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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO IMMNUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC: INTRODUCTION TO IMMNUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY AND ITS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Flashcards

1
Q

Study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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2
Q

How the body fights infection, irritants (allergen, UV), carcinogens and toxins.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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3
Q

Host’s reaction when foreign substances (antigens) are introduced to the body.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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4
Q

Best defined as the study of components of the immune system and how the body defends itself against dse.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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5
Q

How the body components respond and interact to provide immunity.

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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6
Q

IMMUNOLOGY
HOW?

A

Recognition, Interaction, Disposal, Regulation

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7
Q

IMMUNOLOGY

WHO?

A

Cells, Molecules, Tissues

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8
Q

It is also the study of the medically related consequences that arise when these mechanisms

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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9
Q

IMMUNOLOGY It is also the study of the medically related consequences that arise when these mechanisms either:

A
  • fail
  • respond in an exaggerated way
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10
Q

fail can lead to:

A
  • autoimmune disorder
  • immunodeficiencies
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11
Q

respond in an exaggerated way can lead to:

A

hypersentivity disorders

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12
Q

*

Consequences of immune interactions:

A

a. Elimination of pathogen (desirable)
b. Overexertion (Undesirable); may lead to autoimmune dse

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13
Q

own immune system attacking own body (ex. arthritis, Graves, Cushing, Lupus); failure to identify own cells

A

Autoimmune disorder

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14
Q

immune system does not perform well, low immune system.

A

Immunodeficiency

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15
Q

Study the px background before concluding status of immunity. Developed from prior exposure.

A

IMMUNITY

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16
Q

Condition of being resistant to infection

A

IMMUNITY

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17
Q

It is from which the study of immunology is rooted from.

A

IMMUNITY

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18
Q

Principle: Antigen gains entrance to an appropriate lymphoid area of the body.

A

IMMUNITY

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19
Q

Immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect or treate dse

A

IMMUNITY

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20
Q

EXAMPLE OF Immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect or treate dse

A

Vaccination & Anti-inflammatory drugs

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21
Q

Composed of wide array of cells, soluble molecule (humoral factors), and tissues

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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22
Q

Composed of wide array of cells, soluble molecule (humoral factors), and tissues with the following characteristics:

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
  3. Mobility
  4. Replicability
  5. Cooperation between different cells or cellular products
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23
Q

Primary role – recognize self from non-self, and defend against non-self

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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24
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM PRIMARY ROLE 2 TYPES:

A

➔ Natural and Acquired Resistance
➔ Recovery

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25
Q

IMMUNE SYSTEM Divided into two categories:

A
  • Innate/Natural Immune System
  • Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immune System
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26
Q

do not possess immunologic memory

A

Innate/Natural Immune System

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27
Q

possess immunologic memory

A

Adaptive/Acquired/Specific Immune System

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28
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNITY:

A
  • INNATE IMMUNITY
  • ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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29
Q

Present at birth “natural”

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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30
Q

No prior exposure to pathogen required

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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31
Q

Little or no memory of prior exposure

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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32
Q

Non-specific

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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33
Q

Immediate response

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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34
Q

Same response upon reexposure

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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35
Q

Acquired; develops overtime

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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36
Q

*

Exposure to pathogen required

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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37
Q

Has memory of prior exposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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38
Q

Specific

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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39
Q

Slow response

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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40
Q

Faster and increased response upon reexposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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41
Q

Both systems are essential to maintain good health; in fact, they operate in concert and are dependent upon one another for maximal effectiveness.

