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MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY > PRELIM LEC 2: INTRODUCTION; AGENTS OF SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 2: INTRODUCTION; AGENTS OF SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES Flashcards

1
Q

ways of reproduction of yeast cells

A

binary fission
budding
pseudohyphae formation (asexual)

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2
Q

ways of reproduction of molds

A

sexual and asexual

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3
Q

term used for conidida formation

A

conidiogenesis

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4
Q

types of conidiogenesis

A

blastic conidiogenesis and thallic conidiogenesis

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5
Q

how is conidium formed

A

asexual reproduction

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6
Q

specialized fruiting structures that carries out asexual reproduction

A

conidiogenous cells

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7
Q

type of conidiogenesis where the septum forms first, and new growth beyond the septum becomes the daughter cell

A

thallic conidiogenesis

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8
Q

type of conidiogenesis where the parent cell enlarges, a septum forms, and the enlarged portion splits off to form a daughter cell

A

blastic conidiogenesis

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9
Q

what are the asexual spores of fungi

A

chlamydospores
blastospore/blastoconidia
arthrospores
macroconidia and microconidia
conidiospores
sporangiospore

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10
Q

this type of spore is thick walled resistant if exposed to adverse environments

A

chlamydospores

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11
Q

how are chlamydospores produced

A

produced by rounding up and enlargement of hyphal segments

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12
Q

chlamydospores are formed by what fungi species

A

Candida species

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13
Q

chlamydospore that forms at the hyphal tip

A

terminal

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14
Q

chlamydospore that forms within the hyphal strand

A

intercalary

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15
Q

chlamydospore that forms at the hyphal sides

A

sessile

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16
Q

what kind of fungi is Candida albicans in which it has to ability to grow as a a yeast and mold depending on environmental factors

A

dimorphic fungi

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17
Q

what is the process of yeast to mold transition induced by environmental factors

A

filamentation

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18
Q

what factor will lead to C. albicans to transform into molds

A

low carbohydrates

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19
Q

what factor will make C. albicans transform into yeast

A

high nutrient content

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20
Q

type of spore that is produced by the fragmentation of hyphae into compartments separated by septa

A

arthrospores

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21
Q

appearance of arthrospores microscopically

A

box-like/train like

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22
Q

fungi species that produce arthrospores

A

Coccidiodes immitis
Geotrichum candidum

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23
Q

in what areas and under what conditions is C. immitis usually grow

A

deserts, hot temperature

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24
Q

how can C. immitis infect humans

A

through releasing spores in the air by causing their hyphae to become fragmented at the area where septa is found

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25
Q

how can humans acquire C. immitis

A

inhalation, causing lung infection

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26
Q

describe macroconidia

A

large, septated, splindle-shaped or club-shaped
exospore

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27
Q

describe microconidia

A

smaller than macroconidia
round, elliptical, pyriform, tear-shaped
born singly or grape like clusters along the hyphae

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28
Q

group of fungi where macroconidia and microconidia belong

A

dermatophytes

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29
Q

dermatophytes require what substance to grow

A

keratin

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30
Q

dermatophytes cause what kinds of infections

A

superficial infections: skin, hair, and nails

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31
Q

fungi species under dermatophytes

A

Microsporum
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton

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32
Q

dermatophytes capable of invading the hair, skin and nails

A

Trichophyton

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33
Q

dermatophytes capable of infecting the skin and nails

A

Epidermophyton

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34
Q

dermatophytes capable of infecting hair and the skin

A

Microsporum

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35
Q

dermatophyte that has large multicellular macroconidia with few microconidia

A

Microsporum

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36
Q

appearance of macroconidia of microsporum

A

spindle shaped

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37
Q

microsporum species

A

M. canis
M. audouinii (apple green fluorescence)
M. gypseum (geophilic)

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38
Q

dermatophyte that has predominant microconidia with few or no macroconidia present

A

Trichophyton

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39
Q

microsporum species that abundantly grow on rice grains

A

M. canis

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40
Q

microsporum species that shows apple-green fluorescence

A

M. audouinii

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41
Q

microsporum species that is geophilic

A

M. gypseum

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42
Q

appearance of trichophyton macroconidia

A

cylindrical/pencil-shaped

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43
Q

T or F:
Trichophyton produce fluorescence on Wood’s lamp

A

F

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44
Q

trichophyton species

A

T. verrucusom
T. violaceum
T. schonleinii
T. tonsurans
T. rubrum
T. mentagrophytes

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45
Q

trichophyton species that has a rat-tail appearance

A

T. verrucusom

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46
Q

trichophyton species that has a favic chandelier appearance

A

T. schonleinii

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47
Q

trichophyton species with violet colonies

A

T. violaceum

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48
Q

trichophyton species with balloon-like shape appearance

A

T. tonsurans

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49
Q

trichophyton species with red/pink colonies

A

T. rubrum

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50
Q

trichophyton species that has a giant size

A

T. mentagrophytes

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51
Q

dermatophyte fungi that only has club-shaped macroconidia

A

Epidermophyton

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52
Q

appearance of epidermophyton macroconidia microscopically

A

beaver tail appearnace

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53
Q

species under epidermophyton

A

E. floccosum

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54
Q

known as ring worm

A

tinea corporis

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55
Q

known as athlete’s foot

A

tinea pedis

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56
Q

known as jock’s itch

A

tinea cruris

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57
Q

dermatophytosis of beard area and genus of the organism that caused

A

tinea barbae (Trichophyton)

