Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CYTOGEN FINALS > PRELIM LEC 1: INTRO TO CYTOGEN > Flashcards

PRELIM LEC 1: INTRO TO CYTOGEN Flashcards

1
Q

According to ______ cytogenetics is the combination of the disciplines cytology and genetics

A

SUTTON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

it is the study of chromosomes, their behavior, and abnormalities

A

CYTOGENETICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thread like structures of cells containing DNA and proteins and therefore, they;

  • carry inherited traits
  • carry the organizational of the cell life Heredity
A

CHROMOSOMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Human somatic cell has _____ of chromosomes

A

23 PAIRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the 22 pairs of chromosomes are the?

A

AUTOSOMES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

it is the study of inherited traits and their variations

  • considers the transmission of information at several levels
A

GENETICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

it is the cause of similarities between individuals

VARIATION OR HEREDITY?

A

HEREDITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

it is the cause of differences between individuals

VARIATION OR HEREDITY?

A

VARIATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the unit of heredity?

A

GENES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

parts of the GENES

A

segment of DNA
exons
introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a trait caused predominantly by a SINGLE GENE

A

MENDELIAN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

traits that are determined by one or more genes & environmental factors

A

MULTIFACTORIAL TRAITS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

example of Multifactorial traits

A

hair color (controlled by 3 genes + environmental influences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

_____ is the COMPLETE SET of GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS characteristics of an organism

A

GENOME

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

____ is the study of analyzing & comparing genomes

A

GENOMICS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ is composed of _____ protein - encoding genes

A

EXOME, 20,325

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

it is the summary of process of storing and expressing genetic information

A

CENTRAL DOGMA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

process of transferring information from DNA to RNA is called

A

TRANSCRIPTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

process of converting genetic information contained in RNA into a proteins is called ______

A

TRANSLATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

level of genetics

A
  1. DNA
  2. GENE
  3. CHROMOSOME (23 pairs)
  4. HUMAN GENOME
  5. CELL
  6. TISSUE (cuboidal epithelium)
  7. ORGAN (kidney)
  8. ORGAN SYSTEM (urinary system)
  9. ORGANISM
  10. FAMILY
  11. COMMUNITY
  12. POPULATION
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

it is genetic material (biochemical) that forms gene

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

sequence of DNA that instruct a cell to produce a particular protein

A

GENE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

genetic make up of an individual

A

GENOTYPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Visible trait biochemical change or effect on health determine by his her genotype

