PRELIM: 5 Flashcards
these compounds are key materials in both biochemical systems and the chemical industry.
Acids, Bases and Salts
In 1884, the Swedish chemist _________________proposed that acids and bases be defined in terms of the chemical species they form when they dissolve in water.
Svante August Arrhenius (1859–1927)
The acidic species in Arrhenius theory is thus the _____________.
hydrogen ion
The basic species in Arrhenius theory is thus the _____________.
hydroxide ion
Two common examples of Arrhenius acids are HNO3 (nitric acid) and ___________
HCl (hydrochloric acid)
Two common examples of Arrhenius acids are _____________ and HCl (hydrochloric acid)
HNO3 (nitric acid)
__________ is the process in which individual positive and negative ions are produced from a molecular compound that is dissolved in solution.
Ionization
Two common examples of Arrhenius bases are NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and ________________
KOH (potassium hydroxide)
Two common examples of Arrhenius bases are ___________ and KOH (potassium hydroxide).
NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
_____________ is the process in which individual positive and negative ions are released from an ionic compound that is dissolved in solution.
Dissociation
In 1923, _________________________, a Danish chemist, and Thomas Martin Lowry (1874–1936), a British chemist, independently and almost simultaneously proposed broadened definitions for acids and bases — definitions that applied in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions and that also explained how some non hydroxide-containing substances, when added to water, produce basic solutions.
Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (1879–1947)
In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted (1879–1947), a Danish chemist, and _____________________, a British chemist, independently and almost simultaneously proposed broadened definitions for acids and bases — definitions that applied in both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions and that also explained how some non hydroxide-containing substances, when added to water, produce basic solutions.
Thomas Martin Lowry (1874–1936)
A Brønsted–Lowry acid is a substance that can _______ a proton (H+ ion) to some other substance.
donate
A Brønsted–Lowry base is a substance that can _______ a proton (H+ ion) from some other substance.
accept
An _____________ substance is a substance that can either lose or accept a proton and thus can function as either a Brønsted–Lowry acid or a Brønsted–Lowry base.
amphiprotic
An absolute structural requirement for a Brønsted–Lowry acid is the presence of a ___________. The generalized notation for a Brønsted–Lowry acid, is HA
hydrogen atom
______ is the most common amphiprotic substance.
Water
Acid association constant
Ka
When acids and hydroxide bases are mixed, they react with one another and their acidic and basic properties disappear; we say they have __________ each other.
neutralized each other
A ______is an ionic compound containing a metal or polyatomic ion as the positive ion and a nonmetal or polyatomic ion (except hydroxide) as the negative ion.
salt
The neutralization process can be viewed as either an exchange reaction or a _______________ reaction.
proton-transfer reaction.
The __________ is a scale of small numbers that is used to specify molar hydronium ion concentration in an aqueous solution.
pH scale
The calculation of pH scale values involves the use of __________.
logarithms
The letter p, as in pH, means _____________________.
“negative logarithm of.”
