Prelim Flashcards
The science of soul.
➢ It can be covert and overt.
➢ Study of observable events or behaviors.
➢ Behavior is unlearned process where in include
reflexes, physiological process and instincts.
➢ Learned behavior acquired through practice.
➢ Currently, Psychology is a scientific method of collecting data about individual and groups to analyze and predict behavior.
Psychology
➢ is an attempt to mould and shape the behavior of the students.
➢ It’s aims to produce desirable changes in them
for all-round development of their personalities.
Education
● Viewed the child as an active learner.
● Argued children learn best by doing.
● Emphasized the child’s adaptation to the
environment.
● Pushed for competent education for all
children.
John Dewey (1859-1952)
●He Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning.
● Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus.
E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949)
● A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the individual actively constructing their knowledge and understanding.
● Teachers guide children’s exploration of their world, fostering discovery learning.
The Constructivist Approach
● A structured, teacher-centered approach
characterized by teacher direction and control.
● An important goal is to maximize student
learning time.
● Effective teachers use both a constructivist and
direct instruction approach depending on the circumstances and individual student needs.
The Direct Instruction Approach
● Approach recognizes individual variations in
knowledge, readiness and interests.
● Emphasizes tailoring assignments to meet
students’ needs and abilities.
● Advocates discovering “zones” or “ballparks” in which students in a classroom cluster
Differentiated Instruction
- Provide real-world learning opportunities.
- Select learning opportunities of optimal
difficulty and novelty. - Allow students make choices in line with their personal interests.
- Give students the opportunity to think creatively and deeply about projects.
How to promote self-motivated students?
➔ Observations
* Laboratory
* Naturalistic observation
➔ Interviews and questionnaires
➔ Standardized tests
➔ Case Studies
Descriptive Research
- Manipulates one or more variables believed to influence behavior while all other factors are controlled.
- Does establish causal relation.
Experimental Research
The manipulated, influential experimental factor.
Independent variable
The factor that is measured in an experiment.
Dependent variable:
The group whose experience is manipulated.
Experimental group
A comparison group, no manipulation.
Control group
Participants are assigned to groups by chance.
Random assignment
➔ Measures the strength of a relation between two
variables.
➔ Does not establish causal relation.
Correlational Research
Scope of Educational Psychology
-Learner of Pupil
-Learning situation and environment
-Learning experience
-Teacher
-Learning Processes
Exploring Educational Psychology
● the total subject matter of EP primarily
revolves around this factor-learner.
● The subject acquaints us with the need of knowing the learner and deals with the learner
and the techniques of knowing the learner well.
Learner
● The second area of EP and though the subject does not directly connect itself with the problem of what to teach or what learning experiences to provide the learner, it has responsibility of suggesting the techniques on acquiring learning experiences.
Learning experiences
● After knowing the learner and deciding on the types of learning experiences, the next problem arises when helping learner properly acquires these experiences with convenience.
● EP deals with the nature of learning and how it comprises topics such as theories of learning, remembering and perceiving.
Learning processes
● EP focuses on the environmental factors and learning situations which
Learning situation or environment
● It emphasize the need of knowing the self for a _______ to play his role properly in the process of education.
● It discusses the conflicts motivation, anxiety,
and adjustment level of aspiration.
● It throws light on the essential personality
traits, interest, aptitudes, characteristics of effective teaching to inspire students and to become a successful teacher.
Teacher
Examples Schools of Psychology
● Structuralism
● Functionalism
● Behaviorism
● Psychoanalysis
● Gestalt
● Humanistic
● Existential
❖ This school of psychology was introduced by Edward Titchener, the student of Wilhelm Wundt.
❖ The goal of structuralism was to find the elements which make up the mind.
❖ The main method used by them to discover the elementary units of mind was introspection.
STRUCTURALISM
❖ The functioning of mental process and how the mind works was seen as the subject matter of psychology observations of actual behaviour was used to supplement data gathered from introspection.
❖ Emphasizes the adaptive value and purpose of mental processes and behaviors.
FUNCTIONALISM
It serves a functional purpose by
helping individuals respond to their environment. For example, feeling anxious warns us of danger.
Emotions
Is an adaptive function that allows us to come up with innovative solutions to problems and challenges, so we can adapt to change and find new ways to survive.
Creativity
This school is proposed by John B. Watson.
Behaviorism
theory of trial and error learning which stress that behaviours and formed through association between stimulus and response that are stamped into the behaviours of the organism through the 3 basic laws of the Law of Readiness, the Law of Exercise, and the Law of Effect.
Edward Thorndike’s
he postulated that through associate a previous neural stimulus could be condition to elicit a response.
Ivan Pavlov
stands as one of the most important paradigm of learning
Classical conditioning
adding pleasurable
positive reinforment
- removing painful
negative reinforcement
adding painful
positive punishment-
removing pleasurable
negative punishment-
would has been great Hollywood screenwriter.
❖ His stories of personalities in one of desire, power and control, we are simply actors in the drama of our mind, pushes by desire, pulled by conscience.
Sigmund Freud
there is conscious, subconscious and unconscious levels in person and there are three dimension of a personality which called id, ego and superego.
Sigmund Freud
According to ____________ it is the expression of unconscious drives that shows up in behaviour and thoughts.
psychoanalysis
, a famous Psychiatrist once said that evil man do what good man only dream of.
Robert Simon
were the proponents of this school and This group made their greatest contribution and perception and learning theory from which cognitive theory was eventually evolved.
Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler and Kurt
Kafka
state that the mind should be thought of as a result from the whole bottom at sensory activities and the relationship within this pattern.
The Gestalt
❖ Believe that man is essentially good and
rational with I-me-myself as the centre of the
experience.
❖ The most important striving is self-
actualization.
Karl Roger
❖ The ultimate challenge to human existence is the sense at personal identity and to build meaningful links with the world.
EXISTENTIAL SCHOOL
