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UCSP 1st to 2nd Semester > Pre-Finals > Flashcards

Pre-Finals Flashcards

1
Q

Process of developing physical and biological change in a species over a period of time

A

Evolution

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2
Q

Proposed that the current human race spurred from a line of primates that evolved through “survival of the fittest”

A

Theory of Evolution

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3
Q

Who made the “Theory of Evolution?”

A

Charles Darwin

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4
Q

Developed Bipedalism, 35% larger brain size but has smaller teeth with a diet including various plants and meat

A

Homo Habilis

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5
Q

One of the earliest species of Homo

A

Homo Habilis

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6
Q

Earlier classification of hominins

A

Australopithecines

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7
Q

Given the nickname “Handy man” as it was believed to be the first users of stone tools

A

Homo Habilis

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8
Q

Further enhanced bipedal activities with strong back muscles, elongated brain case and an increased consumption of meat

A

Homo Erectus

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9
Q

Believed to have lived in Africa and parts of Europe or Asia, nicknamed as the “Upright Man” and learned to control fire

A

Homo Erectus

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10
Q

Brain capacity of 82 cubic inches and has the ability to construct tools for survival and able to communicate symbolically

A

Homo Sapiens

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11
Q

Species where all present human belong and given the nickname “The Wise Man”

A

Homo Sapiens

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12
Q

Who coined Homo Sapiens from extensive studies on taxonomy?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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13
Q

Remains of earlier species in a hardened rock

A

Fossils

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14
Q

Only source of knowledge in understanding the lifestyle and developments occured in each transitional stage of human evolution

A

Artefactual Evidence

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15
Q

English biologist, naturalist, and geologist known for his contribution to the study of evolution

A

Charles Darwin

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16
Q

Book of Charles Darwin after his voyage

A

On the Origin of Species

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17
Q

Learned behavior passed on from one generation to another

A

Cultural Evolution

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18
Q

Earliest stone tools by Homo Habilis, Development of Acheulian Tools, Use of flakes and stones

A

Lower Paleolithic

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19
Q

More stone tools wherein Homo Neanderthalensis were prominent users, characterized by Mousterian tools for their sharp edges

A

Middle Paleolithic

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20
Q

Tools decorated including blades, harpoons, spearheads, and punch blade technique, associated with emergence of Cro-Magnon Homo Sapiens

A

Upper Paleolithic

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21
Q

Smaller finer tools used, blade are incorporated in wood or bone, trading between groups are evident

A

Mesolithic

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22
Q

Characterized by domestication of crops, cemented trading practices, hunting-gathering practices

A

Neolithic

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23
Q

Place where all members of the group gather and share resources

A

Camp

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24
Q

English sociologist, philosopher, anthropologist who suggested a more sociocultural view of human evolution

A

Herbert Spencer

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25
Q

Lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

A

Socialization

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26
Q

People learn requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire values and others necessary in that culture

A

Enculturation

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27
Q

He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and of what has come to be referred to as the Chicago sociological tradition

A

George Herbert Mead

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28
Q

Development of an individual’s distinct personality, regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life

A

Identity Formation

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29
Q

Sum of being’s knowledge and understanding of his/herself

A

Self Concept

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30
Q

One’s feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture

A

Cultural Identity

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31
Q

Identification with a certain ethnicity, basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry

A

Ethnic Identity

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32
Q

Ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans divided into a nation

A

National Identity

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33
Q

Set of beliefs and practices generally held by an individual involving adherence to codified beliefs and rituals

A

Religious Identity

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34
Q

Rule that guides the behavior of members of a society or group

A

Norms

35
Q

Things that exist in society independent of individuals and that shape our thoughts and behavior

A

Social Facts

36
Q

Refers to that which conforms to norms

A

Normal

37
Q

Refers to what we perceive as normal, what we should think as normal, and beliefs are expressed as directives or value of judgement

A

Normative

38
Q

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, serve as broad guidelines for social living

A

Values

39
Q

Important concepts in socialization because the behavior of young members of society are controlled by assigning them certain status which they will enact