A

PHENOTYPE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Further distinguish by how many copies are necessary to affect the phenotype
ALLELES
26
it has an effect while present in just one copy or one chromosome DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE ALLELE
DOMINANT ALLELE
27
It must be present on both chromosome in a pair to be expressed DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE ALLELE
RECESSIVE ALLELE
28
Continuous molecule of DNA and the proteins associated with it is called the...
CHROMOSOMES
29
It is chart that display chromosomes pairs from largest to smallest
KARYOTYPE
30
It is the COMPLETE SET OF GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS of characteristics of an organism
HUMAN GENOME (23 pairs of chromosomes)
31
CHANGE IN GENE, can have an effect at the whole - person level (causing a disease)
MUTATION
32
MUTATION in the CFTR gene causes...
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
33
What is CFTR gene?
CYSTIC FIBROSIS CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR (CFTR) PROTEIN
34
PREHISTORIC TIME AND THE GREEK INFLUENCE Domestication and selective breeding of plants and animals happen... A. BETWEEN 8000 AND 1000 BC B. BETWEEN 7000 AND 8000 BC C. BETWEEN 9000 AND 1000 BC
A. BETWEEN 8000 AND 1000 BC
35
He argued that active "humors" resided in various part of the (male) body served as the bearers of hereditary traits
HIPPOCRATES (On the Seed - Hippocratic treatise)
36
- He articulated the theory of spontaneous generation with the notion that life can arrive from non living matter - he proposed that the generative power of male semen resided in a pneuma (vital heat) that it contained
ARISTOTLE
37
He coined the Epigenesis to counter the notion that any tiny adult structures in egg or sperm simply grow through bigger during embryonic development Epigenesis: organism is derived from substances present in the egg that differentiate into adult structures during embryonic development
WILLIAM HARVEY (1600s)
38
Theory of preformation which was proposed during ______, state sex cells contain a complete miniature adult called homunculus A 18TH CENTURY B 19TH CENTURY C 17TH CENTURY
C 17TH CENTURY
39
Cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells. All life forms comes from pre-existing cells. Is proposed by _______ during 1830.
THEODOR SCHWANN & MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN
40
He was the 1st to describe and discover chromosomes (plant cells - transitory cytoblasts A KARL WILHELM von NÄGELI (1842) B EDUARD STRASBURGER (1875) C GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1856-1863)
A KARL WILHELM von NÄGELI (1842)
41
- He is the father of genetics - Inheritance and theory involving hereditary factors in the germ cells A KARL WILHELM von NÄGELI (1842) B EDUARD STRASBURGER (1875) C GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1856-1863)
C GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1856-1863)
42
First to demonstrate cell division and the presence of distinct bodies within the nucleus A KARL WILHELM von NÄGELI (1842) B EDUARD STRASBURGER (1875) C GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1856-1863)
B EDUARD STRASBURGER (1875)
43
- Discoverer of chromosome mitosis - Father of cytogenetics A WALTHER FLEMMING 1882 B AUGUST WESSMANN 1888 C HEINRICH WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER-HARTZ 1888
A WALTHER FLEMMING 1882
44
- He was the 1st to used a basic dye (methylene blue) to stain chromosomes - He coined the term "chromosome" Chromo (color) and soma (body) A WALTHER FLEMMING 1882 B AUGUST WESSMANN 1888 C HEINRICH WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER-HARTZ 1888
C HEINRICH WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER-HARTZ 1888
45
- He found chromosomes in the sperm and egg cells of the silk moth fused during fertilization A WALTHER FLEMMING 1882 B AUGUST WESSMANN 1888 C HEINRICH WILHELM GOTTFRIED VON WALDEYER-HARTZ 1888
B AUGUST WESSMANN 1888
46
They proposed the chromosome theory of inheritance on 1902
THEODOR BOVERI AND WALTER SUTTON
47
She identified the sex chromosomes A NETTIE STEVENS 1905 B HANS VON WINIWARTER 1912 C THEOPHILUS SHICKEL PAINTER 1921
NETTIE STEVENS 1905
48
He estimated that men have 47 chromosomes and 48 in women A NETTIE STEVENS 1905 B HANS VON WINIWARTER 1912 C THEOPHILUS SHICKEL PAINTER 1921
B HANS VON WINIWARTER 1912
49
- He discovered the Y chromosome in testicular cells from 3 males - He state also that there are 48 chromosomes in males A NETTIE STEVENS 1905 B HANS VON WINIWARTER 1912 C THEOPHILUS SHICKEL PAINTER 1921
C THEOPHILUS SHICKEL PAINTER 1921
50
They correct the determination of the human diploid chromosome number as 46
ALBERT LEVAN & JOE HIN TIJO 1955 - 1956
51
They constructed the DNA double helical model
FRANCIS CRICK & JAMES WATSON 1953
52
He discovered patients with Down syndrome had an extra copy of chromosome 21
JEROME LEJEUNE 1959
53
He was the 1st to described the Crib - du - chat syndrome (deletion in 5p -a piece in chromosome #5 is missing)
JEROME LEJEUNE 1963
54
Advancement in Banding Techniques started in...
1960
55
______ developed Q banding in 1960
TORBJORN CASPERSON
56
G - banding and R - banding was developed in
1970
57
It is used to detect small deletion and duplication and was introduced by ______ in 1980s
FLUORESCENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH); THOMAS RIED & YOSHINORI WATANABE
58
Is for isolating DNA from any cytogenetically recognizable of a chromosome (1980s)
CHROMOSOME MICRODISSECTION
59
3 Molecular Cytogenetics - Used for identifying GAINS and LOSSES of a specific chromosomal region within the whole genome A COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (CGH) ASSAYS B SINGLE - NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY BASED KARYOTYPING C NEXT - GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS)
A COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (CGH) ASSAYS
60
3 Molecular Cytogenetics - Used for genome - wide detection of GENETIC LESIONS A COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (CGH) ASSAYS B SINGLE - NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY BASED KARYOTYPING C NEXT - GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS)
B SINGLE - NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY BASED KARYOTYPING
61
3 Molecular Cytogenetics - Used for genome - wide analysis of CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES A COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (CGH) ASSAYS B SINGLE - NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ARRAY BASED KARYOTYPING C NEXT - GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS)
C NEXT - GENERATION SEQUENCING (NGS)
62
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Identification and characterization -Numerical changes ( aneuploidy) & structural abnormalities - Helps diagnose genetic disorders: Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, etc. A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES B CANCER CYTOGENETICS C PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS D ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
63
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - CHROMOSOMAL alterations & rearrangements that occur in various types of cancer Ex: Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES B CANCER CYTOGENETICS C PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS D ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
B CANCER CYTOGENETICS
64
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy, analyzes chromosomal content of embryos A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES B CANCER CYTOGENETICS C PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS D ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
D ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
65
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Karyotyping & FISH, helps in detecting abnormalities in developing fetuses. A CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES B CANCER CYTOGENETICS C PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS D ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (ARTs)
C PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
66
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Molecular mechanisms underlying chromosomal abnormalities, gene expression, & genomic stability - Cure of some diseases - Pharmacogenetics A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES C DNA PROFILING D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH
67
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Comparison of chromosomal organization & rearrangements among different species to gain insights into their evolutionary relationships & trace the evolution of genomes over time A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES C DNA PROFILING D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES
68
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Comparing DNA sequences (DNA fingerprinting) Purpose: to establish/rule out identity, relationships or ancestry Forensic science: collecting of physical evidence of crime A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES C DNA PROFILING D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
C DNA PROFILING
69
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics - Determining family relationships Establish geographic origins of specific populations DNA testing can provide views into past epidemics of infectious diseases by detecting genes of the pathogens A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES C DNA PROFILING D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT
70
Application and Importance of Cytogenetics Plants with enhanced potential - More vigorous growth & increased yields - Resistance to natural predators & pests - Production of hybrids & others Animals: selective breeding - Purpose: to develop superior breeds of livestock: a. Produced chickens that grow faster, yield high quality meat, lay greater numbers of larger eggs; b. larger animals (pigs, cows): artificial insemination - To study endangered and difficult - to - capture animals A CYTOGENETIC RESEARCH B EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES C DNA PROFILING D CONNECTS PAST TO PRESENT E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS
E GENETIC MODIFICATIONS

CYTOGEN FINALS (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions