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2nd Theories Of psychology(psm105) > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

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1
Q

is the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life

A

Temperament

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2
Q

o Born in Berlin on March 4, 1916
o His mother was Ruth Werner, a starlet at the time of ________ birth. His father Anton edward, was a comedian, singer, and actor.
o He was the only child of a theatrical family

A

Hans Jurgen Eysenck

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3
Q

What are the four criteria for identifying a factor that Eysenck established?

A

o Psychometric evidence for the factor’s existence must be established
o The factor must also possess heritability and must fit an established genetic model
o The factor must make sense from a theoretical view
o The factor must possess social relevance

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4
Q

The Four Levels of Behavior Organization:

A

o Specific acts or cognitions
o Habitual acts or cognitions
o Trait
o Superfactors / Types

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5
Q
  • individual behaviors or thoughts that may
    or may not be characteristic of a person
A

Specific acts or cognitions

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6
Q
  • responses that recur under similar conditions
A

Habitual acts or cognitions

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7
Q

Important semi-permanent personality dispositions. Defined in terms of significant intercorrelations between different habitual behaviors

A

Trait

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8
Q

made up of several interrelated traits

A

Superfactors / Types

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9
Q

oEysenck and Cattell arrived at a different number of ____________ because they worked at different levels of factoring
o Many current factor theorists insist that ample evidence exists that five—and no more and no fewer—general factors will emerge from nearly all factor analyses of personality traits

A

DIMENSIONS OF PERSONALITY

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10
Q

Eysenck extracted three general superfactors:

A

o Extraversion (E)
o Neuroticism (N)
o Psychoticism (P)

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11
Q

Introversion

A

Extraversion

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12
Q

Stability

A

Neuroticism

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13
Q

Superego

A

Psychoticism

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14
Q

does not imply that most people are at one end or the other of the three main poles

A

The bipolarity of Eysenck’s factors

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15
Q

He contended that each of these factors meets his four criteria for identifying personality dimensions

A

Eysenck

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16
Q
  • have lower cortical arousal level that results in higher sensory thresholds, thus lesser reactions to sensory stimulation
  • are characterized primarily by sociability and impulsiveness but also by jocularity, liveliness, quick-wittedness, optimism, and other traits indicative of people who are rewarded for their association with others
A

Extraverts

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17
Q
  • are characterized by a higher level of arousal, and as a result of a lower sensory threshold, they experience greater reactions to sensory stimulation
  • can be described as quiet, passive, unsociable, careful, reserved, thoughtful, pessimistic, peaceful, sober, and controlled
A

Introverts

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18
Q
  • a physiological condition that is largely inherited rather than learned
A

Cortical Arousal Level

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19
Q

o People who score high on this often have a tendency to overreact emotionally and have difficulty returning to a normal state after emotional arousal
o ________ does not necessarily suggest a neurosis in the traditional meaning of that term

A

Neuroticism

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20
Q

o Eysenck proposed this emotional reactivity in neuroticism is due to this phenomenon

A

Highly reactive Limbic System

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21
Q

are vulnerable to illness because they have either a genetic or an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness

A

Diathesis Stress Model

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22
Q

are often egocentric, cold, non-conforming, impulsive, hostile, aggressive, suspicious, psychopathic, and antisocial

A

High P scorers

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23
Q

tend to be altruistic, highly socialized, empathic, caring, cooperative, conforming and conventional

A

o Low P scorers

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24
Q

– assessed only the correlation between extraversion and neuroticism

A

o Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI)

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25
Q

contains a lie scale to detect faking, but more importantly, it measures extraversion and neuroticism independently

A

Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)

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26
Q

o Researchers have found nearly identical factors among people in various parts of the world, not only in Western Europe and North America.
o Evidence suggests that individuals tend to maintain their position over time on the different dimensions of personality.
o Studies of twins shows a higher concordance between identical twins than between same-gender fraternal twins reared together

A

BIOLOGICAL BASES OF PERSONALITY

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27
Q

Born on April 14, 1953 in Indianapolis, Indiana to Arnold H., Sr. and Edith Nolte

Even though he grew up in an academic family, in his teens he drifted toward mediocre grades in school and got involved in drugs in high school, even being arrested twice on drug charges.

