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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > PRELIM LECTURE L1: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS > Flashcards

PRELIM LECTURE L1: FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Flashcards

1
Q

includes procedures, tests, and other activities done to ensure blood for transfusion is safely and properly called, preserved, stores, and dispensed

A

blood banking

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2
Q

multidisciplinary specialty encompassing all aspects of blood donation, blood component preparation blood cell serology, and blood transfusion

A

transfusion medicine

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3
Q

a unit, agency or institution providing blood products

A

blood service facility

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4
Q

capabilities of a blood station

A

provision of whole blood and prbc
storage, issuance of blood and packed red cell
compatibility testing of red cell units if hospital based

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5
Q

capabilities of a hospital blood bank

A

storage of whole blood and blood components from a blood center/other hospital
compatibility testing
direct coombs
red cell antibody screening
investigation of transfusion reactions
assist in hospital blood transfusion committee (hbtc) in the conduct of post-transfusion surveillance

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6
Q

term for post-transfusion surveillance

A

hemovigilance

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7
Q

capabilities of a blood center

A

donor recruitment or retention and care of voluntary blood donors
collection of blood
processing and provision of blood components
storage, issuance, transport, and distribution of units

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8
Q

5 infectious disease marker

A

anti-HIV 1/2
anti HCV
HBsAg
Syphilis
Malaria

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9
Q

blood service facility where whole blood is removed, selected component separated and the remainder returned to donor

A

apheresis facility

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10
Q

duration of apheresis

A

1-2 hours

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11
Q

duration of normal clotting of blood

A

3-5 minutes

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12
Q

what year did pope innocent VII and 3 young men practiced transfusion

A

1492

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13
Q

developed sodium phophate

A

Braxton Hicks, 1869

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14
Q

discovered ABO

A

Karl Landsteiner, 1901

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15
Q

defined fourth group AB

A

Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli, 1902

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16
Q

first vein to vein transfusion with multiple syringes

A

Edward E. Lindemann

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17
Q

syringe to valve apparatus

A

Lester Unger

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18
Q

developed sodium citrate as anticoagulant

A

Albert Hustin, 1914

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19
Q

determined the minimum amount of sodium citrate for non-toxicity level

A

Richard Lewisohn, 1916

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20
Q

introduced citrate dextrose as a preservative; glucose

A

Francis Peyton Rous and Joseph R. Turner, 1916

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21
Q

developed techniques of blood transfusion during WW2; appointed as director of 1st American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian hospital

A

Dr. Charles Drew, 1941

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22
Q

introduced Acid Citrate Dextrose as a preservative

A

John Freeman Loutit and Patrick Loudon Mollison, 1943

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23
Q

introduced citrate-phosphate dextrose which is less acidic, replaced ACD as a standard preservative

A

John G. Gibson II, 1957

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24
Q

developed gel test

A

Dr. Yves Lapierre, 1985

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25
Q

establishment of national voluntary blood service

A

1994

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26
Q

traditional blood collection volume of blood

A

450 mL +/- 10%

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27
Q

anticoagulant volume in traditional blood collection

A

63 mL

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28
Q

current blood collection volume which uses modified plastic collection

A

500 +/- 10%

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29
Q

current anticoagulant volume

A

70 mL

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30
Q

weight requirement of donor

A

110 lbs

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31
Q

maximum volume of blood collected

A

525 mL

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32
Q

total blood volume of most adults

A

10-12 pints

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33
Q

how long is 1 pint blood replenished

A

24 hours

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34
Q

period of replacement of collected rbcs

A

1-2 months

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35
Q

donor can donate blood every after how many weeks

A

8 weeks

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36
Q

current number of screening tests for infectious diseases

A

10

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37
Q

frequency of hepatitis B virus

A

1:200,000 to 500,000

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38
Q

frequency of hepatitis C

A

1:1,390,000

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39
Q

how many times can an individual can donate in a year

A

24 times

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40
Q

date test required for syphilis

A

1950s

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41
Q

date test required for HBsAg

A

1971

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42
Q

date test required for anti- HBc

A

1986

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43
Q

date test required for anti-HCV

A

1990

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44
Q

date test required for anti-HIV 1/2

A

1992

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45
Q

date test required for anti-HTLV-I/II

A

1997

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46
Q

date test required for HIV-1 (NAT)

