Sawn.

A

To give up food and drink during the daylight hours in the month of Ramadan.
It helps Muslims to overcome selfishness, greed and laziness and to also please God and become closer to him.

90
Q

Describe the pillar of Islam: Pilgrimage/Hajj.

A

It is obligatory for all Muslims who are rich and healthy enough to make the journey to Mecca. The pilgrimage consists of visiting a number of sacred places, circling the Kaaba and being present in the plains of MT Arafat at a specific time in the lunar year.
Muslims must take the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life.

91
Q

What is the importance of shahada to the adherent?

A

Freedom from fear and incentive based earthly masters.

92
Q

What is the importance of Salah to the adherent?

A

Muslims believe that God had commanded them to practice Salah.
Salat enables a person to detach from daily affairs and to remember and connect with God on a daily basis.

93
Q

What is the importance of Zakat to the adherent?

A

This is an act of generosity and kindness. It is important to Muslims to support their community.
This means that there is no attachment to possessions and wealth.

94
Q

What is the importance of Sawn to the adherent?

A

Fasting is seen to be the best form of true thanksgiving: it helps one to know that all sustenance comes directly from God, to acknowledge the value of what is being fasted from and to understand one’s need and dependence on that sustenance.

95
Q

What is the importance of Hajj to the adherent?

A

Removal of racism and tribal attitude to religion.
Everybody is equal.

Studies of Religion 1 unit (6 decks)

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