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214L > Prelim | Universal Precaution > Flashcards

Prelim | Universal Precaution Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms that cause diseases

A

PATHOGENS

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2
Q

Primary protection against pathogens

A

Skin

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3
Q

Different types of diseases that we encounter every day are being classified as

A
  1. Endogenous
  2. Exogenous
  3. Opportunistic
  4. Nosocomial
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4
Q

These are diseases that originate within the person.

A

Endogenous

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5
Q

Pathogenic agents actually entered a person’s body

A

Exogenous

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6
Q

Feeds on weakness of body

A

Opportunistic

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7
Q

Pathogen that takes advantage of patient condition and weakness.

A

Opportunistic

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8
Q

Infection that is acquired during medical care.

A

Nosocomial

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9
Q

Nosocomial diseases mostly affects the —.

A

healthcare workers

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10
Q

Diseases like metabolic disorder, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and cancers

A

Endogenous

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11
Q

Ex: trauma, patient exposed in radiation, electric shock, and extreme temperature.

A

Exogenous

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12
Q

Nosocomial infections

A
  1. Community-acquired infection
  2. Exogenous nosocomial infection
  3. Endogenous nosocomial infection
  4. Iatrogenic infection
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13
Q

Patient who enters a healthcare facility with an infection.

A

Community-acquired infection

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14
Q

Caused by microorganisms that is not normal in the body.

A

Exogenous nosocomial infection

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15
Q

This is due to an overgrowth of normal flora/ normal microorganisms residing in our body.

A

Endogenous nosocomial infection

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16
Q

Disease could arise if there is alteration in placement of normal flora into another body cavity.

A

Endogenous nosocomial infection

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17
Q

They are more susceptible to endogenous nosocomial infections

A

Pregnant women

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18
Q

Infection that results from a particular treatment or therapeutic procedure.

A

Iatrogenic infection

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19
Q

No. 1 cause of iatrogenic infection

A

Insertion of catheter

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20
Q

Endogenous nosocomial infection is due to an overgrowth of — residing in our body.

A

normal flora/ normal microorganisms

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21
Q

Ex. Covid

A

Community-acquired infection

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22
Q

Ex. unclean air
contaminated food, equipment and co-workers, etc. in the hospital

A

Exogenous nosocomial infection

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23
Q

Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections

A
  1. Environment
  2. Therapeutic regimen
  3. Equipment
  4. Contamination during medical procedures
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24
Q

Environment

(1) contaminated with infectious agents;
other (2) who have infectious diseases;
(3);
contaminated (4), contaminated (5);
(6)

A
  1. Air
  2. patients
  3. visitors
  4. food
  5. instruments
  6. hospital personnel
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25
Q

Therapeutic regimen

(1) and (2) used to treat malignant or chronic diseases, which decrease the patient’s resistance to infection;
(3), which may alter the normal flora of the body and encourage growth of resistant strains of microbes sometimes called (4)

A
  1. Immunosuppressive
  2. cytotoxic drugs
  3. antimicrobial therapy
  4. hospital bacteria
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26
Q

Equipment

Instruments such as catheters, (1), (2), (3), and (4) that have not been adequately cleaned and sterilized

A
  1. intravenous tubing
  2. cannulas
  3. respiratory therapy equipment
  4. gastrointestinal tubes
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27
Q

Contamination during medical procedures

Microbes transmitted during (1), catheter insertion, or any (2) procedure may introduce infective organisms if correct technique is not used

A
  1. dressing changes
  2. invasive
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28
Q

Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection

A
  1. Age
  2. Heredity
  3. Nutritional status
  4. Stress
  5. Inadequate rest and exercise
  6. Personal habits
  7. Health history
  8. Inadequate defenses

SPIN HI HA

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29
Q

Age

The (1) have immature immune systems and are more susceptible to nosocomial infections. Also, as one ages, the (2) becomes less efficient and organ function (3), making infections more difficult to resist

A
  1. very young
  2. immune system
  3. declines
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30
Q

Heredity

(1) and (2) factors passed on from birth make individuals more or less resistant to disease

A
  1. Congenital
  2. genetic
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31
Q

Nutritional status

Inadequate (1), (2), or (3) as a result of illness render one increasingly susceptible to nosocomial infections.

