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Clinical Neuro-Optometry > PRELIM > Flashcards

PRELIM Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of case history

A

Tentative diagnosis

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2
Q

Purpose of specific tests

A

Interpretation

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3
Q

Purpose of diagnosis

A

Management plan

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4
Q

Process of obtaining patient information regarding px’s visual and ocular problems

A

Case history

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5
Q

It allows for an organized discussion with patient

A

Case history

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6
Q

Time for px-examiner to get acquainted

A

Case history

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7
Q

Significance of case history

A
  1. To determine the nature of patient’s problem on patient’s visual and ocular health
  2. To use patient’s history and physical findings to form initial impression or differential diagnosis
  3. To gain baseline data to aid in accurate examination of patients in future
  4. To form good rapport with patient
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8
Q

Methods of history taking

A

Interview
Questionnaire
Combination of 1 and 2

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9
Q

Factors to observe during the history taking

A

Seating and body posture
Eye contact
Communication
Listening
Use of verbal and non-verbal reactions
Silence
Empathy and warmth

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10
Q

Basic components of case history: PATIENT PROFILE

A

Name
Age
Address
Occupation and hobby
Gender
Education

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11
Q

-for identification

-for communication

-forming a rapport w patient

-record maintenance

-psychological benefit

A

Name

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12
Q

-consider the condition of the patient that can possible affect eye health

-to determine the flow of examination (geriatric or pediatric)

-to adjusr your communication towrds the patient (use of basic words)

A

Age

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13
Q

diagnosis: prediction of different dse in both sexes

A

Gender

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14
Q

-predilection of diseases in different occupations

-type of lenses/ frame to be given

-amount og correction

A

Occupation and hobby

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15
Q

Primary concern or stimulus which primarily drives the px to seek visual and ocular assitance

A

Chief of complaint

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16
Q

Uncomfortable, painful, and irritable vision or a group of symptoms arising from any form of functional eye strain

A

Asthenopia

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17
Q

FOLDARQ

A

Frequency
Onset
Location
Duration
Associated symptoms
Relief
Quality

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18
Q

Basic components of case history

A
  1. patient profile
  2. chief complaunt FOLDARQ + signs and sympoms
  3. Occupational visual reqirements
  4. Recreational visual requirements + social visual requirements
  5. visual and ocular history
  6. general health history
  7. allergies to medications
  8. medication usage
  9. family eye and medical histories
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19
Q

abrupt on and off, more one CNS WHERE MYELIN SHEATH DETERIORATES. Myelin sheath is for communication.

A

Multiple sclerosis

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20
Q

inflammation of the blood vessels. blockage of blood in the central arteries in the retina. if may block sa blood flow ng mata, on and off ang vision sa patient.

A

Temporal arteritis

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21
Q

cholesterol plaque that blocks the arteries causes black out.

A

Carotid artery occlusive dse

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22
Q

clumping of the vitreous which could pull the retina.

A

Posterior vitreous detachment

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23
Q

light flashes can be experienced by patients with migraine with aura.

A

Migraine

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24
Q

Sensory information

A

Afferent

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25
Q

Motor information

A

Efferent

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26
Q

Visual, auditory, somatosensory, chemoreceptors

A

Afferent

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27
Q

Outside stimuli to the CNS

A

Afferent

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28
Q

From stimuli, processed by CNS, to the efferent

A

Efferent

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29
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle, movement through somatic NS, contraction of smooth muscle

A

Efferent

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30
Q

2 types of cells in NS

A

Neurons
Synapses

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31
Q

Parts of the neurons

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
Axon hillock

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32
Q

Types of cell bodies

A

Nucleus
Ganglion

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33
Q

Nerve fibers that receive signals from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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34
Q

Nerve fibers that send signals along to other neurons

A

Axon

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35
Q

Fatty protective sheath

A

Myelin sheath

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36
Q

Two neurons coming together

A

Synapse

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37
Q

A type of glial cells that are only present in the CNS

A

Astrocytes

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38
Q

Give structural and metabolic support to neurons

A

Astrocytes

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39
Q

Consists of tight junctions that connects the endothelial cells that line the capillaries in the brain

A

Blood brain barrier

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40
Q

Located within the cranial cavity and protected by the skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

A

Brain

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41
Q

Weight of male brain

A

1345 gms

42
Q

Weight of female brain

A

1245 gms

43
Q

Distinguishing factors of the brain

A

Gyri
Sulci
Fissures

44
Q

Convultions of the brain (big wrinkles)

A

Gyri

45
Q

Shallow grooves on the surface of the brain

A

Sulci

46
Q

Deep grooves at the brain

A

Fissures

47
Q

Located within the spinal cavity and protected by the vertebral/spinal column, meninges, and CSF

