Preliminaries Flashcards
Refers to biological differences that distinguishes humans and other animals into 2 main categories: male and female
Sex
Encompasses all the social, cultural, psychological characteristics that a culture assigns to males and females
Gender
Defined as culturally assigned tasks and activities to sexes
Gender Role
Propagates the worldview that heterosexuality is the norm
Heteronormative Society
Refers to a category that groups people with the similar economic, social, cultural, and political status
Socioeconomic Class
In this status the basis of ranking people only include income in the family
Economic Status
Jobs that are viewed to be prestigious and are attained with degrees or more
White-collar Jobs
These jobs are socially stigmatized and invites disapproval from societal members
Blue-collar Jobs
Determines once social class and status in their society where higher class have more job opportunities than lower class
Indian Caste System
The Priest
Brahmins
King, Ruler, Warriors
Kshatriyas
Merchants, Craftsmen, and Skilled Workers
Vaisyas
Unskilled workers, and Servants
Sudra
Untouchables, Outcasts
Dalits
Highest socioeconomic class during the Spanish colonial era
Peninsulares
Pure Spanish Blood born in the Philippines
Insulares
Filipinos who studied abroad
Ilustrados
Fourth in the hierarchy during the Spanish Era
Mestizos
Native Filipinos born and raised in the Philippines
Indios
Wealthy industrialists, Owners of haciendas, etc.
Upper Class
Professional, Skilled and Semi-skilled, Workers in Offices, Factories or Farms
Middle Class
Laborers, and Unskilled Workers
Lower Class
Class that owns the “means of production”
Bourgeois
They don’t own any means of production and must work to survive
Proletariats
Refers to financial resources that an individual possesses
Economic Capital
Collection or a network of an individual’s social relations with people that may be of help in the future
Social Capital
Combination of knowledge, behaviors, and skills that an individual has acquired to demonstrate once cultural competence and in turn, determine one’s social status in society
Cultural Capital
American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist known for her theory on moral development and gender
Carol Gilligan
Specific group of people having certain similar characteristics and a distinct cultural identity
Ethnic Group
Used to denote the shared culture of ethnic groups.
Ethnicity
Socially constructed category attributed to people who share the same biological traits or attributes
Race
Set of beliefs and ritual practices related to symbols considered as sacred
Religion
The belief that spiritual forces reside in natural elements of the physical world
Animism
Collective groups of people who are singled out, distinguished, and treated as subordinates or inferior by the dominant or majority group
Minority Group
Prohibits discrimination against race, ethnicities, and religious affiliations
Anti Ethnic or Racial Profiling and Discrimination Act of 2011
Brazilian labor activist and conservationist known for establishing unions against deforestation and believed that preserving forest reserves will help peasants and indigenous communities
Francisco Alves Mendez Jr. or Chico Mendez
Refers to a condition wherein loss of physical functioning, impairments in intellectual, social, and mental processes hinder normal growth and development of an individual
Disability
Concept that describes how an individual’s specific abilities and functioning
Exceptionality
Oversimplified assumptions formed to describe a group having the same label
Stereotypes
Retired famous wheelchair tennis player from Netherlands
Esther Vergeer
Simply defined as a person’s belonging to a specific nation or nationstate
Nationality
Determined by the parent’s nationality, implemented in the Philippines
Jus Sanguinis (Right of Blood)
One’s nationality is determined by the territory or land in which the child is born, implemented in the USA
Jus Soli (Right of Soil)
Legal process of acquiring citizenship and nationality from a different state
Naturalization
This concept allows a person to assume the host nation’s nationality in order to afford the same protection being given to original national
Political Asylum
Theoretical Physicist who was known for his development of the theory of relativity
Albert Einstein
Defined by the categories we possess, assigned to us by society at large
Sociality
Defined as the customary beliefs, social forms, and traits that defines a specific racial, religious or social group
Culture
Latin Word “Socius” meaning comrade, companion or friend
Society
A group of individuals involved in social interaction or sharing the same geographical or social territory
Society
From the Greek word “Politika” meaning affairs of the cities where achieving and exercising positions for governance over a community is evident
Politics
Created and have been used to have a firm grip of phenomenon
Concepts
Allows us to form other concepts or relate it to each other or even deconstruct old ones and replace with new
Concept as Conceptual Tools
Allow the discovery of new aspects of a phenomenon and can be conceived as a “means” rather than an “end”
Concept as heuristic tools
A person’s standards of behavior and are considered judgement of what is important in life. Also a criteria people use in their lives
Values
Something one accepts as true or real, form firmly held opinion or conviction regardless of the lack of verifiable evidence
Beliefs
Forces on the ubiquity of social forces in unlikely forms: sex, gender, religion, and the like. “Study of human social life, groups and society”
Sociology
Represents a constellation of unseen yet powerful forces influencing the behavior of individuals and institutions
Social Forces
Person’s specific economic and political location
Social Map
Father of Sociology and believed that society operates according to certain laws
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Likened society to an organism with a life and vitality of its own; “Survival of the Fittest”
Herbert Spencer (1820 -1903)
“Niche Problematique”
Emile Durkheim (1858 -1917)
Has distinctive characteristics and determinants which are capable of holding an external constraints on the individual
Social Fact
“The Communist Manifesto”; Reiterated that political revolution was vital in the evolutionary process of society
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)
“The most important proponent of interpretative sociology” Believed that a “sympathetic” understanding was essential to the understanding of the behaviors of others
Max Webber (1864 - 1920)
Governed by the meaning shared and co-created by social actors in every interaction or encounter
Social Interactionism
Suggests that humans tend to live or do certain things on the basis of other people’s thinking
Symbolic Interactionism
Greek word “Anthropos and Logos” which studies humans and the respective cultures they belong, considered the father or grandfather of all social sciences and behavioral sciences
Anthropology
“Father of American Anthropology” believed that the same method could be applied in measuring culture and human behavior including their uniqueness of their culture
Franz Boas
Indigenous rights like traditional cultural preservation and ancestral domain of the American tribes
Alfred Kroeber and William Henry
Focuses on human diversity around the world
Social Science
Refers to gaps between people as measured by the presence or absence of certain socially desires
Social Diversity
The division of society
Caste System
Gives emphasis to birth as well as wealth and possessions
Estate
Economic basis wherein the master shows power over a slave
Slavery
Systematic study of government and politics
Political Science
Ability to influence others giving the authority to lead
Power
Attained through obedience on rules set by leaders
Order
Feltin a society with order
Justice
Carries out the laws but cannot make laws to make themselves powerful
Executive Branch
Part that makes laws
Legislative Branch
Responsible for making sure that criminals are punished
Judicial Branch
Founder of modern political philosophy
Thomas Hobbes
Father of Liberalism
John Locke
Made the three branches of the government
Baron De Montesquieu