A

1999

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47
Q

date test required for HCV (NAT)

A

1999

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48
Q

date test required for WNV

A

2004

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49
Q

anti-T.cruzi

A

2007

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50
Q

donation process requirements

A

educational materials
donor health history questionnaire
abbreviated physical examination

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51
Q

RBC membrane comprises of

A

52% CHON (protein), 40% lipid, 8% CHO

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52
Q

rbc protein that extend from the outer surface; span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC

A

integral protein

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53
Q

rbc protein located and limited to the cytoplasmic surface; form the rbc cytoskeleton

A

peripheral proteins

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54
Q

two important RBCcharacteristics

A

deformability
permeability

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55
Q

what causes loss of membrane deformability

A

loss of ATP->decrease in phosphorylation

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56
Q

what causes increase in membrane rigidity and loss of pliability

A

increase deposition of membrane calcium

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57
Q

RBC intracellular to extracellular ratios for Na and K respectively

A

1:12 and 25:1

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58
Q

a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein that controls Na K pump and prevent excessive intracellular Ca buildup

A

Calmodulin

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59
Q

goal of blood preservation

A

provide viable and functional blood components for px

60
Q

temperature for storage of blood in liquid state

61
Q

loss of RBC viability

A

storage lesion

62
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
viable cells

63
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
glucose

64
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
ATP

65
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
lactic acid

66
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
pH

67
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
2,3-DPG

68
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
plasma K

69
Q

increased or decreased in rbc storage lesion:
plasma hgb

70
Q

oxygen dissociation curve in rbc storage lesion

A

shift to the left

71
Q

storage time for acid citrate dextrose (formula A)

72
Q

storage time for citrate phosphate dextrose

73
Q

storage time for citrate phosphate double dextrose

74
Q

storage time for citrate phosphate dextrose adenine

75
Q

what anticoagulant is used for apheresis components

76
Q

CPD preserved blood become depleted of 2,3-DPG by how many weeks of storage

A

second week

77
Q

how many hours are required to restore normal levels of 2,3-DPG after transfusion

A

24 hours, as early as 6 hours

78
Q

preserving solutions that are added to the RBCs after removal of the plasma with or w/o platelets

A

additive solutions (AS)

79
Q

removal of these substances can lead to a decrease in viability, particularly last 2 weeks of storage

A

adenine and glucose

80
Q

volume of additive solutions added to prbc with high hct and relatively void of plasma

81
Q

additive solutions can reduce hct from around how many percent

A

65-80%-55-65% with 300-400 mL volume

82
Q

four additive solutions licensed in USA

A

Adsol (AS-1)
Nutricel (AS-3)
Optisol (AS-5)
SOLX (AS-7)

83
Q

RBC additive solutions can extend shelf life up to how many days

84
Q

benefits of rbc additive solutions

A

extends shelf life of rbcs
allows for harvesting of more plasma and platelets
lower rbc viscosity

85
Q

where is additive solution contained

A

satellite bag

86
Q

additives contain:

A

saline, adenine, glucose

87
Q

AS-1, AS-5, AS-7 contain

88
Q

purpose of mannitol

A

protects against storage-related hemolysis

89
Q

AS-3 additive for storage-related hemolysis

A

citrate and phosphate

90
Q

storage time of rbcs with additive solutions

91
Q

allows individuals to donate blood for their own use

A

autologous transfusion

92
Q

age of cryoprotective agent that is added to rbcs in rbc freezing

A

6 days old

93
Q

most commonly used and added to rbcs

A

glycerol (slow with vigorous shaking)

94
Q

storage temp for frozen prbc

A

below -65C

95
Q

two concentrations of glycerol

A

high concentration (40%)-most used
low concentration (20%)

