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IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY > ENHANCEMENT CLASS: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES INTERACTIONS > Flashcards

ENHANCEMENT CLASS: ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES INTERACTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Study of fluid component of blood

A

SEROLOGY

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2
Q

What body fluid usually used in Serology?

A

SERUM

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3
Q

Can other body fluids can be tested? Yes or No

A

Yes

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4
Q

What tube usually used in Serology?

A

Red Top/Gold Top Sterile Tube

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5
Q

What tube usually used in Serology?

A

Red Top/Gold Top Sterile Tube

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6
Q

Spin to separate serum from cellular components

A

SEROLOGY

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7
Q

In practice, the term _____ usually refers to the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum

A

SEROLOGY

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8
Q

Substances that have the ability to bind with an antibody, but may or may not evoke an immune response

A

ANTIGEN

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9
Q

antigens capable of inducing an immune response, such as formation of antibody or sensitized T-cells.

Contain structure recognized as foreign by the immune system

A

IMMUNOGENS

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10
Q

All immunogens are antigens. But, not all antigens are immunogens. T OR F?

A

TRUE

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11
Q

Specific portion of macromolecular antigen to which an antibody bind

A

EPITOPE (Antigenic determinant)

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12
Q
  • Part of an antibody which recognizes and binds to an antigen
  • The uniqueness of a paratope allows it to bind to only one epitope
A

PARATOPE (Antigen-binding site)

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13
Q

Not all surfaces act as antigenic determinants. T OR F?

A

TRUE

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14
Q

antigEn-Epitope (EE)

antibOdy-Paratope (OP)

A

GETS?????

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15
Q
  • Formerly known as “gamma globulins”
  • Located w/in gamma through beta region of serum electrophoresis
A

ANTIBODY

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16
Q

Specific glycoproteins referred to as ____

A

immunoglobulins

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17
Q

Specific glycoproteins referred to as ____

A

immunoglobulins

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18
Q

Two forms of antibody:

A

Cell surface (membrane-bound) Secreted Ig’s (antibodies)

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19
Q

Can be found in blood plasma and in many body fluids (tears, saliva, colostrum)

Antiserum (antibody-containing serum)

A

ANTIBODY

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20
Q

Basic structural unit of antibody

A

MONOMER

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21
Q

Basic structural unit of antibody

A

MONOMER

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22
Q

Consist of ___ polypeptide chains (tetrapeptide)

A

4

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23
Q

Consist of four (4) polypeptide chains (tetrapeptide)??

A

1 pair of Heavy chain
1 pair of Light chain

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24
Q

Polypeptude chains are linked together by ____

A

disulfide bonds

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25
Q

Is each pair of polypeptide chains are identical?

A

Yes

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26
Q

what is the Three Globular structure

A
  • 2 Fab (Fragment antigen binding) region
  • 1 Fc (Fragment crystallizable) region (crystallizes at 4 deg C)
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27
Q

is the study of IN-VITRO antigen-antibody
reactions

A

Serology

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28
Q

– is a substance (self/non-self) which elicits
an immune response

A

Antigen

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29
Q

a specific protein which is produced in response to an immunogen

A

Antibody

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30
Q

Antibody molecules combine _______with antigens to form immune complexes

A

REVERSIBLY

31
Q

Antigen + Antibody =???

A

AgAb complex

32
Q

The detection and measurement of these reactions form the basis of immunology and serology

A

AgAb complex

33
Q

The binding of antigen and antibody depends on:

A

Affinity
Avidity
Relative proportions of antigen and antibody present

34
Q

Initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope on the corresponding antigen - Weak binding

35
Q

If antibody is specific to antigen

A

Stable binding (Lock-and-key model)

36
Q

other antigen resembles original
antigen

A

Cross-reactivity

37
Q

Assay is more sensitive (Reactions are visualized easily

A

High affinity

38
Q

Force that keeps the molecule together

39
Q

Represents the overall strength of antigen-antibody binding and is the sum of the affinities of all the individual antibody-antigen combining sites

40
Q

Measure of overall stability of ag-ab complex

41
Q

The more bonds are form = ???

A

the higher the avidity

42
Q

What antibody has has highest avidity??

43
Q

The higher the affinity and avidity, ________

A

the lesser the tendency of ag-ab complex dissociation

44
Q
  • Increased amount of ag-ab complexes
  • Reactions are visualized more easily
A

AFFINITY AND AVIDITY

45
Q

RELATIVE PROPORTIONS OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY PRESENT (PRECIPITATION CURVE)

A

Lattice formation

46
Q

Lattice formation:

A

Zone of Equivalence

47
Q

Zone of Equivalence was formulated by??

A

Dr. Philippa Marrack

48
Q

False Negative in Zone of Equivalence:

A

Excess Antibody
Excess Antigen

49
Q

Excess Antibody:

50
Q

Excess Antigen:

51
Q

One of the simplest methods of detecting antigen antibody reactions

A

PRECIPITATION

52
Q

Most antigens are multivalent???

53
Q

capable of forming aggregates in the presence of the corresponding
antibody

A

multivalent

54
Q

visible insoluble complexes (precipitate out of the solution)

A

Soluble antigen + soluble antibody =

55
Q

________is better at precipitation than IgM

56
Q

In today’s clinical laboratory, precipitation reactions are
most commonly measured by ___

A

automated methods

57
Q

Example of automated methods

A

Immunoturbidimetry (light blocked)
Nephelometry (light scattered)

58
Q

Insoluble antigen (agglutinogen) + soluble antibody (agglutinin) = visible aggregates (clumping)

59
Q

2 PHASES OF AGGLUTINATION

A

Sensitization
Lattice Formation

60
Q

antigen-antibody binding through single epitopes on particle; rapid and reversible

A

Sensitization

61
Q

stabilization of complexes with the
binding together of multiple epitopes (formation of cross-links)

A

Lattice Formation

62
Q

FACTORS INFLUENCING AGGLUTINATION

A

Nature of antigen
Zeta potential

63
Q

enough epitopes should be
present, they should not be obscured

A

Nature of antigen

64
Q

negative charge around cells like
RBCs, causing them to repel each other at a distance of 25 nm; due to sialic acid found on surface of RBC

A

Zeta potential

65
Q

Remedy for factors affecting agglutination:

A
  • Proteolytic enzymes to cleave sialic acid
  • Potentiators like albumin and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to remove water – decreased ZP
  • Low ionic strength saline (LISS)
66
Q

IgM > IgG

67
Q

IgM size:

68
Q

IgG size:

69
Q

If antibody is IgG, _____________ can be used

A

anti-human globulin (AHG) or Coombs reagent

70
Q

IgM temperature:

A

4 to 27 degrees Celsius

71
Q

IgG temperature:

A

30 to 37 degrees Celsius

72
Q

Shaking (used for cards or slides), centrifugation (used for tubes)

A

hastens reaction

IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY (3 decks)

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