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Statistics > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

2 Types of Sampling

A

Biased/ Non-probability Sample

Representative/ Probability Sample

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2
Q 
is one that is not representative.
does not reflect the composition of the population to wich the researcher is attempting to generalize
convenience type of sampling
result is invalid
result is unequal
A

Biased/ Non-probability sample

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3
Q

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn
randomly chosen
non-biased
valid result

A

Representative/ Probability sample

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4
Q

first systematic collection of data on the population and the economy during the Renaissance

A

Italian city-states of Venice and Florence

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5
Q

The term statistics was derived from

A

“state” which was used to refer to a collection of facts of interest to the state

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6
Q

John Graunt’s book

A

Natural and Political Observations Based upon the Bills of Mortality

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7
Q

refers to deaths

A

mortality

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8
Q

refers to illnesses

A

morbidity

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9
Q

the study of disease and its treatment, control and prevention in a population of individuals

study of the spread of disease in a population

A

Epidemiology

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10
Q

is the process by which knowledge is gathered through careful and systematic observation

A

Empirical method

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11
Q

Empirical knowledge

A

Experiences
Experimentation
Observation

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12
Q

an effect which results in the improvement of subject’s performance through being observed and/or social contact

A

Hawthorne Effect

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13
Q

the phenomenon where the expectations of the researchers in a study influence the outcome

A

Rosenthal Effect

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14
Q

The phenomenon where an otherwise worthless intervention in a study nevertheless induces an improvement in the patient’s condition

A

Placebo Effect

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15
Q

do not receive experimental treatment; no manipulation

purpose is to provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition

A

control condition

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16
Q

receive the experimental treatment

A

experimental condition

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17
Q

comparison between two things/quantities

A

ratio

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18
Q

a ratio which x is a portion of the whole x+y

numerator is always in the denominator

A

proportion

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19
Q

Probability

A

number of outcomes classified as A/ total number of possible outcomes

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20
Q

is an agent that is believed to increase the probability of a certain outcome or illness.

A

risk factor

21
Q

Two proportions fundamental to evaluating diagnostic procedures

A

Sensitivity

Specificity

22
Q

the proportion of people who test as positive to a disease who really do have the disease

true positive rate

A

Sensitivity

23
Q

the proportion of people who test negative to a disease who really do not have the disease

true negative rate

A

Specificity

24
Q

results when a test indicates a positive status when the true status is negative

A

false positive

25
Q

results when a test indicates a negative status when the true status is positive

A

false negative

26
Q

formula of specificity

A

TN/ TN+ FP

27
Q

formula of sensitivity

A

TP/TP + FN

28
Q

formula of FP

A

FP/FP + TN

29
Q

formula of FN

A

FN/FN + TP

30
Q

is the number of new cases divided by the number of people at risk for the disease over a period of time

is used to track baseline rates and to measure the effectiveness of prevention program

A

Incidence

31
Q

is the number of affected persons divided by the total population at a point in time

burden of the disease

A

Prevalence

32
Q

fraction of incidence rate

A

Number of new cases/ Population at risk for developing the disease

33
Q

fraction of proportionate mortality rate

A

Number of deaths from a particular case/ total deaths

34
Q

fraction of prevalence rate

A

Number of old and new cases of a disease/ Population examined

35
Q

fraction of cause of death rate

A

Number of deaths from a specified cause/ Mid-year population

36
Q

fraction of specific mortality rate

A

number of deaths in a specified group/Mid-year population of the specified group

37
Q

the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, present, analyze and interpret data

A

statistics

38
Q

Two types of Statistical Analysis

A

Descriptive

Inferential

39
Q

Eploratory Data Analysis
summarize or describe
wishes to understand the relationship between two variables

A

Descriptive Statistics

40
Q

is the process of allowing a few numbers to summarize many numbers

A

Data reduction

41
Q

Explanatory Analysis
generalization of the population
is rooted in inductive reasoning
uses probability

A

Inferential Statistics

42
Q

to infer means

A

to make a conclusion based on evidence

43
Q

the process of observing data, recognizing patterns and making generalizations from your observations

A

Inductive reasoning

44
Q

the chance of an event occurring

A

probability

45
Q

5 Pertinent activities involved in statistics

A

Descriptive:
Collection
Organization
Presentation

Inferential:
Analysis
Interpretation

46
Q

Research process

A 
Research question
Hypothesis
Identify research design
Data Collection
Presentation of data
Data analysis
Interpretation of data
47
Q

Inferential statistics requires

A

Higher
Order
Thinking
Skills

48
Q

was created under the leadership of Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in learning and education

A

Bloom’s Taxonomy

49
Q

hierarchy of bloom’s taxonomy

A 
evaluation
synthesis
analysis
application
comprehension
knowledge

Statistics (3 decks)

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