PRELIM LECTURE L1: INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY Flashcards
define immunology
study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
foreign substances that induce a host response
antigens
how do the body components respond and interact to provide immunity
recognition, interaction, disposal, regulation
medically related consequences that can arise during immune response
fail
respond in an exaggerated way
conditions that can occur when immune system fails to respond
autoimmune disorder
immunodeficiences
conditions that can occur when immune system responds in an exaggerated way
hypersensitivity disorders
condition of being resistant to infection
immunity
components of the immune system
cells, humoral factors and tissues
characteristics of immune system components
specificity
memory
mobility
replicability
cooperation between different cells or cellular products
primary role of the immune system
recognize self from non-self, and defend against non-self
do not possess immunologic memory
innate/natural immune system
possess immunologic memory
adaptive/acquired/specific immune system
T or F:
adaptive immunity has the same response speed upon reexposure
F
it is faster and increased response
T or F:
antigens are substances that always induce an immune response
F
may or not elicit immune response
two forms of antigens
non-self
self-antigen
examples of non-self antigen
carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, blood donated, food we ate
antigen that always cause a disease
immunogen
immunogen that is in living form
pathogen
the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen
immunological tolerance
failure to attack the body’s own proteins and other antigen
self-tolerance
Who described a phenomenon where individuals who recovered from a certain diseases rarely contracted the same disease
Thucydides (430 BC)
only disease eradicated worldwide
small pox
infected individuals with small pox are called
speckled monster
appearance of small pox under a phase contrast microscope
corkscrew shaped
two virus variants of small pox
variola major
variola minor
involves exposing healthy people to a material coming from an infested material of infection
variolation
unsung hero of vaccination
Benjamin Jesty
year when Benjamin Jesty infected his family with cowpox after observing milkmaids conferred immunity to smallpox
1774
year when Jesty’s attempts were successful
1805
developed a custom of inhaling powdered crust from smallpox lesions blown into the nostrils using a pipe
Chinese (1500s)
custom developed by the Chinese
insufflation
practiced variolation through inoculation
Lady Mary Wortly Montagu (1720s)
what year did Mary Montagu introduced variolation in Europe
1921
founder of cross-immunity
Edward Jenner
antigenic similarity of the different viruses
cross-reactivity
phenomenon in which exposure to one agent provides protection against another agent
cross-immunity
date when Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps with fluid from a cowpox lesion (Sarah Nelmes, milkmaid)
May 14, 1796
date when Jenner inoculated Phipps with smallpox matter and Phipps did not develop the disease
July 1, 1796
Injection of cellular material to induce immunity
vaccination
vaccination came from what Latin word
“vacca” = cow
Developed attenuated vaccines; father of immunology
Louis Pasteur
Basis of Pasteur’s Discovery
Older bacterial cultures of Pasteurella multocida did not cause disease in chickens and led to the concept of attenuation
Process of making a pathogen less virulent
attenuation
methods of attenuation
Heating, drying, chemical treatment
vaccines developed by Pasteur
Chicken cholera
Anthrax
Rabies (1885)
year when WHO declared the total eradication of small pox
1979
Observed white blood cells ingesting dye
Ernst Haeckel (1862)
Discovered cellular immunity
Observed phagocytosis when motile cells surrounded a rose thorn in starfish larvae
Proposed that phagocytosis is a natural immune mechanism
Elie Metchnikoff (1880-1900)
discovered humoral immunity
Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1890)
substances that neutralized or destroyed diphtheria and tetanus toxins
antitoxins
called antitoxins as antibodies
Paul Ehrlich
concept of humoral immunity
humoral means part of fluid; thus, soluble
wrote the book “The Specificity of Serological Reactions”
Karl Landsteiner
protective factors in the blood and other body fluids
antibodies
claimed that human immune system is specific in protecting its own antigen
Karl Landsteiner
him and his crew carried syphilis from Haiti to Europe
Christopher Columbus
claimed the “side-chain theory”
Ehrlich (1900s)
what is the “side-chain theory”
antibodies have receptors which act only on specific antigen
this substance coat pathogens to make them more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells
opsonin
first described delayed type hypersensitivity
Robert Koch
described passive administration of antitoxin; serum therapy; serum antitoxin
Emil Von Behring
described that non-disease causing bland substances can cause anaphylactic shock (uncontrolled hypersensitivity; T1)
Portier, Ricket
discovered type 2 hypersensitivity
Maurice Arthus
discovered cutaneous polio vaccine
Salk
discovered oral polio vaccine
Sabin
discovered precipitins
Robert Kaus
discovered Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity
Maurice Arthus
discovered opsonization
Almoth Wright
discovered complement
Jules Jean Baptiste Vincent Bordet
discovered yellow fever vaccine
Reed
identified basic antibody structure
Geralyn Edelman, Rodney Porter
identified first monoclonal antibodies
Kohler
Discovered Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
George Snell, Jean, Dauset, Baruj Benacerraf
nobel prize winner for antibody diversity
Sususmu Tonegawa
performed first transplantation
Edward Donall Thomas, Joseph Murray
developed HPV vaccine
Frazer