A
  1. nutritional intake
  2. obesity
  3. malnourishment
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32
Q

Stress

(1) or other stress factors increase potential for infection as levels of (2) in the body increase related to constant (3).

A
  1. Work-related
  2. cortisone
  3. tension
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33
Q

Inadequate rest and exercise

Efficient (1) and (2) decline as a result of inadequate rest or exercise

A
  1. elimination
  2. circulation
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34
Q

Personal habits

(1) , excessive use of (2), and/or dangerous (3) practices contribute to lowering the body’s defenses against nosocomial infections.

A
  1. Smoking
  2. drugs and alcohol
  3. sexual
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35
Q

Health history

Persons with a history of poor health such as (1), (2), or (3), or children who have not been (4) against diseases of childhood are at increased risk for acquiring a nosocomial infection.

A
  1. diabetes
  2. heart disease
  3. chronic lung disease
  4. immunized
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36
Q

Inadequate defenses

Broken (1); (2) or trauma; or (3) persons related to a medical regimen are at increased risk of acquiring a nosocomial infection.

A
  1. skin
  2. burns
  3. immunocompromised
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37
Q

Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections

ex. Patients undergoing dialysis

A

Therapeutic regimen

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38
Q

Factors That Encourage Nosocomial Infections

ex. Introduction of CM

A

Contamination during medical procedures

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39
Q

Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection

Age groups susceptible to nosocomial infections

A

Geriatric and pediatric

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40
Q

Factors That Increase the Potential for Nosocomial Infection

ex. Needle pricks

A

Inadequate defenses

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41
Q

Microorganisms that can cause diseases such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, prion, and parasites.

A

Pathogenic microorganisms (Pathogen)

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42
Q

(1) formulated a third kingdom which is named as (2) kingdom that includes bacteria, (3), fungi, and
(4).

A
  1. Ernst Haeckel
  2. Protista
  3. protozoa
  4. helminths
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43
Q

Although there are microbes that reside in our body called (1) or (2), and they are in a stable quantity.

A
  1. resident flora
    2 normal flora
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44
Q

A microbe that is acquired through contact with an object.

A

Transient flora

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45
Q

Terminology for contaminated objects

A

Fomites

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46
Q

Colorless, one-celled organisms, and has a typical nucleus (that contains DNA and RNA).

A

BACTERIA

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47
Q

Bacteria defined by their shape

A
  1. Cocci (Spherical)
  2. Spirilla (Spiral)
  3. Bacilli (Oblong)
  4. Pleomorphic (Lacks definite shape)
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48
Q

Bacteria divisional groups

A
  1. Diplococci (2)
  2. Streptococci (chains)
  3. Staphylococci (grapelike bunches)
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49
Q

Categories of bacteria based from their reaction to various staining processes in the laboratory

A
  1. Gram positive
  2. Gram negative
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50
Q

Ex. of gram negative bacteria

A

Rickettsia
chlamydia
mycoplasma

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51
Q

Gram positive vs gram negative

A

+ takes the color of the stain
- contradict the color of the stain; resistant on color of stain

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52
Q

Bacteria based on survival on environment

A
  1. Aerobes: Oxygenated environment
  2. Anaerobes: Could not libe in an evcironment with oxygen
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53
Q

Most dangerous types of bacteria

A

Anaerobes

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54
Q

Transmitted from animal to animal by the bite of infected anthropod vector (arthropods that can transmit infection to man or animal).

A

Rickettsia

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55
Q

Transferred by direct contact between host during secual contact.

A

Chlamydia

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56
Q

Chlamydia can cause infection to the (1), (2), and (3).

A
  1. urethra
  2. bladder
  3. sexual organs
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57
Q

May be parasitic or free-living and may cause diseases such as pneumonia and genitourinary infections.

A

Mycoplasma

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58
Q

ex. Tick

A

Rickettsia

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59
Q

Diseases due to rickettsia are: (1) and (2).

A
  1. Typhus
  2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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60
Q

Cells that require an aerobic environment to live and reproduce.

