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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > ENHANCEMENT CLASS: BASICS OF IMMUNITY > Flashcards

ENHANCEMENT CLASS: BASICS OF IMMUNITY Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system is composed of wide array of:

A

• Cells
• Soluble molecules (humoral factors)
• Tissues

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2
Q

That have a role in recognition, interaction, disposal, and regulation during healthy and diseased states.

A

IMMUNE SYSTEM

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3
Q

Substances that may or may not induce an immune response

A

ANTIGENS

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4
Q
  • Disease-causing (e.g., pathogens, carcinogens)
  • Non-disease causing (e.g., food, dust)
A

ANTIGENS MAY BE FOREIGN

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5
Q

Host’s own proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

A

ANTIGENS MAY BE PRESENT IN THE HOST

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6
Q

Is the failure to mount an immune response to an antigen

A

TOLERANCE

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7
Q

Failure to attack the body’s own proteins and other antigens (a good thing)

A

SELF-TOLERANCE

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8
Q

Recognize self from non-self and defend against nonself

A

PRIMARY ROLE OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

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9
Q

IMMUNITY is divided into two types:

A
  • INNATE Immunity
  • ADAPTIVE Immunity
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10
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Present at birth “NATURAL”

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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11
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

No prior exposure to pathogen required

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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12
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Little or no memory of prior exposure

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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13
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Non-specific

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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14
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Immediate response

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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15
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Same response upon re-exposure

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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16
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Exposure to pathogen required

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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17
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Memory of prior exposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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18
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Specific

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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19
Q

INNATE OR ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY?

Slow response

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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20
Q

Faster and increased response upon re-exposure

A

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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21
Q

NONSPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

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22
Q

SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

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23
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

A

PHYSICAL BARRIERS
CHEMICAL BARRIERS
BIOLOGICAL BARRIERS

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24
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

A

Cellular: Phagocytic Cells Humoral Factors (Acute Phase Reactants, Complement, Cytokine

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25
Q

THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE

A
  • Lymphocytes
  • Antibodies
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26
Q

Ability to resist infection by means of normally present body functions

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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27
Q

Refers to external and internal defenses that function in the early stages of host defense

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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28
Q

Block or limit access to the body (physical barriers)

to

Initiate activation of immune mechanism (humoral and cellular factors)

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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29
Q

Block or limit access to the body (physical barriers)

to

Initiate activation of immune mechanism (humoral and cellular factors)

A

INNATE IMMUNITY

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30
Q

SKIN AND ITS SECRETIONS
MUCOUS MEMBRANES, SECRETIONS, AND MECHANISM
NORMAL FLORA

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

31
Q

Tightly packed epithelial cells, keratinization, and constant renewal of epidermis

A

INTACT, UNBROKEN SKIN

32
Q

Maintain the pH of the skin (approx. pH 5.6), thus inhibiting the growth of some microorganisms

A

LACTIC ACID IN SWEAT; FATTY ACIDS IN SEBUM

33
Q
  • Produced by keratinocytes
  • Protein with antibacterial effect vs. gram-negative bacteria (E. coli)
34
Q
  • Mucus, Surfactants, and Cilia
  • Coughing and Sneezing
A

RESPIRATORY

35
Q

Urination (Flushing action, and slight acidity)

36
Q

Urination (Flushing action, and slight acidity)

37
Q

Lactic Acid (Acidity destroys pathogens; pH 5)

38
Q

Hydrochloric Acid

39
Q

Lysozyme in tears

A

LACRIMAL AND SALIVARY GLANDS

40
Q

Non-pathogenic organisms in some parts of the body deter growth of pathogens

A

Normal flora (Microbiota)

41
Q

Non-pathogenic organisms in some parts of the body deter growth of pathogens by:

A

Competitive Exclusion
Producing Substances

42
Q

E.g. Vaginal normal flora competes with C. albicans

A

Competitive Exclusion

43
Q

E.g. COLICINS by gut bacteria binds and penetrates to negatively charged surface of certain bacteria

A

Producing Substances

44
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Cellular Defense (Innate)

A

Peripheral Blood
Tissues

45
Q

LIST OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD

A
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocytes
46
Q

LIST OF SENTINEL CELLS

A
  • Macrophage
  • Mast Cells
  • Dendritic Cells
47
Q

Group of glycoproteins that are normal in serum but rise at different rates and in varying levels during inflammation

A

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

48
Q

Synthesized rapidly by _____ in response to cytokines within 12-24 hours

A

HEPATOCYTES; ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

49
Q

Synthesized rapidly by _____ in response to cytokines within 12-24 hours

A

HEPATOCYTES; ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

50
Q

Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by monocytes and macrophages:

A
  • Interleukin-1B (IL-1B)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
  • Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)
51
Q

can also trigger release of APRs

A

Strenuous exercise

52
Q

2 TYPES OF ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

A

POSITIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS
NEGATIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

53
Q

ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS BELONGS TO?? FIRST OR SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE??

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

54
Q

Increases during inflammation
Ex: CRP, mannose binding protein, serum amyloid A

A

POSITIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

55
Q

Decreases during inflammation
Ex: Albumin, transferrin, antithrombin

A

NEGATIVE ACUTE PHASE REACTANTS

56
Q

• Bind to microorganisms and promote adherence
• PHAGOCYTOSIS
• Limit destruction caused by proteolytic enzymes from WBCs

A

ACTIONS OF SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

57
Q
  • Formerly known as “gamma globulins” (Elvin Kabat)
  • Located w/in gamma through beta region
  • Specific glycoproteins referred to as immunoglobulins
A

ANTIBODIES

58
Q
  • Formerly known as “gamma globulins” (Elvin Kabat)
  • Located w/in gamma through beta region
  • Specific glycoproteins referred to as immunoglobulins
A

ANTIBODIES

59
Q

TWO FORMS OF ANTIBODIES:

A

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

60
Q

TWO FORMS OF ANTIBODIES:

A

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

61
Q

Can be found in blood plasma and in many body fluids (tears, saliva, colostrum)

A

ANTIBODIES

62
Q
  • Combine with an antigen which may be enough to neutralize bacterial toxins or some viruses
  • Facilitate phagocytosis and kill microbes (opsonins)
  • Complement activation (e.g. Classical pathway)
A

ANTIBODIES: Primary Function

63
Q

2 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

64
Q

ABUNDANT TO LEAST ABUNDANT ANTIBODIES

A

(GAMDE)
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

65
Q

LARGEST TO SMALLEST ANTIBODIES

A

(MAEDG)
IgM
IgA
IgE
IgD
IgG

66
Q

Immunity developed after being exposed to an infection or getting from a vaccine
Ex: Infection (natural), Vaccination (artificial)

A

Active Immunity

67
Q

Immunity acquired from someone else or something else
Ex: Maternal antibodies (natural), Monoclonal antibodies (artificial)

A

Passive Immunity

68
Q

Exposed to antigen

69
Q

Exposed to antibodies

70
Q

Convalescent Immunity that occurs when patient recovers from an infection

A

ACTIVE NATURAL

71
Q

Acquired by injection of synthetic preparations such as vaccine, toxin, and toxoid

A

ACTIVE ARTIFICIAL

72
Q

Immunity resulting from the utero transfer or through colostrum

A

PASSIVE NATURAL

73
Q

Immunity acquired by injection of Immune sera or antitoxin

A

PASSIVE ARTIFICIAL

74
Q

What is colostrum?

A

breast milk of the mother

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (3 decks)

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