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IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY > MIDTERM LECTURE L1: P BLOOD GROUP > Flashcards

MIDTERM LECTURE L1: P BLOOD GROUP Flashcards

1
Q

P blood group was discovered by

A

Landsteiner and Levine

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2
Q

On what year was P blood group discovered

A

1927

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3
Q

Landsteiner and Levine injected ______ to rabbits which produced an antibody

A

human RBCs

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4
Q

Landsteiner and Levine injected human RBCs to rabbits and produced an antibody initially called as?


A

anti-P

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5
Q

Anti-P divided humans into what two groups?


A

P+ and P-

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6
Q

Due to certain discoveries of Levine and colleagues in 1951, the original antigen and phenotypes were renamed. Anti-P became?


A

anti-P1

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7
Q

P+ phenotype was renamed to?


A

P1

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8
Q

P- phenotype was renamed to?


A

P2

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9
Q

The rare P null individual was renamed to?


A

P

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10
Q

P nulls are slightly more common in what countries and state

A
  • Japan
  • North Sweden
  • Ohio (Amish group)
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11
Q

P blood group system presents any 3 antigens on the surface of RBCs. What are these antigens? 


A

P, P1, Pk

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12
Q

Pk antigen was discovered by

A

Matson and coworkers

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13
Q

On what year did Matson and his coworkers discovered pk antigen?

A

1959

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14
Q

2 common phenotypes in P blood group 


A

P1 and P2

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15
Q

3 rare phenotypes in p blood group


A

P, P1k, P2k

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16
Q

Identify phenotype:

RBCs that react with anti-P1 and anti-P


A

P1 phenotype

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17
Q

Identify phenotype:

RBCs that do not react with anti-P1, but do react with anti-P


A

P2 phenotype

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18
Q

Identify phenotype:

RBCS that do not react with anti-P1, anti-P, or anti-Pk

A

P phenotype

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19
Q

Identify phenotype:

RBCs that react with anti-P1 and anti-Pk, but not with anti-P


A

P1k phenotype

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20
Q

Identify phenotype:

RBCs that react with anti-Pk but not with anti-P1 or anti-P


A

P2k phenotype

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21
Q

Antibodies generally fall into what 2 categories?

A
  • clinically insignificant
  • potently hemolytic
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22
Q

P is assigned to what blood group system? (state ISBT)

A

028

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23
Q

What blood group system does P1 and Pk belonged to? (state ISBT)

A

003

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24
Q

LKE and PX2 belong to what blood group system? (state ISBT)

A

209

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25
Q

P is assigned to what blood group system? (state symbol)

A

GLOB (Globoside blood group system)

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26
Q

LKE(Luke) and PX2 belong to what blood group system? (state symbol)

A

GLOB (Globoside collection)

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27
Q

What blood group system does P1 and Pk belonged to? (state symbol)

A

P1PK

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28
Q

P gene is located on what chromosome

A

chromosome 3

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29
Q

The P1PK gene is located on what chromosome

A

chromosome 22

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30
Q

Specify the location of P1PK gene in chromosome 22

A

22q11.2

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31
Q

Specify the location of P gene on chromosome 3

A

3q26.1

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32
Q

The precursor of P1 can be glycosylated to what chains

A

type 2H chains

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33
Q

P1, P, or Pk may be found on what cells

A
  • RBCs
  • lymphocytes
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes
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34
Q

P can also be found on what cells

A
  • platelets
  • epithelial cells
  • fibroblasts
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35
Q

P and Pk can also be found in plasma as what form of lipid

A

glycosphingolipids

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36
Q

P and Pk can also be found in hydatid cyst fluid as what form of substance

A

glycoproteins

37
Q

The P blood group antigens are resistant to treatment with? (enumerate)

A
  • ficin
  • papain
  • dithiothreitol (DTT)
  • chloroquine
  • glycine-acid EDTA
38
Q

Reactivity of the antibodies can be greatly enhanced by testing with

A

enzyme-treated RBCs

39
Q

T/F: P1 antigen is poorly expressed at birth

40
Q

P1 antigen may take up to how many years to be fully expressed

41
Q

Strength of P1 antigen can vary due to what factors

A

quantity and race

42
Q

Which race has stronger expression of P1 compared to whites?

43
Q

Inhibits the expression of P1

A

the rare dominant gene for the In(lu) type Lu(a-b-) RBCs

44
Q

P1 individuals who inherit this modifier gene [In(lu) type Lu(a-b-)] may type serologically as?

45
Q

P1 antigen deteriorates rapidly on storage causing what test result

A

false negative

46
Q

What type of antibody is anti-P1

A

IgM (naturally occurring)

rarely IgG

47
Q

Anti-P1 is commonly found in the sera of what individual

A

P1- individual

48
Q

At what temperature is anti-P1 optimally reactive?