A
  • INNATE IMMUNITY
  • ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
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42
Q

A foreign substance that may or may not induces an immune response

A

ANTIGEN

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43
Q

ANTIGEN 2 TYPES:

A
  • Non-self
  • Self-antigen
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44
Q

may or may not elicit immune response (e.g., carbs, proteins, amino acids, blood donated, food we ate)

A

Non-self

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45
Q
  • from our body; Immunogens – always cause disease (ex. D. latum); Pathogen – immunogen that in living form (ex. fungi, bacteria, viruses)
A

Self-antigen

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46
Q

always cause disease (ex. D. latum)

A

Immunogens

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47
Q

immunogen that in living form (ex. fungi, bacteria, viruses)

A

Pathogen

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48
Q

2 TYPES OF TOLERANCE:

A
  • Immunological tolerance
  • Self-tolerance
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49
Q

the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen → bad thing; can’t recognize immunogen

A

Immunological tolerance

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50
Q

failure to attack the body’s own proteins
and other antigens a → good thing [immune system tolerates self-antigen; if body will not able to tolerate antigen an autoimmune response will happen]
➔ Eliminate non-self-components such as
infectious agents

A

Self-tolerance

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51
Q

During a plague in Athens, described a phenomenon where individuals who recovered from a certain disease rarely contracted the same disease again.

A

THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)

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52
Q

Started the concept of immunity

A

THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)

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53
Q

He recognized their “immune status”

A

THUCYDIDES (430 B.C.)

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54
Q

The term “smallpox” was first used in Europe in the 15th century to distinguish it from “great pox” (syphilis).

A

SMALLPOX

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55
Q

One of the deadliest known dse known to human and the only dse eradicated worldwide (most significant milestone in medicine)

A

SMALLPOX

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56
Q

Only infects humans.

A

SMALLPOX

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57
Q

Symptoms: High fever, vomiting, mouth sores, and characteristic of pustular (fluid-filled) lesions, which can lead to death.

A

SMALLPOX

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58
Q

1st discovered in 1350 BCE from Egyptian mummies.

A

SMALLPOX

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59
Q

Infected Mozart and Abraham Lincoln

A

SMALLPOX

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60
Q

Infected individuals are called “Speckled monster”

A

SMALLPOX

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61
Q

“Corkscrew-shaped” under Phase Contrast Microscope

A

SMALLPOX

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62
Q

SMALLPOX It is an infectious disease caused by two virus variants:

A
  • Variola major
  • Variola minor
63
Q

mild form of smallpox (Alastrim, Cuban itch, cotton pox, milkpox, white pox); may be due to prior exposure/re-exposure to the virus of the same strain.

A

Variola minor

64
Q

serious form of smallpox (manifestation of severe symptoms)

A

Variola major

65
Q

Ancient practice of presenting smallpox to the patient, inducing immune response.

A

VARIOLATION

65
Q

It was first done in Asia and some parts of Africa.

A

VARIOLATION

65
Q

Further refinements did not occur until the late 1700s

A

VARIOLATION

66
Q

Precursor of vaccination

A

VARIOLATION

67
Q

It involves exposing healthy people to a material comingfrom an manifested material of infection/disease (e.g. “smallpox” lesion).

A

VARIOLATION

68
Q

Farmers such as ________ infected his
family with cowpox during 1774 when he
observed that exposure of milkmaids to
cowpox conferred immunity to smallpox

A

Benjamin Jesty

69
Q

This has been revealed successful when
attempts to infect his son by physicians during
1805 indicated that his son was immune to
smallpox.

A

Benjamin Jesty

70
Q

He observed cross-reactivity without knowing it was hence called the “Unsung hero of
vaccination.”

A

Benjamin Jesty

71
Q

animal disease, smallpox- human disease if ever contracted it well led to fever, cough but it will not show a symptom of other disease. It is an orthopoxvirus from the family of poxviridae (Group 5)

A

Cowpox

72
Q

Developed a custom of inhaling dried powdered crust from smallpox lesions blown into the nostrils using a pipe; INSUFFLATION

A

CHINESE (1500s)

73
Q

*

Mary Montagu

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

74
Q

Wife of the British Ambassador of Turkey

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

75
Q

Introduced variolation to Europe in 1921

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

76
Q

Practiced variolation through INOCULATION

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

77
Q

She observed a practice from the Ottoman Empire (where his husband is assigned), a form of variolation where smallpox is planted or inoculated on the skin using needle or lancet.

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

78
Q

This did not always work because some died or were disfigured. (lack of standard, which led to osteomyelitis/disfigured in bone)

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

79
Q

Test subjects: Prisoners and abandoned children

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

80
Q

After countless tries, it was found to be effective. She then performed inoculation to the royal family, including her son

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

81
Q

Inoculation became fashionable in Europe amongst royal families

A

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1720s)

82
Q

Founder of cross-immunity

A

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

83
Q

Heard that rural communities practiced inoculation of cowpox to protect themselves against smallpox

A

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

84
Q

He then tested this hypothesis through his experiment which demonstrated the world’s first vaccine.

A

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

85
Q

– phenomenon in which exposure to one agent provides protection against another agent

A

Cross-immunity

86
Q

antigenic similarity of the different
viruses

A

Cross-reactivity

87
Q

Agents of smallpox & cowpox have cross
reactivity somehow the same antigenic
property but different viruses, after the infection of cowpox you will have the immunity against smallpox

A

EXAMPLE OF Cross-reactivity

88
Q

WHAT DATE Edward Jenner took fluid from “cowpox” lesion of Sarah Nelmes (Milkmaid), and inoculated it to an 8 year old boy, James
Phipps

A

May 14,1796

89
Q

WHAT DATE Jenner inoculated the boy with matter from fresh smallpox lesion.

A

July 1, 1796

90
Q

*

Injection of cellular material to induce immunity. From the latin word ‘vacca’ means cow. It is the act of introducing vaccine into the body to provide protection from a specific dse; much safer and effective than variolation. Six millennia (600 years) before the vaccine for smallpox was created.

A

Vaccination

91
Q

100 years later after smallpox, led advancement to vaccination (attenuated vaccines)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

92
Q

Patented vaccination, hence the “Father of Immunology”

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

93
Q

Basis: Older bacterial cultures of Pasteurella multocida would not cause disease in chickens (broth culture inoculated chicken shows not so potent toward chicken)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

94
Q

to CHANGE; to MAKE A PATHOGEN LESS VIRULENT. Compose of heating, drying, and chemical means.

A

Attenuation

95
Q

He developed vaccines against:
1. Chicken cholera
2. Anthrax
3. Rabies (1885)

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

96
Q

These two procedures were successful in decreasing smallpox mortality

A

VARIOLATION & VACCINATION

97
Q

WHO declared the total eradication of smallpox in 1979

A

VARIOLATION & VACCINATION

98
Q

Observed white blood cells ingesting dye

A

HAECKEL (1862)

99
Q

Note: Cells engulfs, antibodies neutraliizes/tags microorganisms

A

HAECKEL (1862)

100
Q

Discovered cellular immunity and observed pahogocytosis

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)

101
Q

When rose thorn is introduced to starfish larvae, motile cells migrate and clustered around the thorn.

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)

102
Q

He then posited that phagocytosis served as a natural immune mechanism.

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)

103
Q

a process by which a cell is capable of engulfing or “eating” other cells.

A

Phagocytosis

104
Q

Concept of Cellular Immunity was born (how cells phagocytize, how monocyte move to become macrophage)

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880 -1900)

105
Q

Discovered humoral immunity

A

EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)

106
Q

Animals immunized with diphtheria and tetanus toxins produced non-cellular ‘antitoxins’ which neutralize or destroy the toxin.

A

EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)

107
Q

These antitoxins would then be later known as ‘antibodies’ who dicovered

A

Paul Ehrlich

108
Q

protective factors in the blood and other body fluids

A

Antibodies

109
Q

Concept of Humoral Immunity was born (Humoral – part of fluid,
soluble]

A

EMIL VON BEHRING and SHIBASABURO KITASATO (1890)

110
Q

Wrote the book entitled “THE SPECIFICITY OF SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS”

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

111
Q

Human immune system is specific in protecting its own antigen (memory)

A

KARL LANDSTEINER

112
Q

Typhoid Mary

A

MARY MALLON

113
Q

A cook who spread a febrile disease that killed almost 50 persons.