A

Status and Roles

40
Q

Social position receives ar birth or takes on involuntarily later in life

A

Ascribed Status

41
Q

Social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal identity and effort

A

Achieved Status

42
Q

Conflict among roles connected to two or more statuses

A

Role Strain

43
Q

Arises when conflicting expectations are built into a single status

A

Role Strain

44
Q

It occurs when conflicting expectations arise from two or more statuses that an individual occupies

A

Role Conflict

45
Q

First articulated the idea of impression management

A

Erving Goffman

46
Q

Through impression management has bearing on the formation of a person’s self-identity

A

Role Manipulation

47
Q

Concept to be taken very seriously, has the power and influence to create favorable public opinion of a person

A

Impression Management

48
Q

The target of perception matches his or her behavior to that of the perceiver

A

Behavioral Matching

49
Q

Target tries to present herself or himself in as positive as possible

A

Self-Promotion

50
Q

Target follows agreed upon rules for behavior in the organization

A

Conforming to Situational Norms

51
Q

Target compliments the perceiver and this works best when flattery is not extreme involving a dimension important to the perceiver

A

Appreciating or Flattering Other

52
Q

Target’s beliefs and behaviors are consistent, agreement between the target’s verbal and nonverbal behaviors

A

Being Consistent

53
Q

Violation of social norms

A

Deviance

54
Q

Scope of behaviors considered acceptable and defined as conformity

A

Range of Tolerance

55
Q

Involves behavior that overconforms to social expectation. Leads to imbalance and perfectionism

A

Overconformity “Positive Deviance”

56
Q

Involves behavior that under-conforms to social expectations people either reject, misinterpret, or are unaware of the norms

A

Underconformity “Negative Deviance”

57
Q

Lies within the individual and is developed during the socialization process

A

Internal Control

58
Q

Based on social sanctions and is designed to encourage desired behavior

A

External Control

59
Q

Designed to maintain order, stability, and predictability in social life

A

Criminal Justice System

60
Q

Deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means

A

Strain Theories

61
Q

Individual accepts goals of success but uses illegal means

A

Innovation

62
Q

Individual rejects goal of success but continues to “go through the motions” without believing in the process

A

Ritualism

63
Q

Individual rejects both legitimate means and approved goals

A

Retreatism

64
Q

Individual rejects both success and the approved means for achieving it, substitutes their own goal and means to achieve it

A

Rebellion

65
Q

Compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society

A

Control theory

66
Q

Individuals learn deviance in proportion to the number of deviant acts they are exposed to

A

Differential Association

67
Q

Depending on whom an individual associates with, norm-violating behavior may be either positively rewarded or sanctioned

A

Differential Reinforcement

68
Q

Society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant

A

Labeling Theory

69
Q

Deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that are not a part of a person’s lifestyle or self-concept

A

Primary Deviance

70
Q

Deviance in which and individual’s life and identity are organized around breaking society’s norms

A

Secondary Deviance

71
Q

View of deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups

A

Conflict Theory of Deviance

72
Q

Distributed on basis of age, race, sex, religion, etc. Power plays a role in creating and enforcing rules of society

A

Power and Deviance

73
Q

Any act that violates a criminal law

A

Crime

74
Q

Crime against people

A

Violent Offenses

75
Q

Crime against property

A

Nonviolent Offenses

76
Q

Crime committed by high status people in their occupations

A

White Collar Crime

77
Q

Illegal drug use, gambling, prostitution types of crime

A

Public Order “Victimless” Crimes

78
Q

Discouraging criminal acts by threatening punishment

A

Deterrence

79
Q

Process of changing or reforming a crime through resocialization

A

Rehabilitation

80
Q

Punishment intended to make criminals pay compensation for their acts

A

Retribution

81
Q

Repeated offenses by those who have already been convicted of crimes

A

Recidivism

82
Q

Shock violators into realizing prison realities

A

Short Prison Time + Probation

83
Q

Take violators out of prison and into the community to readjust them to life outside

A

Community Programs

84
Q

Keeping violators out of prison so that they don’t learn prison norms

A

Referral to Community Centers

UCSP 1st to 2nd Semester (4 decks)

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