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58
Q

dermatophytosis of the scalp and genus of the organism that caused

A

tinea capititis (Microsporum, Trichophyton)

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59
Q

dermatophytosis of the arms, legs, torso and genus of the organism that caused

A

tinea corporis (Trichophyton, Microsporum)

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60
Q

dermatophytosis of genitocrural folds and genus of the organism that caused

A

tinea cruris (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)

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61
Q

dermatophytosis of the nails and genus of the organism that caused

A

tinea unguium (Trichophyton, Epidermophyton)

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62
Q

what areas of the body does tinea favosa infect

A

scalp, torso

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63
Q

this MOT is associated with humans only; person to person transmission through contaminated objects

A

anthropophilic

64
Q

this MOT is associated with animals; direct transmission to humans by close contact with animals

A

zoophilic

65
Q

this MOT is usually found in soil; transmitted through direct exposure

A

geophilic

66
Q

chronic type MOT

A

anthropophilic

67
Q

acute type MOT

A

zoophilic

68
Q

screening medium of dermatophytes; recovery of dermatophytes from hair, skin and nails

A

dermatophyte test medium (DTM)

69
Q

primary color and end color of DTM

A

yellow -> red

70
Q

pH indicator of DTM

A

phenol red

71
Q

dermatophytes produce what metabolites which raise the pH and change the color of medium into red

A

alkaline phosphatase

72
Q

this kind of spores are produced in a chain at the tip of a conidiophore, often confused with microconidia

A

conidiospores

73
Q

elongated and flask shaped projection rising from the vesicle or conidiophore

A

phialides

74
Q

phialides are aka

A

sterigma or sterigmata

75
Q

genus under conidiospores

A

Aspergillus
Penicillium
Phialophora
Exophiala
(APPE)

76
Q

has septated hyphae which bears terminal conidiophore; conidiophore expands to large inverted flask shaped vesicle that is covered with phialides that bear of chain of conidiospores

appearance similar to new whisk broom (walis-tambo)

A

Aspergillus

77
Q

has septated hyphae with conidiophore that exhibit branching to form metulae, which give rise to phialides with chain of conidiospores

appearance similar to overused whisk broom

A

Penicillium

78
Q

has septated hyphae with flask shaped phialides with cup-shaped collarettes with conidiospores; easiest to differentiate among the APPE

A

Phialophora

79
Q

has septated hyphae with loooooong conidiophore that has conidiospores at its tapering end; has opposite characteristics with phialophora

A

Exophiala

80
Q

these asexual spores contain a sac or sporangium

A

sporangiospores

81
Q

T or F:
sporangiospores can be nonseptated but not coenocyotic

A

F
can be either (unique)

82
Q

zygomycetes of sporangiospores

A

Mucor, Rhizopus, Absidia

83
Q

zygomycete with no rhizoids

A

Mucor

84
Q

zygomycete with internodal rhizoids

A

Absidia

85
Q

zygomycete with nodal rhizoids

A

Rhizopus

86
Q

3 phases of sexual reproduction

A

plasmogamy
karyogamy
meiosis

87
Q

phase where fusion of haploid results to one organism with two nuclei

A

plasmogamy

88
Q

phase where diploid nucleus become haploid

A

meiosis

89
Q

phase where fusion of nuclei form diploid organism

A

karyogamy

90
Q

phase that produce a dikaryotic fungi

A

plasmogamy

91
Q

phase that produce a diploid fungus

A

karyogamy

92
Q

phase that produce a haploid fungi from diploid nuclei

A

meiosis

93
Q

spores under sexual reproduction

A

zygospores
ascospores
basidiospores (ZAB)

94
Q

genus under zygospores

A

Phycomycetes

95
Q

genus under ascospores

A

Aspergillus

96
Q

genus under basidiospores

A

Cryptococcus

97
Q

sexual reproduction spores that has clusters of four to eight spores within a sac

A

ascospores

98
Q

what is the sac of ascospores called

A

ascus

99
Q

genus under ascospores

A

Aspergillus
Phialophora
Exophiala

100
Q

how can ascomycetes reproduce sexually

A

by forming ascospores

101
Q

how can ascomycetes reproduce asexually

A

by forming conidiospores

102
Q

sexual reproduction spores that involves fusion of two identical cells arising from fused hyphae

