Finals Flashcards
is the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life
Temperament
o Born in Berlin on March 4, 1916
o His mother was Ruth Werner, a starlet at the time of ________ birth. His father Anton edward, was a comedian, singer, and actor.
o He was the only child of a theatrical family
Hans Jurgen Eysenck
What are the four criteria for identifying a factor that Eysenck established?
o Psychometric evidence for the factor’s existence must be established
o The factor must also possess heritability and must fit an established genetic model
o The factor must make sense from a theoretical view
o The factor must possess social relevance
The Four Levels of Behavior Organization:
o Specific acts or cognitions
o Habitual acts or cognitions
o Trait
o Superfactors / Types
- individual behaviors or thoughts that may
or may not be characteristic of a person
Specific acts or cognitions
- responses that recur under similar conditions
Habitual acts or cognitions
Important semi-permanent personality dispositions. Defined in terms of significant intercorrelations between different habitual behaviors
Trait
made up of several interrelated traits
Superfactors / Types
oEysenck and Cattell arrived at a different number of ____________ because they worked at different levels of factoring
o Many current factor theorists insist that ample evidence exists that five—and no more and no fewer—general factors will emerge from nearly all factor analyses of personality traits
DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY
Eysenck extracted three general superfactors:
o Extraversion (E)
o Neuroticism (N)
o Psychoticism (P)
Introversion
Extraversion
Stability
Neuroticism
Superego
Psychoticism
does not imply that most people are at one end or the other of the three main poles
The bipolarity of Eysenck’s factors
He contended that each of these factors meets his four criteria for identifying personality dimensions
Eysenck
- have lower cortical arousal level that results in higher sensory thresholds, thus lesser reactions to sensory stimulation
- are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others
Extraverts
- are characterized by a higher level of arousal, and as a result of a lower sensory threshold, they experience greater reactions to sensory stimulation
- can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled
Introverts
- a physiological condition that is largely inherited rather than learned
Cortical Arousal Level
o People who score high on this often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal
o ________ does not necessarily suggest a neurosis in the traditional meaning of that term
Neuroticism
o Eysenck proposed this emotional reactivity in neuroticism is due to this phenomenon
Highly reactive Limbic System
are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness
Diathesis Stress Model
are often egocentric, cold, non-conforming, impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, and antisocial
High P scorers
tend to be altruistic, highly socialized, empathic, caring, cooperative, conforming and conventional
o Low P scorers
– assessed only the correlation between extraversion and neuroticism
o Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI)
contains a lie scale to detect faking, but more importantly, it measures extraversion and neuroticism independently
Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)
o Researchers have found nearly identical factors among people in various parts of the world, not only in Western Europe and North America.
o Evidence suggests that individuals tend to maintain their position over time on the different dimensions of personality.
o Studies of twins shows a higher concordance between identical twins than between same-gender fraternal twins reared together
BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PERSONALITY
Born on April 14, 1953 in Indianapolis, Indiana to Arnold H., Sr. and Edith Nolte
Even though he grew up in an academic family, in his teens he drifted toward mediocre grades in school and got involved in drugs in high school, even being arrested twice on drug charges.
David Michael Buss
were the first thinkers to argue for an evolutionary perspective of psychological thought and behavior
Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer
The first signs of change was put forth by who when he argued for a merger of the biological and social sciences and dubbed his movement “sociobiology”
E.O. Wilson
It is Coined in 1973 by biologist Michael Ghiselin (1973), and later popularized by the anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides in the early 1990s.
Evolutionary Psychology
The scientific study of human ______________ from an evolutionary perspective and focuses on four big questions
thought and behavior
Why is the human mind designed the way it is, and how did it come to take its
current form?
How is the human mind designed; that is, what are its parts and current structure?
What function do the parts of the mind have, and what is it designed to do?
How do the evolved mind and current environment interact to shape human
behavior?
PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
The true origin of personality is evolution, meaning that it is caused by an interaction between an ever changing environment and a changing body and brain
There was a serious problem though: natural selection typically works to lessen individual differences insofar that successful traits and qualities become the norm and less adaptive traits die out
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF
PSYCHOLOGY
The tendency to assume that the environment alone can produce behavior void of a stable internal mechanism
Fundamental situational error
The tendency to ignore situational and environmental forces when explaining the behavior of other people and instead focus on internal dispositions
Fundamental attribution error
operate according to principles in different adaptive domains
number in the dozens or hundreds (maybe even
thousands)
are complex solutions to specific adaptive problems (survival, reproduction)
Mechanisms
Physiological organs and systems that evolved to solve problems of survival
Physical mechanisms
Internal and specific cognitive, motivational, and personality systems that solve specific survival and reproduction problems
Psychological mechanisms
These drives are “adaptations” because they directly affect the health and well-being of the person
Motivation and Emotion
aggression, dominance, achievement, status, “negotiation of hierarchy”
Power
love, attachment, “reciprocal alliance”
Intimacy
- starts with the assumption that motivation, emotion, and personality are adaptive in that they solve problems of survival and reproduction
- conceptualizes individual differences and personality as strategies for solving adaptive problems
Personality Traits Buss
Buss’s model of personality very closely resembles the Big Five trait approach of McCrae and Costa but it is not identical in structure
?
Surgency/extraversion/dominance
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotional stability (opposite of neuroticism)
Openness/intellect
The disposition to experience positive emotional
states and to engage in one’s environment and to be sociable and self-confident
Put into the language of evolution,this involves “hierarchy proclivities”; that is, how people negotiate and decide who is dominant and who is submissive
Surgency
Marked by a person’s willingness and capacity to cooperate and help the group on the one hand or to be hostile and aggressive on the other.
Agreeable individuals are likely to work to smooth over group conflict and form alliances between people.
marks a person’s willingness to cooperate.
Agreeableness / Hostility
One’s capacity and commitment to work
people are careful and detail-oriented as well as focused and reliable
signals to others whom we can trust with tasks and responsibilities and whom we can depend on in times of need
Conscientiousness
All animals have alarm systems that warn them of potential danger and harm
This takes the form of anxiety as an emotional state
This involves one’s ability to handle stress or not
Emotional Stability / Neuroticism
what are Environmental Sources?
- Early Experiential Calibration
- Alternative Niche Specialization
childhood experiences make some behavioral
strategies more likely than others
Early Experiential Calibration -
- different people find what makes them stand out from others in order to gain attention from parents or potential mates
Alternative Niche Specialization
Body type, facial morphology, and degree of physical attractiveness act as heritable sources of individual differences
Genetic Sources
the extent to which a trait is under genetic influence
Heritability
mutations that are neutral in that they are neither harmful nor beneficial to the individual
Non-adaptive Sources
Neutral genetic variations -
- those that actively harm one’s chance for survival or decrease one’s sexual attractiveness
Maladaptive Sources / Maladaptive traits
o Born in Manhattan, New York, on April 1,
1908
o was the oldest of seven children born to Samuel and Rose Schilosky
o childhood life was filled with intense feelings of shyness, inferiority, and depression
Abraham Harold Maslow
o The whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated
o Motivation is usually complex
o People are continually motivated by one need or another
o All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs
o Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy
Maslow’s basic assumptions regarding motivation:
This concept assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- the five needs composing this hierarchy
Conative Needs
- Can be arranged on a hierarchy or staircase, with each ascending step representing a higher need but one less basic to survival
Basic Needs
have prepotency over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated
Lower level needs
Maslow listed the following needs in order of their prepotency:
physiological,
safety,
love and belongingness,
esteem
self-actualization.
o The most basic needs of any person
o Include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on
o are the most prepotent of all
o When people do not have their ______ satisfied, they live primarily for those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them
o They are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
o A second characteristic peculiar to ________ is their recurring nature
Physiological Needs
o Include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters
o also differ from physiological needs in that they cannot be overly satiated
Safety Needs
o The desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; and the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation
o Also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love
Love and Belongingness Needs
Include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high ________
Esteem Needs
- the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others
Reputation
a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence. it reflects a “desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom
Self-esteem
o Originally, Maslow assumed that this need become potent whenever esteem needs have been met
o However, once esteem needs are met, they do not always move to the level of _________
o Why some people step over the threshold from esteem to __________ and others do not is a matter of whether or not they embrace the B-values
Self-Actualization Needs
o Unlike conative needs, they are not universal, but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
o People with strong ____________ desire beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become sick when their conative needs are frustrated
Aesthetic Needs
o Most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
o When this are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened; that is, knowledge is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs
o Maslow believed that healthy people desire to know more, to theorize, to test hypotheses, to uncover mysteries, or to find out how something works just for the satisfaction of knowing
Cognitive Needs
o lead only to stagnation and pathology
o are nonproductive
o are usually reactive; that is, they serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs
o perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization
Neurotic Needs
o It is important to point out, progression up the ladder or staircase of needs is not all or none before the next level can be attained
General Discussion of Needs
o Even though needs are generally satisfied in the hierarchical order, occasionally they are reversed
Reversed Order of Needs
Maslow began to take notes in hope to find others whom he could call a “
Good Human Being”
He concluded that emotional security and good adjustment were not dependable predictors of a Good Human Being
o He eventually changed the term into _______
self-actualizing person”
He began reading biographies of famous people to see if he could find self-actualizing people among the _____
saints,
sages,
national heroes,
and artists
What criteria did these and other self-actualizing people possess?
o They were free from psychopathology
o They had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
o They embrace the B-values
o They fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming
o are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers
o Being -Values or B-values
Maslow termed B-values as “_________” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs
Metaneeds
– the motives of self-actualizing people characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with the B-values
Metamotivations
Self-actualizing people are capable of both giving and receiving love and are no longer motivated by the ___________ common to other people
kind of deficiency love (D-love)
Self-actualizing people are capable of B-love, that is, love for the__________ of the other
essence or “Being”
- mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover
o B-love
are capable of a deeper level of love, Maslow believed that sex between two B-lovers often becomes a kind of mystical experience
self-actualizers
Although they are lusty people, fully enjoying sex, food, and other sensuous pleasures, self-actualizers are ________
o They can more easily tolerate the absence of sex (as well as other basic needs), because they have no deficiency needs
not dominated by sex
o Born on January 8, 1902, in Oak Park,
Illinois
o The fourth of six children born to Walter and Julia Cushing
o had intended to become a farmer, and after he graduated from high school, he entered the University of Wisconsin as an agriculture major
Carl Ransom Rogers
Rogers approach were variously termed
“client-centered,”
“person-centered,”
“student-centered,”
“group-centered,”
“person to person.”
o IF the ________ is congruent and communicates unconditional positive regard and accurate empathy to the client, THEN therapeutic change will occur
therapist
IF_______ change occurs, THEN the client will experience more self-acceptance, greater trust of self
therapeutic
Rogers believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
Formative Tendency
The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials
is the only motive people possess
o Because each person operates as one complete organism, actualization involves the whole person— physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious
Actualizing Tendency
o Similar to the lower steps on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
o It includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo
o The conservative nature of this needs is expressed in people’s desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept
o People fight against new ideas; they distort experiences that do not quite fit; they find change painful and growth frightening
Maintenance
The need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth
o The need for enhancing the self is seen in people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding
o people are willing to face threat and pain because of a biologically based tendency for the organism to fulfill its basic nature
o People have within themselves the creative power to solve problems, to alter their self-concepts, and to become increasingly self-directed
Enhancement
A human’s actualization tendency is realized only under certain conditions like
o Congruency
o Empathy
o Unconditional Positive Regard
-A begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as “I” or “me” experiences
- Once they establish a rudimentary self structure, their tendency to actualize the self begins to evolve
Infants
- organismic experiences of the individual; that is, it refers to the whole person—conscious and unconscious, physiological and cognitive
oActualization Tendency
- the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness
Self-Actualization
o Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual
oOnce people form their ____________, they find change and significant learnings quite difficult
Self-concept
o One’s view of self as one wishes to be
o This contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to possess
o A wide gap between this and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality
o Psychologically healthy individuals perceive little discrepancy between their self-concept and what they ideally would like to be
Ideal Self
o“The symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience”
Awareness
Rogers used the term synonymously with both consciousness and symbolization
Also recognized three levels of awareness:
Ignored/Denied, Accurately Symbolized and Distorted
– experienced events that are below the threshold of awareness
Ignored/Denied
– experiences that are both nonthreatening and consistent with the existing self-concept
Accurately Symbolized
we reshape or distort the experience so that it can be assimilated into our existing self-concept
Distorted
o Many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved
o They may be distorted because the person distrusts the giver, or they may be denied because the recipient does not feel deserving of them
o A compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries an implied threat.
Denial of Positive Experiences
o The person’s needs to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person
o If we perceive that others, especially significant others, care for, prize, or value us, then our need to receive this, is at least partially satisfied
o Positive regard is a prerequisite for positive self-regard
Positive Regard
o The experience of prizing or valuing one’s self
o Rogers believed that receiving positive regard from others is necessary for positive self-regard, but once _________d is established, it becomes independent of the continual need to be loved
o The source of positive self-regard, then, lies in the positive regard we receive from others, but once established, it is autonomous and self-perpetuating
Positive Self-Regard
o They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval
o These conditions become the criterion by which we accept or reject our experiences
Conditions of Worth
– our perception of other people’s views of us
o External Evaluations
oPsychological disequilibrium begins when we fail to recognize our organismic experiences as self-experiences
oThis happens when we do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness because they appear to be inconsistent with our emerging self-concept
Incongruence
This incongruence between our self-concept and our organismic experience is the source of?