96
Q

frozen rbc may be stored up to how many years

97
Q

transfusion of frozen cells must be preceded by what process

A

deglycerolization

98
Q

thawing temperature of rbcs

99
Q

what is restored in rbc rejuvenation

A

ATP and 2,3-DPG

100
Q

rejuvenation solution contains

A

phosphate, inosine, and adenine

101
Q

rejuvenated rbc may be prepared up to how many days after expiration

102
Q

why rejuvenated rbcs must be washed before transfusion

A

to remove inosine (may be toxic)

103
Q

rejuvenated rbcs can be frozen for long-term storage or transfused within how many hours

104
Q

term for creating rbcs in the laboratory

A

blood pharming

105
Q

blood substitutes

A

hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs)
perfluorocarbons (PFC)

106
Q

shelf life of artificial O2 carriers

107
Q

storage period of platelet concentrates

108
Q

percentage of discarded platelet concentrates

109
Q

storage temp for platelets

110
Q

purpose of platelet agitation

A

facilitate O2 transfer into the platelet bag and oxygen consumption by the platelets

111
Q

purpose of O2 in maintenance of platelet

112
Q

key parameter for remaining platelet viability

113
Q

pH of platelet associated with loss of viability

114
Q

T or F:
platelet change when it reaches 6.2 pH is irreversible

115
Q

what causes the pH to fall in platelet storage

A

depletion of bicarbonate buffers

116
Q

method to evaluate the viability of platelets

A

platelet swirling

117
Q

absence of platelet swirling indicates

A

loss of platelet membrane integrity

118
Q

platelet storage lesion:
lactate

119
Q

platelet storage lesion:
pH

120
Q

platelet storage lesion:
ATP

121
Q

morphology scores

A

decreased (loss of swirling effect)

122
Q

platelet storage lesion:
degranulation

123
Q

platelet storage lesion:
platelet activation markers

124
Q

platelet storage lesion:
platelet aggregation

A

drop in responses to some agonists

125
Q

life span of platelets

126
Q

normal count of platelets

127
Q

additive solutions for platelets

A

glucose
citrate
phosphate
potassium
magnesium
acetate

128
Q

purpose of adenine blood additive

A

increased ADP levels

129
Q

purpose of glucose blood addtive

A

food for cells

130
Q

purpose of phosphate blood additive

A

source of 2,3-DPG

131
Q

what are blood bags made of

A

polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

132
Q

other materials for blood container

A

polyolefin containers
latex

133
Q

main concern associated with storage of platelets at 20-24C

A

bacterial contamination

134
Q

most common infectious complication of transfusion

135
Q

what cryopreservative is added to platelets

A

dimethyl sulfoxide

136
Q

frozen platelets storage temp and shelf life

A

-80C, up to 2 years

137
Q

most common cause of bacterial contamination of platelet products

A

entry of skin plugs into the collection bag

138
Q

immunohematology reference laboratory

A

National Kidney Transplant institute

139
Q

transfusion transmitted infections reference laboratory

A

research institute for tropical medicine

140
Q

organizations of blood banking

A

DOH-NVBSP
FDA
Philippine Blood Coordinating Council (PBCC)

141
Q

how often are blood banks inspected in a year

A

once a year

142
Q

main goal of DOH-NVBSP

A

make sure to deliver safe and adequate blood to those in need

143
Q

organization that includes policy making, technical aspects of national policy and reviewing case in the hospital

regulates blood bank, blood supply and proper collection of blood

A

Philippine Blood Coordinating COuncil

144
Q

some equipment in blood bank with collection facility

A

apheresis
blood bag centrifuge
bleeding station

145
Q

some equipment in blood bank without collection facility

A

blood irradiator
refrigerator
plasma freezer
platelet agitator
platelet incubator

146
Q

three areas of RBC biology that are crucial for normal RBC function

A

normal chemical composition and structure of RBC membrane
hgb structure and function
rbc metabolism

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (17 decks)

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