A

FUNGI

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61
Q

Most common types of fungi

A
  1. Yeast
  2. Molds
62
Q

One-celled form, reproduce by budding

A

YEAST

63
Q

Yeast is used to produce beer, wine, and leaven bread. It could cause —

A

Candida Albican (thrush)

64
Q

Molds are aka

A

MYCELIA

65
Q

Multicellular colonies, and reproduce through spore formation.

A

Molds

66
Q

A form of fungi that can grow as either a yeast or a mold depending on temperature and environment.

A

DIMORPHIC FUNGUS

67
Q

Dimorphic Fungus can cause diseases such as:

A

Histoplasmosis
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis

68
Q

Fungi that live in or utilize organic matter (rotting vegetation).

A

SAPROPHYTES

69
Q

Organisms that live on or in other organisms at the expense of the host organ.

A

PARASITE

70
Q

Parasites may be plant or animal, but — parasites are those that are pathogenic to humans.

A

animal

71
Q

PARASITE 2 CLASSIFICATIONS

A

a. PROTOZOA
b. HELMINTHS

72
Q

Complex one-celled microorganism that moves through the action of their flagella or by cilia, and pseudopod movement.

A

PROTOZOA

73
Q

It affects: GI tract, genitourinary tract, and circulatory system.

A

PROTOZOA

74
Q

Protozoas could cause diseases such as:

A

Amoebiasis, Giardiasis, Trichomoniasis, Malaria, and Toxoplasmosis.

TM TAG

75
Q

HELMINTHS are described as (3) and classified as (1) or (2).

A
  1. platyhelminthes (flatworms)
  2. aschelminthes (roundworms)
  3. parasitic worms
76
Q

Diseases associated with helminths are:
(1) (pinworm),
(2),
infection with (3) (tapeworm).

A
  1. Enterobiasis
  2. trichinosis
  3. Diphyllobathrium Latum
77
Q

In radiology, there are instances that parasitic worms could be imaged with the use of special radiographic procedures such as the (1)/(2)/(3).
However, it could still be seen in a plain radiograph of the (4).

A
  1. BaE
  2. SIS
  3. UGIS
  4. abdomen
78
Q

These parasitic worms appear as — in a radiograph.

A

radiolucent (black) string

79
Q

Minute microorganisms that cannot be visualized under an ordinary microscope.

A

VIRUS

80
Q

The smallest microorganisms known to produce disease in humans.
* yet hardest to treat

A

VIRUS

81
Q

The genetic material of a virus is either (1) or (2), but never both.

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
82
Q

A complete infectious particle with a central nucleoid.

A

virion

83
Q

The genetic material of virus is protected by a (1) or (2) that is composed of minute protein units (3)

A
  1. capsid
  2. protein coat
  3. capsomeres
84
Q

Factors causing virus invasion

A

Poor nutritional status
Increased life stress
Excessive use of drug/alcohol

85
Q

Diseases caused by viruses

A

Influenza
common colds
mumps
measles,
Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, E)
Varicella-zoster
AIDS

V-Z MIMA Co Hep

86
Q

A protein that does not contain DNA or RNA.

A

PRIONS

87
Q

Like microorganisms, there are a number of prions present in (1) that prevent (2) diseases; however, they may mutate and become an infectious disease.

A
  1. brain cells
  2. neurologic
88
Q

Acquiring an infectious prion is the result of —.

A

transmission from an infected animal or person

89
Q

PRIONS
This disease is transmitted to humans by eating (1) and is known as (2).

A
  1. infected meat or meat products
  2. mad cow disease
90
Q

ELEMENTS NEEDED TO TRANSMIT INFECTION

A
  1. INFECTIOUS AGENT
  2. RESERVOIR
  3. PORTAL TO EXIT RESERVOIR
  4. Means of transmission
  5. PORTAL OF ENTRY INTO A NEW HOST
  6. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
91
Q

An INFECTIOUS AGENT, which may be a bacterium, fungus, virus, prion or parasite.

INFECTIOUS AGENTS vary in their ability to cause disease. These characteristics are:

A
  1. pathogenicity
  2. virulence
  3. invasiveness
  4. specificity
92
Q

Causative organism’s ability to cause disease.

A

Pathogenicity

93
Q

The causative organism’s ability to grow and multiply with speed.

A

Virulence

94
Q

The term used to describe the organism’s ability to enter tissues.

