Pre-Finals Flashcards
Process of developing physical and biological change in a species over a period of time
Evolution
Proposed that the current human race spurred from a line of primates that evolved through “survival of the fittest”
Theory of Evolution
Who made the “Theory of Evolution?”
Charles Darwin
Developed Bipedalism, 35% larger brain size but has smaller teeth with a diet including various plants and meat
Homo Habilis
One of the earliest species of Homo
Homo Habilis
Earlier classification of hominins
Australopithecines
Given the nickname “Handy man” as it was believed to be the first users of stone tools
Homo Habilis
Further enhanced bipedal activities with strong back muscles, elongated brain case and an increased consumption of meat
Homo Erectus
Believed to have lived in Africa and parts of Europe or Asia, nicknamed as the “Upright Man” and learned to control fire
Homo Erectus
Brain capacity of 82 cubic inches and has the ability to construct tools for survival and able to communicate symbolically
Homo Sapiens
Species where all present human belong and given the nickname “The Wise Man”
Homo Sapiens
Who coined Homo Sapiens from extensive studies on taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
Remains of earlier species in a hardened rock
Fossils
Only source of knowledge in understanding the lifestyle and developments occured in each transitional stage of human evolution
Artefactual Evidence
English biologist, naturalist, and geologist known for his contribution to the study of evolution
Charles Darwin
Book of Charles Darwin after his voyage
On the Origin of Species
Learned behavior passed on from one generation to another
Cultural Evolution
Earliest stone tools by Homo Habilis, Development of Acheulian Tools, Use of flakes and stones
Lower Paleolithic
More stone tools wherein Homo Neanderthalensis were prominent users, characterized by Mousterian tools for their sharp edges
Middle Paleolithic
Tools decorated including blades, harpoons, spearheads, and punch blade technique, associated with emergence of Cro-Magnon Homo Sapiens
Upper Paleolithic
Smaller finer tools used, blade are incorporated in wood or bone, trading between groups are evident
Mesolithic
Characterized by domestication of crops, cemented trading practices, hunting-gathering practices
Neolithic
Place where all members of the group gather and share resources
Camp
English sociologist, philosopher, anthropologist who suggested a more sociocultural view of human evolution
Herbert Spencer
Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
Socialization
People learn requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and others necessary in that culture
Enculturation
He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition
George Herbert Mead
Development of an individual’s distinct personality, regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life
Identity Formation
Sum of being’s knowledge and understanding of his/herself
Self Concept
One’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture
Cultural Identity
Identification with a certain ethnicity, basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry
Ethnic Identity
Ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into a nation
National Identity
Set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals
Religious Identity
Rule that guides the behavior of members of a society or group
Norms
Things that exist in society independent of individuals and that shape our thoughts and behavior
Social Facts
Refers to that which conforms to norms
Normal
Refers to what we perceive as normal, what we should think as normal, and beliefs are expressed as directives or value of judgement
Normative
Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, serve as broad guidelines for social living
Values
Important concepts in socialization because the behavior of young members of society are controlled by assigning them certain status which they will enact
Status and Roles
Social position receives ar birth or takes on involuntarily later in life
Ascribed Status
Social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and effort
Achieved Status
Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses
Role Strain
Arises when conflicting expectations are built into a single status
Role Strain
It occurs when conflicting expectations arise from two or more statuses that an individual occupies
Role Conflict
First articulated the idea of impression management
Erving Goffman
Through impression management has bearing on the formation of a person’s self-identity
Role Manipulation
Concept to be taken very seriously, has the power and influence to create favorable public opinion of a person
Impression Management
The target of perception matches his or her behavior to that of the perceiver
Behavioral Matching
Target tries to present herself or himself in as positive as possible
Self-Promotion
Target follows agreed upon rules for behavior in the organization
Conforming to Situational Norms
Target compliments the perceiver and this works best when flattery is not extreme involving a dimension important to the perceiver
Appreciating or Flattering Other
Target’s beliefs and behaviors are consistent, agreement between the target’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors
Being Consistent
Violation of social norms
Deviance
Scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity
Range of Tolerance
Involves behavior that overconforms to social expectation. Leads to imbalance and perfectionism
Overconformity “Positive Deviance”
Involves behavior that under-conforms to social expectations people either reject, misinterpret, or are unaware of the norms
Underconformity “Negative Deviance”
Lies within the individual and is developed during the socialization process
Internal Control
Based on social sanctions and is designed to encourage desired behavior
External Control
Designed to maintain order, stability, and predictability in social life
Criminal Justice System
Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means
Strain Theories
Individual accepts goals of success but uses illegal means
Innovation
Individual rejects goal of success but continues to “go through the motions” without believing in the process
Ritualism
Individual rejects both legitimate means and approved goals
Retreatism
Individual rejects both success and the approved means for achieving it, substitutes their own goal and means to achieve it
Rebellion
Compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society
Control theory
Individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Differential Association
Depending on whom an individual associates with, norm-violating behavior may be either positively rewarded or sanctioned
Differential Reinforcement
Society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant
Labeling Theory
Deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that are not a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept
Primary Deviance
Deviance in which and individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms
Secondary Deviance
View of deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups
Conflict Theory of Deviance
Distributed on basis of age, race, sex, religion, etc. Power plays a role in creating and enforcing rules of society
Power and Deviance
Any act that violates a criminal law
Crime
Crime against people
Violent Offenses
Crime against property
Nonviolent Offenses
Crime committed by high status people in their occupations
White Collar Crime
Illegal drug use, gambling, prostitution types of crime
Public Order “Victimless” Crimes
Discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment
Deterrence
Process of changing or reforming a crime through resocialization
Rehabilitation
Punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts
Retribution
Repeated offenses by those who have already been convicted of crimes
Recidivism
Shock violators into realizing prison realities
Short Prison Time + Probation
Take violators out of prison and into the community to readjust them to life outside
Community Programs
Keeping violators out of prison so that they don’t learn prison norms
Referral to Community Centers