A

Spinal cord

48
Q

Has voluntary innervation

A

Somatic nervous system

49
Q

Has involuntary innervation

A

Autonomic nervous system

50
Q

Skeletal system

A

SNS

51
Q

The heart, intestines, liver, endocrine

A

ANS

52
Q

It is where the pre and post ganglionic fibers synapse not a center of reflex action

A

Autonomic ganglia

53
Q

More on relax, chill when reading, the eye accommodate

A

Parasympathetic outflow

54
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic outflow

55
Q

Components that make up the visual pathway (in order)

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate body
Optic radations
Visual cortex

56
Q

Pupillary reflex pathway

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Pre-tectal nucleus
Edinger westphal nucleus
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Sphinter pupillae

57
Q

Cross diagram that shows which muscle move when the eye moves

A

Benzene ring

58
Q

One eye

A

Duction

59
Q

both eyes. synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the same direction

A

Version

60
Q

synchronous and symmetric movement of both eyes in the opposite direction

A

Vergence

61
Q

Movement of one eye inwards

A

Adduction

62
Q

Movement of one eye outwards

A

Abduction

63
Q

Movement of one eye upwards

A

Supraduction/anaduction/sursumduction

64
Q

Infraduction/kataduction/deosursumduction

A

Movement of one eye downwards

65
Q

Exycloduction

A

Movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye outward

66
Q

Inclycloduction

A

Movement of the vertical corneal meridian of one eye inwards

67
Q

Both eyes to the right

A

Dextroversion

68
Q

Levoversion

A

Both eyes to the left

69
Q

Both eyes looking upward

A

Supraversion

70
Q

Both eyes looking downward

A

Infraversion

71
Q

Both eyes to the right and up

A

Dextrosupraversion

72
Q

Dextroinfraversion

A

Both eyes to the right and down

73
Q

Both eyes to the left and up

A

Levosupraversion

74
Q

Both eyes to the left and down

A

Levoinfraversion

75
Q

Movement of both eyes inward

A

Convergence

76
Q

Movement of both eyes outward

A

Divergence

77
Q

It is positive that the right things are looking up, the right eye turn up and left eye turn down

A

Positive vertical divergence

78
Q

Right eye turns down, left eye turns up

A

Negative vertical divergence

79
Q

Primary muscle or main muscle

A

Agonist

80
Q

Opposing muscle

A

Antagonist

81
Q

Helping muscle or prime mover muscle

A

Synergist

82
Q

The muscle that is the same with the agonist

A

Yoke muscle

83
Q

Three distinct type of organs

A

Receptors
Physiological connectors
Effectors

84
Q

Organs in which the irritability to environmental changes or stimuli is very highly developed

A

Receptors

85
Q

Any structure capable or reacting when stimulated

A

Receptors

86
Q

Mechanism of vision

A

Physical process
Photo-chemical process
Neuro-muscular process
Psychological process

87
Q

Impinging of an accident ray of light upon the eye and its transmission through various transparent media

A

Physical process

88
Q

Transparent media of the eye

A

Precorneal tear film
Cornea
Aqueous humor
Crystalline lens
Vitreous humor
Retina

89
Q

Layers of the retina

A

RPE
Photoreceptors
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Fibers of henle
Outer plexiform layer
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fiber layer
Internal limiting membrane

90
Q

Involves in transduction of light meaning the change of sensory stimulus to form o another

A

Photo-chemical process

91
Q

Generation of the nerve impulse in the retina and its transmission by a chan of neuron to CNS

A

Neuro-muscular process

92
Q

Primary visual cortex of the brain

A

Occipital lobe

93
Q

Occipital lobe deals with what aspects of vision?

A

Distance
Depth perception
Color determination
Object recognition
Movement
Face recognition
Memory information

94
Q

A part of the cerebral cortex that plays an important role in processing visual information

A

Visual cortex

95
Q

Flow of visual information

A

V1: primary visual cortex
V2: recognition
V3: identification
V4: categorization of the image
V5: spatial attention

96
Q

Relates to spatial understanding

A

Upper dorsal stream

97
Q

Helps identify, recognize, and categorize what we see

A

Lower dorsal stream

98
Q

Test for red-green color deficiency

A

Ishihara color test

99
Q

The ability of the px to recognize the figure in contrast with the bg

A

Minimum visible/detection acuity

100
Q

The ability of the individual to recognize two lines are separated

A

Minimum separable/resolution acuity

101
Q

The threshold of the identification of letters

A

Minimum recognizable

102
Q

The smallest angle subtended at the nodal point, the center of the entrance pupil

A

Minimum separable angle

Clinical Neuro-Optometry (4 decks)

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