49
Q

Why is Anti-P1 typically not detected in routine testing?

A

Anti-P1 is a weak, cold-reactive saline agglutinin
(making it undetectable in standard routine testing conditions)

50
Q

At what temperature stronger examples of Anti-P1 react?

A

room temperature

51
Q

At what temperature rare examples of Anti-P1 react?

52
Q

What can be detected in the antiglobulin test when using polyspecific reagents for Anti-P1?

A

complement binding in stronger examples of anti-P1

53
Q

What are the polyspecific reagents used to detect complement binding in stronger examples of anti-P1

A

anti-IgG plus anti-C3

54
Q

Antibody activity of Anti-P1 can be neutralized or inhibited with what substance

A

soluble P1 substance

55
Q

Antibody activity can often be bypassed altogether if ____ is not included

A

room temperature incubation

56
Q

What methods can enhance reactions to confirm the specificity of Anti-P1?

A
  • fresh RBC preparation
  • incubating tests at room temperature
    or lower
  • pretreating test cells with enzymes
57
Q

T/F: HDFN is associated with anti-P1

A

F
(antibody is usually IgM and the antigen is so
poorly developed on fetal RBCs)

58
Q

What complications can rare examples of Anti-P1 that react at 37°C cause?

A

in vivo RBC destruction

59
Q

In vivo RBC destruction may lead to

A

both immediate and delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs).

60
Q

Anti-P1 can be neutralized by

A
  • hydatid cyst fluid from Echinococcus granulosus
  • pigeon droppings
  • turtle dove egg white
61
Q

The discovery of strong anti-P1 in two P1– individuals
infected with Echinococcus granulosus tapeworms led to the
identification of

A

P1 and Pk substance in hydatid cyst fluid

62
Q

Strong antibodies to P1 have also been found in patients with what infection?

A

fascioliasis (bovine liver fluke disease)

63
Q

Anti-PP1Pk was originally called

64
Q

Anti-PP1Pk was first described in the serum of?

65
Q

Mrs. Jay was an individual with what disease

A

adenocarcinoma
of the stomach

66
Q

Mrs. Jay’s tumor cells carried what antigens

A

P system antigens

67
Q

T in the Tja refers to

68
Q

T/F: Anti-PP1Pk is produced by p individuals early in life with
RBC sensitization

A

F
(without RBC sensitization)

69
Q

Anti-PP1Pk reacts with all RBCs except those with what phenotype

A

P phenotype

70
Q

Are the components of Anti-PP1Pk separable?

71
Q

How are the components of Anti-PP1Pk separated?

A

through adsorption

72
Q

Components of anti-PP1Pk are what type of antibodies?

A

IgM and IgG

73
Q

T/F: anti-PP1Pk has the potential to cause severe HTRs and HDFN

74
Q

Antibody linked to increased incidence of spontaneous abortions in early pregnancy

A

Anti-PP1Pk

75
Q

Women with anti-P and anti-PP1Pk, and
a history of multiple abortions, has successfully delivered
infants after multiple

A

plasmaphereses

76
Q

What does plasmaphereses do

A

reduce anti-
body level during pregnancy

77
Q

Anti-P is found as a naturally occurring alloantibody in the sera of what individuals

A

Pk individuals

78
Q

Key difference of anti-P and anti-PP1Pk regarding Pk phenotype

A

Anti-P does not react with cells that have the
extremely rare Pk phenotype

79
Q

Can individuals producing anti-P type as P1+?

80
Q

Alloanti-P is rarely seen, so why is it
very significant in transfusion?

A

it is hemolytic with a wide thermal range of reactivity

81
Q

What condition has been associated with IgG class anti-P antibodies?

A

habitual early abortion

82
Q

Autoanti-P is also known as

A

donath-landsteiner antibody

83
Q

Antibody associated with paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria

A

autoanti-P

84
Q

The IgG autoantibody in paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) is described as

A

a biphasic hemolysin

85
Q

Biphasic hemolysin meaning

A

It reacts to cold, and via complement activation, the coated RBCs lyse at 37C

86
Q

autoantibody is demonstrable only in what test

A

Donath-Landsteiner
test

87
Q

Disease association of autoanti-P

A
  • Parasitic infection
  • Early abortion
  • PCH
  • Urinary Tract Infection
  • Septicemia and meningitis
  • P antigens - pyelonephritogenic E. coli, Streptococcus suis, Shigella dysenteriae
88
Q

Sources of P1 antigen

A
  • RBCs
  • plasma
  • droppings of pigeons and turtledoves
  • eggwhite of turtledoves
89
Q

Sources of P1 antibody

A

▪ Clonorchis sinensis
▪ Opisthorchis viverrine
▪ Ascaris suum
▪ Lumbricoides terrestris

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (17 decks)

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