Prelim | Universal Precaution Flashcards
1
Q
Organisms that cause diseases
A
PATHOGENS
2
Q
Primary protection against pathogens
A
Skin
3
Q
Different types of diseases that we encounter every day are being classified as
A
- Endogenous
- Exogenous
- Opportunistic
- Nosocomial
4
Q
These are diseases that originate within the person.
A
Endogenous
5
Q
Pathogenic agents actually entered a person’s body
A
Exogenous
6
Q
Feeds on weakness of body
A
Opportunistic
7
Q
Pathogen that takes advantage of patient condition and weakness.
A
Opportunistic
8
Q
Infection that is acquired during medical care.
A
Nosocomial
9
Q
Nosocomial diseases mostly affects the —.
A
healthcare workers
10
Q
Diseases like metabolic disorder, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and cancers
A
Endogenous
11
Q
Ex: trauma, patient exposed in radiation, electric shock, and extreme temperature.
A
Exogenous
12
Q
Nosocomial infections
A
- Community-acquired infection
- Exogenous nosocomial infection
- Endogenous nosocomial infection
- Iatrogenic infection
13
Q
Patient who enters a healthcare facility with an infection.
A
Community-acquired infection
14
Q
Caused by microorganisms that is not normal in the body.
A
Exogenous nosocomial infection
15
Q
This is due to an overgrowth of normal flora/ normal microorganisms residing in our body.
A
Endogenous nosocomial infection
16
Q
Disease could arise if there is alteration in placement of normal flora into another body cavity.
A
Endogenous nosocomial infection
17
Q
They are more susceptible to endogenous nosocomial infections
A
Pregnant women
18
Q
Infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure.
A
Iatrogenic infection
19
Q
No. 1 cause of iatrogenic infection
A
Insertion of catheter
20
Q
Endogenous nosocomial infection is due to an overgrowth of — residing in our body.
A
normal flora/ normal microorganisms
21
Q
Ex. Covid
A
Community-acquired infection
22
Q
Ex. unclean air
contaminated food, equipment and co-workers, etc. in the hospital
A
Exogenous nosocomial infection
23
Q
Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections
A
- Environment
- Therapeutic regimen
- Equipment
- Contamination during medical procedures
24
Q
Environment
(1) contaminated with infectious agents;
other (2) who have infectious diseases;
(3);
contaminated (4), contaminated (5);
(6)
A
- Air
- patients
- visitors
- food
- instruments
- hospital personnel
25
Therapeutic regimen
(1) and (2) used to treat malignant or chronic diseases, which decrease the patient's resistance to infection;
(3), which may alter the normal flora of the body and encourage growth of resistant strains of microbes sometimes called (4)
1. Immunosuppressive
2. cytotoxic drugs
3. antimicrobial therapy
4. hospital bacteria
26
Equipment
Instruments such as catheters, (1), (2), (3), and (4) that have not been adequately cleaned and sterilized
1. intravenous tubing
2. cannulas
3. respiratory therapy equipment
4. gastrointestinal tubes
27
Contamination during medical procedures
Microbes transmitted during (1), catheter insertion, or any (2) procedure may introduce infective organisms if correct technique is not used
1. dressing changes
2. invasive
28
Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection
1. Age
2. Heredity
3. Nutritional status
4. Stress
5. Inadequate rest and exercise
6. Personal habits
7. Health history
8. Inadequate defenses
SPIN HI HA
29
Age
The (1) have immature immune systems and are more susceptible to nosocomial infections. Also, as one ages, the (2) becomes less efficient and organ function (3), making infections more difficult to resist
1. very young
2. immune system
3. declines
30
Heredity
(1) and (2) factors passed on from birth make individuals more or less resistant to disease
1. Congenital
2. genetic
31
Nutritional status
Inadequate (1), (2), or (3) as a result of illness render one increasingly susceptible to nosocomial infections.
1. nutritional intake
2. obesity
3. malnourishment
32
Stress
(1) or other stress factors increase potential for infection as levels of (2) in the body increase related to constant (3).
1. Work-related
2. cortisone
3. tension
33
Inadequate rest and exercise
Efficient (1) and (2) decline as a result of inadequate rest or exercise
1. elimination
2. circulation
34
Personal habits
(1) , excessive use of (2), and/or dangerous (3) practices contribute to lowering the body's defenses against nosocomial infections.
1. Smoking
2. drugs and alcohol
3. sexual
35
Health history
Persons with a history of poor health such as (1), (2), or (3), or children who have not been (4) against diseases of childhood are at increased risk for acquiring a nosocomial infection.