A

Invasiveness

95
Q

Characterizes the organism’s attraction to a particular host.

A

Specificity

96
Q

An environment in which the pathogenic microbes can live and multiply

A

Reservoir

97
Q

The reservoir can be a human being, an animal, a plant, water, food, (1), or any combination of (2) that support the life of a particular pathogen. Infection is prevented by removing the (3) from the reservoir.

A
  1. earth
  2. organic materials
  3. causative microbe
98
Q

In the case of a human reservoir, the portals of exit might be the nose, mouth, (1), (2), or (3) from which blood or (4) can escape.

There can be more than one portal of exit.

A
  1. urinary tract
  2. intestines
  3. an open wound
  4. purulent exudate
99
Q

No. 1 portal of exit

A

Blood

100
Q

Means of transmission: There are several ways on how pathogens are transferred:

A
  1. Direct contact
  2. Indirect contact
  3. Droplet contact
  4. Vehicles
  5. Airborne routes
  6. Vectors

DIVA DV

101
Q

Direct contact

Infected person or animal’s (1) or (2) is touched. (Touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse)

A
  1. body fluid
  2. blood
102
Q

Indirect contact

Transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching objects ((1)) that are contaminated by an infected person. (ex. (2), (3), etc.)

A
  1. fomites
  2. Dressing
  3. instruments
103
Q

Droplet contact

Contact with infectious secretions from (1), nose, or mouth. (Coughing, sneezing, and talking).
Droplets can travel up to (2). This is also equivalent to (3).

A
  1. conjunctiva
  2. 3-5 feet
  3. 1 meter
104
Q

Includes food, water, drugs, or blood contaminated with infectious microorganism.

A

Vehicles

105
Q

Comes from the residue of evaporated droplets of diseased microorganism suspended in air for a long time. Infectious if inhaled.

A

Airborne route

106
Q

Insect or animal carriers of diseased microbes. (Stinging/ biting the human host)

A

Vectors

107
Q

Entry of pathogenic microorganisms into a new host can be by (1), by (2), by (3), across (4), (5) (pregnant woman).

A
  1. ingestion
  2. inhalation
  3. injection
  4. mucous membranes
  5. placenta
108
Q

A human host can be any susceptible person. Persons particularly susceptible to infection are those who are (1).
Those at greater risk are persons with (2) such as diabetes mellitus or cancer.

(3) are at great risk of acquiring infections.

(4) with a particular disease or vaccination against a particular disease can render an individual immune to infection.

A
  1. poorly nourished or are fatigued
  2. chronic diseases
  3. Immuno-suppressed persons
  4. Previous infection
109
Q

Ex. of immunosuppressed diseases

A

HIV
Cancer
HLH

110
Q

Stages of infection

A

Incubation stage
Prodromal Stage
Full Disease Stage
Convalescent Stage

111
Q

Pathogens enter-lie dormant for short period- produces nonspecific symptoms of disease

A

Incubation stage

112
Q

More specific symptoms of a particular disease are exhibited.

A

Prodromal Stage

113
Q

Microorganisms increase; disease becomes highly infectious.

A

Prodromal Stage

114
Q

Disease reaches its fullest extent.

A

Full Disease Stage

115
Q

Disease is still highly infectious. (though it may produce vague/ subclinical symptoms

A

Full Disease Stage

116
Q

Symptoms diminish and disappear. (But some microbes go into latent phase. Ex: Malaria, TB, and herpes infection.)

A

Convalescent Stage

117
Q

Duty of all health care workers

A

Controlling infection or breaking the cycle of infection

118
Q

To prevent any transfer of infectious pathogens, the (1) and (2) precautions should be strictly followed by all.

A
  1. Universal blood
  2. body fluid
119
Q

— should not be recapped, bent, broken, or separated from the syringe. They must be placed in a puncture-resistant container.

A

Hypodermic needles

120
Q

— for this used equipment must be readily available throughout the hospital or diagnostic imaging department sharp instruments that are used for penetrating the skin.

A

Puncture-resistant containers

121
Q

(1) and (2) must be kept in all dx imaging examination and treatment rooms.