A

MARY MALLON

114
Q

Based on Columbian theory, it suggests that syphilis was endemic in Haiti and was subsequently contracted and carried to Europe by the crew of Christopher Columbus.

A

CRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

115
Q

WHO DISCOVERED Side-chain theory

A

EHRLICH (1900s)

116
Q

Antibodies have receptors which act only on specific antigen (if antibody made from S.aureus specific only for S.aureus type)

A

Side-chain theory

117
Q

Discovered opsonins which coat pathogens to make them more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.

A

ALMROTH WRIGHT (1903)

118
Q

An APR that envelops microorganisms, which
will then be tagged by antibodies → envelop → phagocytosis. It basically enhances phagocytosis

A

Opsonin

119
Q

are not too different; it happens simultaneously in the body.
➔ Both are significant in successful immune
responses.
➔ Both are dependent upon each other, and
operate in combination.
➔ Ex. bacteria free floating in the blood when
macrophage see it can eat easily but sometimes macrophage is confused now the humoral immunity will help by releasing opsonins (opsonins coat non-self-antigen making macrophage eat in few seconds)
➔ Both are dependent upon each other, and operate in combination.

A

Cellular immunity & humoral immunity

120
Q

Discovered Koch’s bacillus (MTB)

A

ROBERT KOCH

121
Q

Delayed type hypersensitivity

A

ROBERT KOCH

122
Q

Passive administration of antitoxin

A

EMIL VON BEHRING

123
Q

Non-disease casuing bland substances can cause anaphylactic shock (uncontrolled hypersensitivity; T1)

A

PORTIER, RICHET

124
Q

Discovered type 2 hypersensitivity

A

MAURICE ARTHUS

125
Q

Discovered polio vaccine

A

SALK & SABIN

126
Q

Cutaneous vaccine

A

Salk

127
Q

Oral vaccine

A

Sabin

128
Q

Smallpox vaccination

A

EDWARD JENNER (1796)

129
Q

Observed phagocytosis

A

HAECKEL (1862)

130
Q

First live attenuated vaccine

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880-1881)

131
Q

Cellular theory of immunity via phagocytosis

A

ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1888)

132
Q

Humoral theory of immunity proposed

A

VON BEHRING, KITASATO (1890)

133
Q

Cutaneous (Delayed-type) Hypersensitivity

A

ROBERT KOCH (1891)

134
Q

Discovered precipitins

A

ROBERT KAUS (1897)

135
Q

Antibody formation theory (Side-chain theory)

A

EHRLICH (1900)

136
Q

Discovered serum therapy; serum
antitoxin

A

EMIL VON BEHRING (1901)

137
Q

Immediatehypersensitivity /
anaphylaxis

A

PORTIER, RICHET (1902)

138
Q

Arthus reaction of intermediate
hypersensitivity

A

MAURICE ARTHUS (1903)

139
Q

Discovered opsonization

A

ALMOTH WRIGHT (1903)

140
Q

Complement

A

JULES JEAN BAPTISTE VINCENT BORDET (1919)

141
Q

Discovered ABO Blood group

A

KARL LANDSTEINER (1930)

142
Q

Development of polio vaccine

A

SALK AND SABIN (1949)

143
Q

Development of vaccine against
yellow fever

A

REED (1951)

144
Q

Identification of basic antibody structure

A

GERALYN EDELMAN, RODNEY PORTER (1972)

145
Q

First monoclonal antibodies

A

KOHLER (1975)

146
Q

Discovered Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

GEORGE SNELL, JEAN DAUSET, BARUJ BENACERRAF (1980)

147
Q

Radioimmunoassay

A

ROSALYN YALLOW (1977)

148
Q

Nobel prize winner for antibody diversity

A

SUSUMU TONEGAWA (1987)

149
Q

Performed first transplantation

A

EDWARD DONALL THOMAS, JOSEPH MURRAY (1991)

150
Q

FOXP3, the gene directly regulatory T cell development

A

2001

151
Q

Development of human papillomavirus vaccine.

A

FRAZER (2005)

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (3 decks)

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