1. diabetes
2. heart disease
3. chronic lung disease
4. immunized
36
Inadequate defenses
Broken (1); (2) or trauma; or (3) persons related to a medical regimen are at increased risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection.
1. skin
2. burns
3. immunocompromised
37
Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections
ex. Patients undergoing dialysis
Therapeutic regimen
38
Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections
ex. Introduction of CM
Contamination during medical procedures
39
Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection
Age groups susceptible to nosocomial infections
Geriatric and pediatric
40
Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection
ex. Needle pricks
Inadequate defenses
41
Microorganisms that can cause diseases such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, prion, and parasites.
Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogen)
42
(1) formulated a third kingdom which is named as (2) kingdom that includes bacteria, (3), fungi, and
(4).
1. Ernst Haeckel
2. Protista
3. protozoa
4. helminths
43
Although there are microbes that reside in our body called (1) or (2), and they are in a stable quantity.
1. resident flora
2 normal flora
44
A microbe that is acquired through contact with an object.
Transient flora
45
Terminology for contaminated objects
Fomites
46
Colorless, one-celled organisms, and has a typical nucleus (that contains DNA and RNA).
BACTERIA
47
Bacteria defined by their shape
1. Cocci (Spherical)
2. Spirilla (Spiral)
3. Bacilli (Oblong)
4. Pleomorphic (Lacks definite shape)
48
Bacteria divisional groups
1. Diplococci (2)
2. Streptococci (chains)
3. Staphylococci (grapelike bunches)
49
Categories of bacteria based from their reaction to various staining processes in the laboratory
1. Gram positive
2. Gram negative
50
Ex. of gram negative bacteria
Rickettsia
chlamydia
mycoplasma
51
Gram positive vs gram negative
+ takes the color of the stain
- contradict the color of the stain; resistant on color of stain
52
Bacteria based on survival on environment
1. Aerobes: Oxygenated environment
2. Anaerobes: Could not libe in an evcironment with oxygen
53
Most dangerous types of bacteria
Anaerobes
54
Transmitted from animal to animal by the bite of infected anthropod vector (arthropods that can transmit infection to man or animal).
Rickettsia
55
Transferred by direct contact between host during secual contact.
Chlamydia
56
Chlamydia can cause infection to the (1), (2), and (3).
1. urethra
2. bladder
3. sexual organs
57
May be parasitic or free-living and may cause diseases such as pneumonia and genitourinary infections.
Mycoplasma
58
ex. Tick
Rickettsia
59
Diseases due to rickettsia are: (1) and (2).
1. Typhus
2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
60
Cells that require an aerobic environment to live and reproduce.
FUNGI
61
Most common types of fungi
1. Yeast
2. Molds
62
One-celled form, reproduce by budding
YEAST
63
Yeast is used to produce beer, wine, and leaven bread. It could cause ---
Candida Albican (thrush)
64
Molds are aka
MYCELIA
65
Multicellular colonies, and reproduce through spore formation.
Molds
66
A form of fungi that can grow as either a yeast or a mold depending on temperature and environment.
DIMORPHIC FUNGUS
67
Dimorphic Fungus can cause diseases such as:
Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis
68
Fungi that live in or utilize organic matter (rotting vegetation).
SAPROPHYTES
69
Organisms that live on or in other organisms at the expense of the host organ.
PARASITE
70
Parasites may be plant or animal, but --- parasites are those that are pathogenic to humans.
animal
71
PARASITE 2 CLASSIFICATIONS
a. PROTOZOA
b. HELMINTHS
72
Complex one-celled microorganism that moves through the action of their flagella or by cilia, and pseudopod movement.
PROTOZOA
73
It affects: GI tract, genitourinary tract, and circulatory system.
PROTOZOA
74
Protozoas could cause diseases such as:
Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Malaria, and Toxoplasmosis.
TM TAG
75
HELMINTHS are described as (3) and classified as (1) or (2).
1. platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2. aschelminthes (roundworms)
3. parasitic worms
76
Diseases associated with helminths are:
(1) (pinworm),
(2),
infection with (3) (tapeworm).
1. Enterobiasis
2. trichinosis
3. Diphyllobathrium Latum
77
In radiology, there are instances that parasitic worms could be imaged with the use of special radiographic procedures such as the (1)/(2)/(3).
However, it could still be seen in a plain radiograph of the (4).
1. BaE
2. SIS
3. UGIS
4. abdomen
78
These parasitic worms appear as --- in a radiograph.
radiolucent (black) string
79
Minute microorganisms that cannot be visualized under an ordinary microscope.
VIRUS
80
The smallest microorganisms known to produce disease in humans.