A

zygospores

103
Q

how can zygomycota reproduce asexually

A

by production of sporangiospores

104
Q

how can zygomycota reproduce sexually

A

by production of zygospores

105
Q

sexual reproduction spores that are contained in a club shaped basidium; mushrooms

A

basidiospores

106
Q

what group do mushrooms belong

A

basidiomycete

107
Q

how can basidiomycetes reproduce asexually

A

hyphae fragmentation

108
Q

imperfect fungi

A

deuteromycetes/fungi imperfecti

109
Q

T or F:
deuteromycetes cannot reproduce sexually

A

T

110
Q

one of the best known genera of the imperfect fungi

A

Penicillium

111
Q

mold species that frequently grows on fruit and source of the antibiotic penicillin

A

Penicillium notatum

112
Q

these type of mycoses are limited to stratum corneum

A

superficial mycoses

113
Q

difference of cutaneous mycoses and superficial mycoses

A

superficial mycoses: limited to surface (stratum corneum)
cutaneous: can infect until the last layer of skin (stratum basale)

114
Q

MOT of superficial mycoses

A

direct contact

115
Q

superficial mycoses has high affinity to what substance

A

keratin

116
Q

superficial mycoses have the ability to produce what enzyme, and what is the mechanism of that enzyme

A

keratinase, allows fungi to metabolize the liver on human keratin

117
Q

T or F:
superficial mycoses are deadly since it induces an inflammatory response and pathological changes

A

F
(no contact with living tissue, hence no inflammation and pathological changes)

118
Q

fungi class that is the major cause of morbidity

A

superficial mycoses

119
Q

known as “ap-ap”

A

tinea versicolor

120
Q

affected skin is hypopigmented

A

tinea versicolor

121
Q

affected skin is hyperpigmented

A

tinea nigra

122
Q

appearance of tinea versicolor

A

spaghetti (hyphae) and meatballs (yeast) appearance

123
Q

causative agent of tinea versicolor and Pityriasis versicolor

A

Malassezia furfur

124
Q

causative agent of tinea nigra

A

Hortea werneckii

125
Q

former name of H. werneckii

A

Exophiala werneckii

126
Q

causative agent of white piedra

A

Trichosporon beigelii

127
Q

causative agents of black piedra

A

Piedraia hortae

128
Q

diseases associated with Malassezia furfur

A

dandruff, seborrheic dermatitis (severe form of dandruff)

129
Q

this component causes inflammatory response in dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis

A

oleic acid

130
Q

how can Malassezia produce oleic acid

A

by metabolizing TAG in the sebum with lipase and converts them to oleic acid

131
Q

this substance increases the cell turnover by 2-3 days (shedding) in the scalp that cause dandruff

A

oleic acid

132
Q

tinea nigra is aka

A

phaeohypomycosis

133
Q

MOT of tinea nigra

A

direct contact

134
Q

how can tinea nigra be removed

A

forceful scraping (painful, accompanied with lidocaine as local anesthesia)

135
Q

what part of the body does tinea nigra tend to appear

A

eccrine sweat glands

136
Q

what characteristic makes fungus tend to appear in eccrine sweat glands

A

halophilic

137
Q

appearance of tinea nigra in direct microscopy

A

septated hyphae with brown/black olivaceous two celled conidiospore

138
Q

epidemics in families sharing of combs and hairbrushes

A

black piedra

139
Q

what do the infected hairs of black piedra demonstrate

A

hard black nodules on the shaft

140
Q

T or F:
black piedra penetrate the hair follicle

A

F

141
Q

characteristic of scalp hair with black piedra

A

sandy, rough

142
Q

specimen for laboratory diagnosis of black piedra

A

hairs with hard black nodules

143
Q

microscopic appearance of black piedra

A

nodules with pigmented center containing ascus, ascospores

144
Q

superficial cosmetic infection of the hair shaft

A

white piedra

145
Q

what hair sites does white piedra usually infect

A

pubic hair, axilla, facial and genital hair

146
Q

physical characteristic of white piedra

A

irregular, soft, white or light brown nodules

147
Q

microscopic diagnosis of white piedra

A

demonstration of arthrospores

148
Q

stains used for superficial mycoses

A

10% KOH
lactophenol cotton blue

149
Q

Non dermatophyte species

A

Malassezia furfur
Hortaea werneckii
Pedraia hortae
Trichosporum beigelli

150
Q

Organism that has bacon and eggs appearance

A

Malassezia furfur

151
Q

Differentiate dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes

A

Dermatophytes can be superficial and cutaneous while non-dermatophytes and superficial only

152
Q

Enzyme produced by dermatophytes

A

Keratinase

153
Q

What form is tissue invasion of Candida albicans

A

Mold form

154
Q

Dermatophytes are agents of

A

Ring worm, athlete’s foot

155
Q

Causative agent of hyperpigmentation and hypo pigmentation of superficial mycoses

A

Malassezia furfur

MYCOLOGY AND VIROLOGY (2 decks)

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