A
  1. Mouthpieces
  2. resuscitation bags
122
Q

BODY SUBSTANCE PRECAUTION

A
  1. Handwashing
  2. Use of gloves
  3. PPE
  4. Use of fluid resistant gown/ apron
  5. Safe handling of sharps
  6. Safe handling of infectious
  7. Safe handling of soiled linen
  8. Environmental cleaning

HGP ASIS En

123
Q

(1) is the absence of (2) or infection. It is the duty of the radiographer to practice strict (3) at all times in his/her practice.

A
  1. Asepsis
  2. sepsis
  3. medical asepsis
124
Q

ASEPSIS 2 types

A
  1. Medical asepsis
  2. Surgicl asepsis
125
Q

Medical Asepsis: microorganisms have been eliminated through the use of (1), (2), and (3)

A
  1. soap water
  2. friction
  3. various chemical disinfectant
126
Q

Surgical Asepsis: microorganisms and their (1) have been completely destroyed by means of (2) or by (3)

A
  1. spores
  2. heat
  3. chemical process
127
Q

Medical asepsis aka

A

Clean technique

128
Q

Surgical technique aka

A

Sterile technique

129
Q

3 TECHNIQUES FOR ELIMINATION AND PREVENTION OF INFECTION

A
  1. Clean Technique
  2. Aseptic Technique
  3. Sterile Technique
130
Q

Basic and routine technique that involves hand washing, hand drying, and use of clean gloves.

A

Clean technique

131
Q

Utilized when touching: intact skin, intact mucous membrane, dirty items.

A

Clean technique

132
Q

Should be a regular practice not only in the hospital but also at home.

A

Clean technique

133
Q

A lot higher than clean technique that uses: alcohol, betadine, and sterile gloves.

A

Aseptic Technique

134
Q

Procedures that require this technique: IVU, any procedure that requires CM introduction, biopsies, suctioning, and portable procedures.

A

Aseptic technique

135
Q

Involves clean and aseptic technique plus: surgical hand scrub, sterile towel, sterile gown, gloves, and mask, sterile supplies.

A

Sterile Technique

136
Q

Utilized when there is an operation that needed to have a big cut on the skin.

A

Sterile Technique

137
Q

Criteria: Space where procedure is done

A

Clean: on ward/ bedside
Aseptic: dedicated area
Sterile: dedicated room

138
Q

Critera: Gloves

A

Clean: non-sterile/ none
Aseptic: sterile gloves
Sterile: sterile surgival gloves

139
Q

Criteria: Hand hygience before procedure

A

Clean: routine hand washing
Aseptic: use of alcohol/ betadine
Sterile: surgical scrub

140
Q

Criteria: sterile field

A

Clean: None
Aseptic: None
Sterile: Present

140
Q

Criteria: skin aseptics

A

Clean: none
Aseptic: alcohol
Sterile: long acting antiseptic solution

141
Q

Critera: Sterile gown, mask, and head covering

A

Clean: None
Aseptic: None
Sterile: Present

142
Q

Complete removal of microorganism

A

Sterilization

143
Q

Methods to achieve sterilization of the area or tools used in the operating room

A
  1. Steam under Pressure
  2. Chemical Sterilization
  3. Ethylene Oxide
144
Q

Manufactured to sterilize by gravity displacement and dynamic air removal.

A

Autoclaves

145
Q

Item are double-wrapped and placed in an autoclave.

A

Steam under Pressure

146
Q

(1) or (2) is an abbreviated gravity displacement method.

A
  1. High-speed sterilizers
  2. flash sterilization
147
Q

Referred to as low-temperature sterilization.

A

Chemical Sterilization

148
Q

Chemical Sterilization: Referred to as (1). A maximum temperature of (2) of gaseous sterilization is used. An (3) and (4) agent must be used.

A
  1. low-temperature sterilization
  2. 54°C to 60°C
  3. antimicrobial
  4. sporicidal
149
Q

Used for items that cannot withstand moisture and high temperatures

A

Ethylene Oxide

150
Q

Ethylene Oxide: All items sterilized in this manner must be cleansed and dried since water united with (1) forms (2), which cannot be eliminated by (3) and is (4).

A
  1. ethylene oxide
  2. ethylene glycol
  3. aeration
  4. toxic
151
Q

Fastest method to achieve sterilization

A

Chemical sterilization

214L (5 decks)

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