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Clinical Neuro-Optometry > PREFINAL > Flashcards

PREFINAL Flashcards

1
Q

shape of pupil

A

Round

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2
Q

location of pupil

A

Centrally located

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3
Q

Color of the pupil

A

No color

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4
Q

pupil composes of

A

Entrance/exit pupil

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5
Q

Normal size of pupil (normal range)

A

2-5mm

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6
Q

Normal size of pupil in physiologic state

A

3-4mm

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7
Q

T/F
younger individuals have smaller pupils than geriatric patients

A

F- bigger

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8
Q

T/F
Myopes have larger pupils than hyperopes

A

T

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9
Q

Nature of pupil size for the entire day

A

Progressively increases at the end of the day

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10
Q

T/F
Anatomy of pupil reflexes size of pupils depends on the balance of parasympathetic (dilation) and sympathetic (constricts) activity of pupil

A

F- parasympathetic (constrict) and sympathetic (dilates)

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11
Q

Pupil size considered as dilated

A

5mm in size

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12
Q

Pupil size considered as constricted

A

1.5mm or less in diameter

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13
Q

Factors that causes dilated pupils

A

Dim illumination
Far vision
Mydriatics
In pain
Emotions
Stage 1 anesthesia or prolonged anesthesia
Dyspnea or asphyxia
Cutting the parasympathetic
nerve
Stimulating the cervical sympathetic nerve
Death

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14
Q

Factors that cause constricted pupils

A

Bright illumination
Near vision
Stage 2 anesthesia
Miotics
Close eyelids
During sleep
Stimulating ciliary nerves
Cutting sympathetic nerves

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15
Q

Before dilating check…

A

Size
Shape
Near relfex
Light reflex
(+/-) RAPD

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16
Q

T/F
Newborns have dilated pupils

A

F- constricted

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17
Q

T/F
Dyscoria is a condition called when pupil have different sizes

A

F- Anisocoria

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18
Q

T/F
Isocoria is a condition when pupil have abnormal shapes

A

F- Dyscoria

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19
Q

T/F
Isocoria is a condition called if there is a displacement of pupil from the center

A

F- Corectopia

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20
Q

T/F
Corectopia is a condition when pupil have same sizes

A

F- Isocoria

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21
Q

T/F
Purpose of checking the reflexes is to assess the integrity of the light and pupillary pathway

A

F- Visual

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22
Q

Purpose of the reflex

A

○ It controls the diameter of the pupil in response to intensity of light that falls on the retina of the eye
○ Greater intensity of light = smaller pupil = less light in
○ Lower intensity of light = larger pupil = more light in

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23
Q

Types of reflexes of the pupil

A

Direct light reflex
Indirect light reflex
Accommodative or near reflex
Orbicularis Oculi reflex
Ciliospinal reflex

24
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, the stimulation of one retina by light produces contraction of the pupil on the opposite eye

A

F- same eye

25
Q

T/F
In indirect light reflex, the stimulation of one retina by light produces contraction in the same eye

A

F- opposite eye

26
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, there is a constriction of the contralateral pupil to the light stimulus

A

F- ipsilateral

27
Q

T/F
In consensual light reflex, there is a constriction of the ipsilateral pupil to the light stimulus

A

F- contralateral

28
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, the signal is passed to both sides of the midbrain so that light information given to one eye is passed on to both pupils equally

A

F- indirect

29
Q

T/F
In accommodative convergence reflex, the person looking at an object close to the face will cause contraction of the pupils

A

T

30
Q

T/F
In orbicularis oculi reflex, there is a ipsilateral constriction of the pupil followed by dilation after closure of eyelids

A

F- unilateral

31
Q

Ciliospinal reflex is also known as

A

Platysmal reflex

32
Q

T/F
Ciliospinal reflex is a reflex that induces bilateral pupillary dilation to painful stimuli applied to the skin of the neck

A

T

33
Q

T/F
Ciliospinal reflex is mediated by first and second-order sympathetic nerves to the pupil dilator muscle

A

F- second and third-order

34
Q

T/F
Ciliospinal reflex is useful to differentiate central from peripheral sympathetic dysfunction

A

T

35
Q

T/F
Orbicularis oculi reflex is useful for the evaluation of suspected Horner’s syndrome and brain death

A

F- ciliospinal

36
Q

T/F
Ciliospinal reflex is more pronounced in sleep and in comatose patients

A

T

37
Q

Purpose is to assess the afferent input from the retina, optic nerve, anterior visual pathways as well as efferent neurological pathways responsible for pupillary function

A

Pupil light reflex

38
Q

Equipment used in pupil light reflex

A

Penlight or transilluminator
Distance fixation traget (20/400 E)

39
Q

T/F
In pupil light reflex, dim and ambient illumination but permits clear view of both the px’s pupils

A

T

40
Q

T/F
In direct pupil reflex, eye practitioner is within 30 cm of the patient

A

25 cm

41
Q

T/F
In pupil light reflex, patient wears his habitual correction

A

F- patient removes spectacles

42
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, the patient fixates on a distant object in a darkened room

A

F- semi darkened

43
Q

T/F
In direct light reflex, a penlight is used to illuminate each pupil taking care to direct the penlight toward the foveal area

A

F- macular

44
Q

T/F
In swinging flashlight test, the penlight is swinging for about 5-10 seconds

A

F- 1-5 sec.

45
Q

When the pupil fails to constrict when illuminated this phenomenon is called the

A

Pupillary escape

46
Q

T/F
In order to detect pupil with marcus gunn, the consensual light reflex is more stronger than direct light reflex

A

T

47
Q

Direct pathway

A

Retina
Optic nerve
Optic tract
Pretectal nucleus
Edinger westphal
Preganglionic fiber of the oculomotor nerve
Ciliary ganglion
Postganglionic parasympathetic fiber of the oculomtor nerve
Sphincter pupillae

48
Q

Who is responsible for the efferent limb of pupillary reflex

A

Optic nerve

49
Q

Who is responsible for the afferent limb of pupillary reflex

A

Oculomotor nerve

50
Q

It is when both eyes converge, the intraocular lenses accommodate and both the pupils constrict upon the shift of fixation of the eye from far to near

A

Accommodation or pupil near reflex

51
Q

Near reflex is also known as

A

Associated pupil reflex

52
Q

T/F
In neuronal pathway of the pupil near reflex, the pupil constriction to a bear stimulus involves activation of neurons in the rostral brain stem

A

T

53
Q

In the light reflex, supranuclear input comes from the pretectal nucleus

A

T

54
Q

T/F
In pupil near reflex, supranuclear input comes from the cortical areas surrounding visual cortex and from cortical areas within the frontal eye

A

T

55
Q

T/F
The smaller the pupil, the greater the spherical and chromatic aberrations

A

F- lesser

56
Q

T/F
The smaller the pupil, the diffraction decreases

A

F- increases

57
Q

Purpose is to test the responsiveness of the pupil to near viewing

A

Accommodative response of the pupil

Clinical Neuro-Optometry (4 decks)

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