Endterm Flashcards
Classification of Research Data
By source
By form
Research data by source
Primary data
Secondary data
Research data by form
Qualitative data
Quantitative data
gathered directly from the infomants of the study
Primary data
previously gathered, compiled and stored somewhere and may be made available to the researcher who finds them useful to his particular study
Secondary data
descriptions of the characteristics of the people, things or events under investigation
Qualitative data
numerical in nature which possesses the property by measurability
Quantitative data
Aspects of Data Quality
Timeliness
Clear definition of what is to be measured
Who will use the resulting information
How the information will be used for making decisions
is the closeness of a measured or computed value to its true value
Accuracy
is the closeness of repeated measurements of the same quality to each other
Precision
are values that the variables can assume
Data
a collection of data values
Data Set
data in their original form just as they were collected
Raw data
the researcher can deliberate o give some explanations or speculations as long as they have the research data as bases or anchor
Data-based
Results are restricted to whatever information have been gathered and analyzed
data bound
the application of the findings or conclusions from a small group to a large group from which the former group was drawn
Inferential analysis
refers to all members, units or elements of any well-defined set or group of people or objects which is the focus of the investigation
Population
if the units or members have identical or similar characteristics
homogenous
if the units or members have extremely diverse or different characteristics
heterogenous
refers to a subgroup or portion of the population selected to represent the population
Sample
Data Collection methods
Direct Method or Interview
Indirect Method or Use of Questionnaires
Observation
Experimentation
Direct Method or interview
Personal or Face to Face Interviews
Telephone Interviews
Issue of Direct Method
It is done by asking deliberately two or more questions that give the same information
Comparison of the answers reveal consistency of the information given
Data Quality Measure
Indirect Method or Use of Questionnaires
Personally Administered Questionnaires
Mail Questionnaires
Electronic Questionnaires
Quality of Research Instrument
Reliability
Validity
refers to the degree of consistency, accuracy, stability dependability and predicability of the instrument
Reliability
refers to the quality of research instrument what it is supposed to measure
Validity
Types of Questionnaires according to source
Standardized
Researcher-made
set of questions which have been formulated by an accredited organization pursuing a specific field of specialization which has tested the questions for reliability and validity
Standardized
a set of questions which have been formulated by the researcher with reference to the statement of the problem in order to collect the data which are intended to answer the questions posed in the statement of the problem
Researcher-made
Categories of observation
Participant Observation
Non-participant Observation
Individuals under observation should not know they are being observed
Participant Observation
Categories of Experimentation
Experimental group
Control groups
exposed to the influence of a factor
Experimental group
not exposed to the same factor to which the experimental group is exposed
Control groups
subjects who knew they were participating in an experiment actually changed their behavior in ways that affected the result of the study
Hawthorne effect
involves pure chance selection of subject to experimental and control groups which means free judgment and bias of the researcher
Randomization
Biophysiological methods
In-Vivo Biophysiological methods
In-Vitro Biophysiological method
are done on a living organism by using specialized instruments
In-Vivo
Examples of In-Vivo Biophysiological methods
ECG
Blood pressure
measurements are carried out outside the living organism by using specialized equipment
In-Vitro
In-Vitro Methods
Radiological measurements
Biochemical measurement
Microbiological measurement
Radiological measurement
X-ray
CT scan
MRI
Biochemical measurement
serum electrolyte
blood sugar
Microbiological measurement
bacterial counts urine blood fine needle aspiration tissue biopsy
the process researchers use to select subjects from the population being studied
Sampling method
Categories of Sampling methods
Probability
Non Probability
requires that every member of the study of the population have an equal opportunity
Probability sampling
is achieved by random selection of members from the sampling frame
using computer program
Random numbers table
Simple random sampling
used when researcher knows some of the variables within a population
Includes age, gender, ethnicity, medical diagnosis
subjects are selected randomly on the basis of their classification into the selected stratum
Stratified random sampling
The states, cities, institutions, or organizations are randomly selected from the list of the sample
Cluster Sampling
requires an ordered list of all of the members of the population
Individuals are selected through a process that accepts every kth member on the list
Systematic sampling
is a nonrandom sampling technique that does not extend equal opportunity for selection to all member of the study population
Nonprobability sampling
Nonprobability sampling methos
convenience sample quota sampling purposive sampling network sampling theoretical sampling
enrolling subjects who are in the right place at the right time
convenience sample
ensures adequate representation of types of subjects who are likely to be underreprented such a women, minorities, the elderly or the poor
quota sampling
occurs when the researcher consciously selects subjects, elements, events or incidents to include in the study
purposive sampling
makes use of social networks and the fact that friends often have common characteristics
network sampling
is used in the research process to advance the development of a theory
theoretical sampling
civil wrongs committed against individuals or their property
torts
Failure to exercise a degree of care resulting in compromise of a person’s safety
negligence
willful or intentional touching of a person by another person without consent
battery
holding someone against his or her will, with or without physical force
false imprisonment
oral statements that are incorrect and that harm an individual’s reputation
defamation
written statements that are incorrect and that harm an individual’s reputation
libel
a person’s right to have his or her health information kept confidential and released only to authorized individuals and his o her body shielded from public view
right of privacy
an act of making a distinction between people on the basis of class or category
discrimination
an agreement of permission by adults in possession of all their faculties and with full understanding of all the facts and significant risks of this consent
informed consent
a type of research misconduct whee data or results are made up
fabrication
a type of research misconduct where the researcher manipulates results, change procedures, omits data or accepts subject into the study who do not meet inclusion criteria
falsification
a type of research misconduct where ideas, statement, results or words are not attributed to the author but claimed as one’s own work.
plagiarism
passed by the Congress in 1966 that protects the privacy of personal health information
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
