Prelim Flashcards
2 Types of Sampling
Biased/ Non-probability Sample
Representative/ Probability Sample
is one that is not representative. does not reflect the composition of the population to wich the researcher is attempting to generalize convenience type of sampling result is invalid result is unequal
Biased/ Non-probability sample
a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
randomly chosen
non-biased
valid result
Representative/ Probability sample
first systematic collection of data on the population and the economy during the Renaissance
Italian city-states of Venice and Florence
The term statistics was derived from
“state” which was used to refer to a collection of facts of interest to the state
John Graunt’s book
Natural and Political Observations Based upon the Bills of Mortality
refers to deaths
mortality
refers to illnesses
morbidity
the study of disease and its treatment, control and prevention in a population of individuals
study of the spread of disease in a population
Epidemiology
is the process by which knowledge is gathered through careful and systematic observation
Empirical method
Empirical knowledge
Experiences
Experimentation
Observation
an effect which results in the improvement of subject’s performance through being observed and/or social contact
Hawthorne Effect
the phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome
Rosenthal Effect
The phenomenon where an otherwise worthless intervention in a study nevertheless induces an improvement in the patient’s condition
Placebo Effect
do not receive experimental treatment; no manipulation
purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
control condition
receive the experimental treatment
experimental condition
comparison between two things/quantities
ratio
a ratio which x is a portion of the whole x+y
numerator is always in the denominator
proportion
Probability
number of outcomes classified as A/ total number of possible outcomes
is an agent that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness.
risk factor
Two proportions fundamental to evaluating diagnostic procedures
Sensitivity
Specificity
the proportion of people who test as positive to a disease who really do have the disease
true positive rate
Sensitivity
the proportion of people who test negative to a disease who really do not have the disease
true negative rate
Specificity
results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative
false positive
results when a test indicates a negative status when the true status is positive
false negative
formula of specificity
TN/ TN+ FP
formula of sensitivity
TP/TP + FN
formula of FP
FP/FP + TN
formula of FN
FN/FN + TP
is the number of new cases divided by the number of people at risk for the disease over a period of time
is used to track baseline rates and to measure the effectiveness of prevention program
Incidence
is the number of affected persons divided by the total population at a point in time
burden of the disease
Prevalence
fraction of incidence rate
Number of new cases/ Population at risk for developing the disease
fraction of proportionate mortality rate
Number of deaths from a particular case/ total deaths
fraction of prevalence rate
Number of old and new cases of a disease/ Population examined
fraction of cause of death rate
Number of deaths from a specified cause/ Mid-year population
fraction of specific mortality rate
number of deaths in a specified group/Mid-year population of the specified group
the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, present, analyze and interpret data
statistics
Two types of Statistical Analysis
Descriptive
Inferential
Eploratory Data Analysis
summarize or describe
wishes to understand the relationship between two variables
Descriptive Statistics
is the process of allowing a few numbers to summarize many numbers
Data reduction
Explanatory Analysis
generalization of the population
is rooted in inductive reasoning
uses probability
Inferential Statistics
to infer means
to make a conclusion based on evidence
the process of observing data, recognizing patterns and making generalizations from your observations
Inductive reasoning
the chance of an event occurring
probability
5 Pertinent activities involved in statistics
Descriptive:
Collection
Organization
Presentation
Inferential:
Analysis
Interpretation
Research process
Research question Hypothesis Identify research design Data Collection Presentation of data Data analysis Interpretation of data
Inferential statistics requires
Higher
Order
Thinking
Skills
was created under the leadership of Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in learning and education
Bloom’s Taxonomy
hierarchy of bloom’s taxonomy
evaluation synthesis analysis application comprehension knowledge