* yet hardest to treat
VIRUS
81
The genetic material of a virus is either (1) or (2), but never both.
1. DNA
2. RNA
82
A complete infectious particle with a central nucleoid.
virion
83
The genetic material of virus is protected by a (1) or (2) that is composed of minute protein units (3)
1. capsid
2. protein coat
3. capsomeres
84
Factors causing virus invasion
Poor nutritional status
Increased life stress
Excessive use of drug/alcohol
85
Diseases caused by viruses
Influenza
common colds
mumps
measles,
Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
Varicella-zoster
AIDS
V-Z MIMA Co Hep
86
A protein that does not contain DNA or RNA.
PRIONS
87
Like microorganisms, there are a number of prions present in (1) that prevent (2) diseases; however, they may mutate and become an infectious disease.
1. brain cells
2. neurologic
88
Acquiring an infectious prion is the result of ---.
transmission from an infected animal or person
89
PRIONS
This disease is transmitted to humans by eating (1) and is known as (2).
1. infected meat or meat products
2. mad cow disease
90
ELEMENTS NEEDED TO TRANSMIT INFECTION
1. INFECTIOUS AGENT
2. RESERVOIR
3. PORTAL TO EXIT RESERVOIR
4. Means of transmission
5. PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO A NEW HOST
6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
91
An INFECTIOUS AGENT, which may be a bacterium, fungus, virus, prion or parasite.
INFECTIOUS AGENTS vary in their ability to cause disease. These characteristics are:
1. pathogenicity
2. virulence
3. invasiveness
4. specificity
92
Causative organism’s ability to cause disease.
Pathogenicity
93
The causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed.
Virulence
94
The term used to describe the organism’s ability to enter tissues.
Invasiveness
95
Characterizes the organism’s attraction to a particular host.
Specificity
96
An environment in which the pathogenic microbes can live and multiply
Reservoir
97
The reservoir can be a human being, an animal, a plant, water, food, (1), or any combination of (2) that support the life of a particular pathogen. Infection is prevented by removing the (3) from the reservoir.
1. earth
2. organic materials
3. causative microbe
98
In the case of a human reservoir, the portals of exit might be the nose, mouth, (1), (2), or (3) from which blood or (4) can escape.
There can be more than one portal of exit.
1. urinary tract
2. intestines
3. an open wound
4. purulent exudate
99
No. 1 portal of exit
Blood
100
Means of transmission: There are several ways on how pathogens are transferred:
1. Direct contact
2. Indirect contact
3. Droplet contact
4. Vehicles
5. Airborne routes
6. Vectors
DIVA DV
101
Direct contact
Infected person or animal’s (1) or (2) is touched. (Touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse)
1. body fluid
2. blood
102
Indirect contact
Transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching objects ((1)) that are contaminated by an infected person. (ex. (2), (3), etc.)
1. fomites
2. Dressing
3. instruments
103
Droplet contact
Contact with infectious secretions from (1), nose, or mouth. (Coughing, sneezing, and talking).
Droplets can travel up to (2). This is also equivalent to (3).
1. conjunctiva
2. 3-5 feet
3. 1 meter
104
Includes food, water, drugs, or blood contaminated with infectious microorganism.
Vehicles
105
Comes from the residue of evaporated droplets of diseased microorganism suspended in air for a long time. Infectious if inhaled.
Airborne route
106
Insect or animal carriers of diseased microbes. (Stinging/ biting the human host)
Vectors
107
Entry of pathogenic microorganisms into a new host can be by (1), by (2), by (3), across (4), (5) (pregnant woman).
1. ingestion
2. inhalation
3. injection
4. mucous membranes
5. placenta
108
A human host can be any susceptible person. Persons particularly susceptible to infection are those who are (1).
Those at greater risk are persons with (2) such as diabetes mellitus or cancer.
(3) are at great risk of acquiring infections.
(4) with a particular disease or vaccination against a particular disease can render an individual immune to infection.
1. poorly nourished or are fatigued
2. chronic diseases
3. Immuno-suppressed persons
4. Previous infection
109
Ex. of immunosuppressed diseases
HIV
Cancer
HLH
110
Stages of infection
Incubation stage
Prodromal Stage
Full Disease Stage
Convalescent Stage
111
Pathogens enter-lie dormant for short period- produces nonspecific symptoms of disease
Incubation stage
112
More specific symptoms of a particular disease are exhibited.
Prodromal Stage
113
Microorganisms increase; disease becomes highly infectious.
Prodromal Stage
114
Disease reaches its fullest extent.