psychological disorders
- when people are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience
Vulnerability
– the experience we gain from awareness of an incongruence
Anxiety & Threat
a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown
Anxiety
- an awareness that our self is no longer whole or congruent
Threat
o The protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it
Defensiveness
we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept
Distortion
we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization
Denial
o People resort to this behavior when the incongruence between their perceived self and their organismic experience is either too obvious or occurs too suddenly to be denied or distorted
o can occur suddenly, or it can take place gradually over a long period of time
Disorganization
o The first necessary and sufficient condition for therapeutic change
o Exists when a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings
o To be congruent means to be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is
Congruency
exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation
o It means temporarily living in the other’s life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments
oEmpathy
o When the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications
o The attitude is without possessiveness, without evaluations, and without reservations
o “Because I care about you, I can permit you to be autonomous and independent of my evaluations and restrictions. You are a separate person with your own feelings and opinions regarding what is right or wrong. The fact that I care for you does not mean that I must guide you in making choices, but that I can allow you to be yourself and to decide what is best for you.”
Unconditional Positive Regard
o A therapist with unconditional positive regard toward a client will show a
non-possessive warmth
acceptance
not an effusive
effervescent persona
o Born on November 24, 1942, in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
o Studied at Philippines the University of the
o Founded the Psychological Association of the Philippines
o Established the first psychology department in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez
During the periods of ___________, academic psychology, or the psychology taught in schools, was predominantly Western in theory and in methodology
colonization of the Philippines
In the what year, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology
1960s
o Enriquez was instrumental in the development of the?
Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (Measure of Character and Personality)
It was in the early 1970s that this was initiated when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the Philippines from Northwestern University, USA with a Ph.D. in Social Psychology and lost no time in introducing the concept of the?
concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)
o The study of (‘psyche’) or?
o refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior’’
o First concentrated on a type of indigenization which is based largely on simple translation of concepts, methods, theories and measures into Filipino
Diwa
Is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture
principal emphasis
Enriquez differentiated Sikolohiyang Pilipino from existing western ideas of Filipino psychology
o Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the Philippines)
o Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the Filipinos)
– the general form of psychology in the Philippine context)
o Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the Philippines)
theorizing about the psychological nature of the Filipinos, whether from a local or a foreign perspective).
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the Filipinos)
The accounts Enriquez came up to define Sikolohiyang Pilipino
o Kalooban – emotions
o Kamalayan – wisdom
o Ulirat – surroundings
o Isip – understanding
o Diwa – essence
o Kaluluwa - soul
is a popular area of study of many foreign scholars who came to the Philippines.
Filipino personality
o Identity and national consciousness
o It’s against a psychology that perpetuates colonial status of the Filipino
o Psychological practice in a Philippine context
o It is concerned with both science and humanistic approaches
o It also maintains mentalism-behaviorism approach
o It is not inconsistent with a universal psychology
Major Characteristics of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:
What are the THE FILIPINO VALUES
o Core Value – Kapwa
o Pivotal Interpersonal Value – Pakiramdam
o Linking Socio-Personal Value – Kagandahang-Loob
o Accomodative Surface Values
o Confrontative Surface Values
o Societal Values
o The core of Filipino psychology, it is humaneness at the highest level
o Implies unique moral obligation to treat one another as equal fellow human beings
Kapwa
o A unique social skill inherent in Filipino personhood.
o A request to feel or to be sensitive to
o There is ‘‘hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing
Pakiramdam
What are the Confrontative Surface Values
o Bahala Na
o Lakas ng Loob
o Pakikibaka
the Filipino attitude that tells them to face the difficult situation before them, and do their best to achieve their objectives
Bahala Na
being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties
Lakas ng Loob
the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy
Pakikibaka
What are the Societal Values?
o Karangalan
o Katarungan
o Kalayaan
- what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth
Karangalan
the equity in giving rewards to a person
Katarungan
– freedom and mobility
Kalayaan
are evolved strategies that solve important survival and/or reproductive problems
oAdaptations
are traits that happen as a result of adaptations but are not part of the functional design
o By-products
, also known as “random effects,” occurs when evolution produces random changes in design that do not affect function
oNoise
otherwise known as “breeding”) occurs when humans select particular desirable traits in a breeding species
Artificial selection (
is simply a more general form of artificial selection in which nature rather than people select the traits
Natural selection
operates when members of the opposite sex find certain traits more appealing and attractive than others and thereby produce offspring with those traits
o Sexual selection
(1859) laid the foundation for the modern theory of evolution, even though the theory itself has been around since the ancient Greeks
Charles Darwin
o Darwin’s major contribution was not the theory of evolution but rather an explanation for how evolution works, namely through selection_________________and chance
(natural and sexual)
What are the Accomodative Surface Values
o Hiya
o Utang na Loob
o Pakikisama
the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action
Hiya
to show his gratitude properly by returning the favor with interest
Utang na Loob
- smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or the majority decision
Pakikisama
