Prelim Flashcards
Originated from the latin word persona, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman actors in Greek dramas
A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person’s behavior
Personality
contribute to individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, and stability of behavior across situations
Traits
unique qualities of an individual that include attributes such as temperament, physique, and intelligence.
Characteristics
A set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses.
Theory
Theory relates most closely to a branch of ___________ called epistemology , or the nature of knowledge, because it is a tool used by scientists in their pursuit of knowledge.
Philosophy
o Theories are useful tools employed by scientists to give meaning and organization to their observations
Speculation
is a branch of study concerned with the observation and classification of data and with the verification of general laws through the testing of hypotheses.
Science
are useful tools employed by scientists to give meaning and organization to their observations
Theories
is an educated guess or prediction specific enough for its validity to be tested through the use of the scientific method
hypothesis
a scientific investigator can derive testable hypotheses from a useful theory and then test these hypotheses
Deductive reasoning
the investigator then alters the theory to reflect these results
Inductive reasoning
A classification of things according to their natural relationships.
Taxonomy
exist because the very nature of a theory allows the theorist to make speculations from a particular point of view.
Alternate theories
The death instinct
Thanatos
THE FIVE MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
o Psychodynamics
o Humanistic – Existential
o Dispositional
o Biological – Evolutionary
o Learning - Cognitive
First 5 years of life most shape personality
o Unconscious forces are most important
o Neurosis results from unhealthy moving toward, against, or away from others
Psychodynamics
o Unconscious - Freud
o Early recollections - Adler
o Collective unconscious - Jung
o Archetypes - Klein
o Object relations - Horney
o Identity crises - Erikson
o Relatedness - Fromm
Psychodynamics
o People strive to live meaningful, happy lives
o People are motivated by growth and psychological health
o Personality is shaped by freedom of choice, response to anxiety, and awareness of death
Humanistic Existential
Examples of Humanistic
Meaningful life - Maslow
Psychological well-being - Rogers
Growth - May
o People are predisposed to behave in unique and consistent ways; they have unique traits
o There are five trait dimensions in human personality
Dispositional
Examples of Dispositional
- Traits
- Allport
- Motives
- McCrae & Costa
o The foundation for thought and behavior is biological and genetic forces
o Human thoughts and behaviors have been shaped by evolutionary forces (natural and sexual selection
Biological Evolutionary
Examples of Biological
o Brain structures - Eysenck
o Neurochemicals and genes - Buss
o Adaptive mechanisms
o Only explanation for behavior is the conditions that create behavior and occurs through association and consequences of our behavior
Learning Cognitive
Examples of Skinner learning
o Conditioned responses
o Shaping
o Reinforcement
o Observational learning
-Affective units
-Rotter
-Mischel
Cognitive
constructs we develop to perceive the
world and others mold our personalities
Cognitive
Constructs
Kelly
develops as an interaction between the internal and external characteristics of a person
Personality
- Investigates the impact of an individual scientist’s psychological processes and personal characteristics on the development of his or her scientific theories and research
- Examines how scientists’ personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories, and social experience affect the kind of science they conduct and the theories they create
Psychology of Science
WHAT MAKES A THEORY USEFUL?
o Generates Research
o Is Falsifiable
o Organizes Data
o Guides Action
o Is Internally Consistent o Is Parsimonous
o A theory generates a number of hypotheses that can be investigated through research, thus yielding research data
o These data flow back into the theory and restructure it
o From this newly contoured theory, scientists can extract other hypotheses, leading to more research and additional data, which in turn reshape and enlarge the theory even more
Generates Research
concerned with the measurement, labeling, and categorization of the units employed in theory building.
Descriptive Research
leads to an indirect verification of the usefulness of the theory
Hypothesis Testing
o A theory must also be evaluated on its ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed
o A theory must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets
ohowever, is not the same as false; it simply means that negative research results will refute the theory and force the theorist to either discard it or modify it
Is Falsifiable
oA useful theory should also be able to organize those research data that are not incompatible with each other
o A useful theory of personality must be capable of integrating what is currently known about human behavior and personality development
Organizes Data
o The ability to guide the practitioner over the rough course of day-to-day problems
o Without a useful theory, practitioners would stumble in the darkness of trial and error techniques; with a sound theoretical orientation, they can discern a suitable course of action
o The extent to which the theory stimulates thought and action in other disciplines
Guides Action
o A useful theory need not be consistent with other theories, but it must be consistent with itself
o An internally consistent theory is one whose components are logically compatible
o Its limitations of scope are carefully defined and it does not offer explanations that lie beyond that scope
o Uses language in a consistent manner
Is Internally Consistent
o In general, simple, straightforward theories are more useful than ones that bog down under the weight of complicated concepts and esoteric language
o Should strive for simple measurement models that use the minimum number of parameters needed to explain a given phenomenon
Is Parsimonous