A

David Michael Buss

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28
Q

were the first thinkers to argue for an evolutionary perspective of psychological thought and behavior

A

Charles Darwin and Herbert Spencer

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29
Q

The first signs of change was put forth by who when he argued for a merger of the biological and social sciences and dubbed his movement “sociobiology”

A

E.O. Wilson

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30
Q

It is Coined in 1973 by biologist Michael Ghiselin (1973), and later popularized by the anthropologist John Tooby and psychologist Leda Cosmides in the early 1990s.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

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31
Q

The scientific study of human ______________ from an evolutionary perspective and focuses on four big questions

A

thought and behavior

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32
Q

Why is the human mind designed the way it is, and how did it come to take its
current form?

How is the human mind designed; that is, what are its parts and current structure?

What function do the parts of the mind have, and what is it designed to do?

How do the evolved mind and current environment interact to shape human
behavior?

A

PRINCIPLES OF EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

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33
Q

The true origin of personality is evolution, meaning that it is caused by an interaction between an ever changing environment and a changing body and brain

There was a serious problem though: natural selection typically works to lessen individual differences insofar that successful traits and qualities become the norm and less adaptive traits die out

A

EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF
PSYCHOLOGY

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34
Q

The tendency to assume that the environment alone can produce behavior void of a stable internal mechanism

A

Fundamental situational error

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35
Q

The tendency to ignore situational and environmental forces when explaining the behavior of other people and instead focus on internal dispositions

A

Fundamental attribution error

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36
Q

operate according to principles in different adaptive domains

number in the dozens or hundreds (maybe even
thousands)

are complex solutions to specific adaptive problems (survival, reproduction)

A

Mechanisms

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37
Q

Physiological organs and systems that evolved to solve problems of survival

A

Physical mechanisms

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38
Q

Internal and specific cognitive, motivational, and personality systems that solve specific survival and reproduction problems

A

Psychological mechanisms

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39
Q

These drives are “adaptations” because they directly affect the health and well-being of the person

A

Motivation and Emotion

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40
Q

aggression, dominance, achievement, status, “negotiation of hierarchy”

A

Power

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41
Q

love, attachment, “reciprocal alliance”

A

Intimacy

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42
Q
  • starts with the assumption that motivation, emotion, and personality are adaptive in that they solve problems of survival and reproduction
  • conceptualizes individual differences and personality as strategies for solving adaptive problems
A

Personality Traits Buss

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43
Q

Buss’s model of personality very closely resembles the Big Five trait approach of McCrae and Costa but it is not identical in structure
?

A

Surgency/extraversion/dominance

Agreeableness

Conscientiousness

Emotional stability (opposite of neuroticism)

Openness/intellect

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44
Q

The disposition to experience positive emotional
states and to engage in one’s environment and to be sociable and self-confident

Put into the language of evolution,this involves “hierarchy proclivities”; that is, how people negotiate and decide who is dominant and who is submissive

A

Surgency

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45
Q

Marked by a person’s willingness and capacity to cooperate and help the group on the one hand or to be hostile and aggressive on the other.

Agreeable individuals are likely to work to smooth over group conflict and form alliances between people.

marks a person’s willingness to cooperate.

A

Agreeableness / Hostility

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46
Q

One’s capacity and commitment to work

people are careful and detail-oriented as well as focused and reliable

signals to others whom we can trust with tasks and responsibilities and whom we can depend on in times of need

A

Conscientiousness

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47
Q

All animals have alarm systems that warn them of potential danger and harm

This takes the form of anxiety as an emotional state

This involves one’s ability to handle stress or not

A

Emotional Stability / Neuroticism

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48
Q

what are Environmental Sources?