Full Disease Stage
115
Disease is still highly infectious. (though it may produce vague/ subclinical symptoms
Full Disease Stage
116
Symptoms diminish and disappear. (But some microbes go into latent phase. Ex: Malaria, TB, and herpes infection.)
Convalescent Stage
117
Duty of all health care workers
Controlling infection or breaking the cycle of infection
118
To prevent any transfer of infectious pathogens, the (1) and (2) precautions should be strictly followed by all.
1. Universal blood
2. body fluid
119
--- should not be recapped, bent, broken, or separated from the syringe. They must be placed in a puncture-resistant container.
Hypodermic needles
120
--- for this used equipment must be readily available throughout the hospital or diagnostic imaging department sharp instruments that are used for penetrating the skin.
Puncture-resistant containers
121
(1) and (2) must be kept in all dx imaging examination and treatment rooms.
1. Mouthpieces
2. resuscitation bags
122
BODY SUBSTANCE PRECAUTION
1. Handwashing
2. Use of gloves
3. PPE
4. Use of fluid resistant gown/ apron
5. Safe handling of sharps
6. Safe handling of infectious
7. Safe handling of soiled linen
8. Environmental cleaning
HGP ASIS En
123
(1) is the absence of (2) or infection. It is the duty of the radiographer to practice strict (3) at all times in his/her practice.
1. Asepsis
2. sepsis
3. medical asepsis
124
ASEPSIS 2 types
1. Medical asepsis
2. Surgicl asepsis
125
Medical Asepsis: microorganisms have been eliminated through the use of (1), (2), and (3)
1. soap water
2. friction
3. various chemical disinfectant
126
Surgical Asepsis: microorganisms and their (1) have been completely destroyed by means of (2) or by (3)
1. spores
2. heat
3. chemical process
127
Medical asepsis aka
Clean technique
128
Surgical technique aka
Sterile technique
129
3 TECHNIQUES FOR ELIMINATION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTION
1. Clean Technique
2. Aseptic Technique
3. Sterile Technique
130
Basic and routine technique that involves hand washing, hand drying, and use of clean gloves.
Clean technique
131
Utilized when touching: intact skin, intact mucous membrane, dirty items.
Clean technique
132
Should be a regular practice not only in the hospital but also at home.
Clean technique
133
A lot higher than clean technique that uses: alcohol, betadine, and sterile gloves.
Aseptic Technique
134
Procedures that require this technique: IVU, any procedure that requires CM introduction, biopsies, suctioning, and portable procedures.
Aseptic technique
135
Involves clean and aseptic technique plus: surgical hand scrub, sterile towel, sterile gown, gloves, and mask, sterile supplies.
Sterile Technique
136
Utilized when there is an operation that needed to have a big cut on the skin.
Sterile Technique
137
Criteria: Space where procedure is done
Clean: on ward/ bedside
Aseptic: dedicated area
Sterile: dedicated room
138
Critera: Gloves
Clean: non-sterile/ none
Aseptic: sterile gloves
Sterile: sterile surgival gloves
139
Criteria: Hand hygience before procedure
Clean: routine hand washing
Aseptic: use of alcohol/ betadine
Sterile: surgical scrub
140
Criteria: sterile field
Clean: None
Aseptic: None
Sterile: Present
140
Criteria: skin aseptics
Clean: none
Aseptic: alcohol
Sterile: long acting antiseptic solution
141
Critera: Sterile gown, mask, and head covering
Clean: None
Aseptic: None
Sterile: Present
142
Complete removal of microorganism
Sterilization
143
Methods to achieve sterilization of the area or tools used in the operating room
1. Steam under Pressure
2. Chemical Sterilization
3. Ethylene Oxide
144
Manufactured to sterilize by gravity displacement and dynamic air removal.
Autoclaves
145
Item are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave.
Steam under Pressure
146
(1) or (2) is an abbreviated gravity displacement method.
1. High-speed sterilizers
2. flash sterilization
147
Referred to as low-temperature sterilization.
Chemical Sterilization
148
Chemical Sterilization: Referred to as (1). A maximum temperature of (2) of gaseous sterilization is used. An (3) and (4) agent must be used.
1. low-temperature sterilization
2. 54°C to 60°C
3. antimicrobial
4. sporicidal
149
Used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures
Ethylene Oxide
150
Ethylene Oxide: All items sterilized in this manner must be cleansed and dried since water united with (1) forms (2), which cannot be eliminated by (3) and is (4).
1. ethylene oxide
2. ethylene glycol
3. aeration
4. toxic
151
Fastest method to achieve sterilization
Chemical sterilization
