Finals Flashcards
● Focus of developmental understanding must be on systemic change.
● This focus is required because of the belief that the potential for change exists across the life span.
● Although it is also assumed that systemic change is not limitless.
● stress that relative plasticity exists across life although the magnitude of this plasticity may vary across ontogeny.
● There are important implications of relative plasticity for the application of developmental science.
Contemporary Theories
Three main influences, Social Contexts of Development Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective. ____________ take place in cultural settings and cannot be understood apart from these settings.
Human activities
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development:
- I can’t do these, even with help
- I can do these, with some help, (Zone of proximal development)
- I can do these by myself
Represents an inability to take the perspective of another & engage in reciprocal communication.
Development Significance (Piaget)
Represents externalized thought; its function is to communicate with the self for the purpose of self- guidance & self-direction.
Development Significance (Vygotsky)
Declines with age.
Course of Development (Piaget)
Increases at younger ages & then gradually loses its audible quality to become internal verbal thought.
Course of Development (Vygotsky)
Negative; least socially & cognitively mature children use more egocentric speech.
Relationship to Social Speech (Piaget)
Positive; private speech develops out of social interaction with others.
Relationship to social speech (Vygotsky)
Increases with task difficulty. Private speech serves as a self- guiding function in situations.
Relationship to Environmental Contexts (Vygotsky)
Erik Erikson’s Theory on Development: 8 Stages of Development
● Each stage represents a developmental ________________ between a positive alternative and a potentially unhealthy alternative.
● Major decisions at the “_________” has a lasting effect on self-image and view of society.
crisis or conflict
Infant must from trusting relationship or develop mistrust
Basic trust
. Assume responsibility for self-care; initiative
Autonomy vs shame or doubt
. Maintain zest for activity yet understand all impulses cannot be acted upon
Initiative vs Guilt
Eagerness to engage in productive work; child’s ability to move in-between worlds (e.g. academic, friends, etc;
leads to confidence and competence
Industry or inferiority
, Search for identity; may try different roles to see what they fit into
Identity vs role confusion
Young adulthood. Willingness to relate to another person on a deep level
Intimacy vs isolation
Middle adulthood. Extends ability to care to next generation; productivity and creativity are essential features
Generativity vs stagnation
. Consolidating one’s self and fully accepting its unique and unalterable history
Ego integrity vs despair
- composite of ideas, feelings and attitudes people have about themselves
- a belief about who you are
- cognitive structure
Self-concept
- the value each of us places on our own characteristics, abilities and behaviors
- an evaluation of who you are
- ## an effective reaction
Self-esteem
influenced by group memberships
Collective self-esteem
is just a fancy phrase that refers to how a person’s individual needs (psycho) mesh with the needs or demands of society (social).
Psychosocial development
- gives us a way to view the development of a person through an entire lifespan.
- But like all theories, it has its limitations: He doesn’t describe the exact way that conflicts are resolved.
- Neither does he detail how you move from one stage to the next.
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
● Can be defined as the ability to solve complex problems or make decisions with outcomes benefiting the actor, and has evolved in lifeforms to adapt to diverse environments for their survival and reproduction.
● It is the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
● It represents a focal point for psychologists, they intend to understand how people are able to adopt their behaviour to the environment in which they live.
Intelligence
He is a Harvard University psychologist,
defines intelligence as “the ability to solve problems or to create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings”.
Howard Gardner
What are the types of intelligence?
- Verbal–linguistic intelligence
- Logical-mathematical intelligence
- Spatial intelligence
- Musical intelligence
- Bodily–kinaesthetic intelligence
- Interpersonal intelligence
- Intrapersonal intelligence
- Naturalistic intelligence
- Creative intelligence
- Spiritual intelligence
- It is the ability to express yourself effectively through language, both spoken and written.
- It describes the sensitive ability in the written and spoken language, to learn languages, communicate ideas and achieve goals using linguistic skills.
Verbal–linguistic intelligence
- It is the ability for logical reasoning and mathematical problems solving.
- The speed to solve this kind of problems is the indicator that defines the level of intelligence a person has.
Logical-mathematical intelligence
- It is the ability to make a mental 3d model, it allows observing the world and objects from different perspectives and graphically represent ideas.
Spatial intelligence
- It is the ability to perceive, distinguish, transform and express musical sounds’ timbre and pitch.
- It allows you to express yourself through musical forms, it includes abilities such as singing in any musical gender, playing an instrument with perfection, directing an orchestra, composing in any gender and musical appreciation.
- Not only the ability to compose and play musical pieces with pitch, rhythm and timbre, but also the ability to listen and judge.
Musical intelligence
- It is the ability to control and coordinate body moves and express feelings with it.
- The main abilities related to this intelligence are body control over objects and effective dominion to mentally measure the physical space.
Bodily–kinaesthetic intelligence
- or social intelligence is the ability to understand other people
empathically. - It is very important in everyday life, it determines the choice of a partner, friends and, to a high extent, success at work or studies.
Interpersonal intelligence
or emotional intelligence is related to emotions and allows understanding oneself, the access to the own emotional life and the own feelings range.
- It includes our thoughts and feelings; it refers to the self-reflection and self-perception that a persona has of himself.
- It allows understanding and working better with oneself.
Intrapersonal intelligence
- It is the ability to distinguish, classify and use environmental elements, objects, animals or plants, from the urban environment as well as the suburban or rural environment.
- It includes the abilities of observation, experimentation, reflection and questioning of our surroundings.
Naturalistic intelligence
- It is the ability to invent, to devise, to have original thoughts, constructive imagination, divergent
thoughts or creative thinking. - It allows generating new ideas or concepts or new associations between known ideas and concepts, which usually leads to original solutions.
Creative intelligence
- It connects energy and matter, it is dedicated to transcendence, to the sacred, to virtuous behaviours: forgiveness, gratitude, humility and compassion.
- To understand that we are part of a whole with which we need to be in contact.
Spiritual intelligence
● There are 4 predominant learning styles:
Visual,
Auditory,
Read/Write,
Kinaesthetic.
are the various ways in which people learn and process information.
● They can impact how your learners understand, retain, and apply new knowledge.
● That’s why understanding their ___________ can help improve the learning process and ultimately lead to better performance.
● is the way that different students learn.
Learning styles
-learn through eyes and displays of information are especially useful
Tools to utilize: diagrams, charts, pictures,
• When taking notes, rewrite words with symbols or initials
• Try different spatial arrangements with your notes
- sUnderline and use different colours and highlighters
Visual learning
What tools to utilize visual learning:
diagrams
charts
pictures
learn through listening
• Lectures and discussion groups are important for this type of learner
• Tools to utilize: read text out loud, pay attention to tone of speaker, discuss concepts with others for increased understanding
• Record your summarized notes on tape and listen to them later
© Discuss the concepts being taught with another person
• Use these discussions to expand your lecture notes (Leave extra space so chis is possiDle)
• Attending lectures and tutorials is very important-you want to hear how the professor will explain a conceDt
AUDITORY LEARNING
What are the tools to utilize auditory learning?
- read text out loud
- pay attention to tone of speaker
- discuss concepts with others for increased understanding