A
  • Early Experiential Calibration
  • Alternative Niche Specialization
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49
Q

childhood experiences make some behavioral
strategies more likely than others

A

Early Experiential Calibration -

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50
Q
  • different people find what makes them stand out from others in order to gain attention from parents or potential mates
A

Alternative Niche Specialization

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51
Q

Body type, facial morphology, and degree of physical attractiveness act as heritable sources of individual differences

A

Genetic Sources

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52
Q

the extent to which a trait is under genetic influence

A

Heritability

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53
Q

mutations that are neutral in that they are neither harmful nor beneficial to the individual

A

Non-adaptive Sources

Neutral genetic variations -

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54
Q
  • those that actively harm one’s chance for survival or decrease one’s sexual attractiveness
A

Maladaptive Sources / Maladaptive traits

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55
Q

o Born in Manhattan, New York, on April 1,
1908

o was the oldest of seven children born to Samuel and Rose Schilosky

o childhood life was filled with intense feelings of shyness, inferiority, and depression

A

Abraham Harold Maslow

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56
Q

o The whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated

o Motivation is usually complex

o People are continually motivated by one need or another

o All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs

o Needs can be arranged on a hierarchy

A

Maslow’s basic assumptions regarding motivation:

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57
Q

This concept assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher level needs become motivators

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

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58
Q
  • the five needs composing this hierarchy
A

Conative Needs

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59
Q
  • Can be arranged on a hierarchy or staircase, with each ascending step representing a higher need but one less basic to survival
A

Basic Needs

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60
Q

have prepotency over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated

A

Lower level needs

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61
Q

Maslow listed the following needs in order of their prepotency:

A

physiological,
safety,
love and belongingness,
esteem
self-actualization.

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62
Q

o The most basic needs of any person
o Include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on
o are the most prepotent of all
o When people do not have their ______ satisfied, they live primarily for those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them
o They are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
o A second characteristic peculiar to ________ is their recurring nature

A

Physiological Needs

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63
Q

o Include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters
o also differ from physiological needs in that they cannot be overly satiated

A

Safety Needs

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64
Q

o The desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; and the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation
o Also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love

A

Love and Belongingness Needs

65
Q

Include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high ________

A

Esteem Needs

66
Q
  • the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others
A

Reputation

67
Q

a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence. it reflects a “desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom

A

Self-esteem

68
Q

o Originally, Maslow assumed that this need become potent whenever esteem needs have been met
o However, once esteem needs are met, they do not always move to the level of _________
o Why some people step over the threshold from esteem to __________ and others do not is a matter of whether or not they embrace the B-values

A

Self-Actualization Needs

69
Q

o Unlike conative needs, they are not universal, but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences
o People with strong ____________ desire beautiful and orderly surroundings, and when these needs are not met, they become sick in the same way that they become sick when their conative needs are frustrated

A

Aesthetic Needs

70
Q

o Most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious
o When this are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened; that is, knowledge is necessary to satisfy each of the five conative needs
o Maslow believed that healthy people desire to know more, to theorize, to test hypotheses, to uncover mysteries, or to find out how something works just for the satisfaction of knowing

A

Cognitive Needs

71
Q

o lead only to stagnation and pathology
o are nonproductive
o are usually reactive; that is, they serve as compensation for unsatisfied basic needs
o perpetuate an unhealthy style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization

A

Neurotic Needs

72
Q

o It is important to point out, progression up the ladder or staircase of needs is not all or none before the next level can be attained

A

General Discussion of Needs

73
Q

o Even though needs are generally satisfied in the hierarchical order, occasionally they are reversed

A

Reversed Order of Needs

74
Q

Maslow began to take notes in hope to find others whom he could call a “

A

Good Human Being”

75
Q

He concluded that emotional security and good adjustment were not dependable predictors of a Good Human Being
o He eventually changed the term into _______

A

self-actualizing person”

76
Q

He began reading biographies of famous people to see if he could find self-actualizing people among the _____

A

saints,
sages,
national heroes,
and artists

77
Q

What criteria did these and other self-actualizing people possess?

A

o They were free from psychopathology
o They had progressed through the hierarchy of needs
o They embrace the B-values
o They fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop, and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming

78
Q

o are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers

A

o Being -Values or B-values

79
Q

Maslow termed B-values as “_________” to indicate that they are the ultimate level of needs

A

Metaneeds

80
Q

– the motives of self-actualizing people characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with the B-values

A

Metamotivations

81
Q

Self-actualizing people are capable of both giving and receiving love and are no longer motivated by the ___________ common to other people

A

kind of deficiency love (D-love)

82
Q

Self-actualizing people are capable of B-love, that is, love for the__________ of the other

A

essence or “Being”

83
Q
  • mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover
A

o B-love

84
Q

are capable of a deeper level of love, Maslow believed that sex between two B-lovers often becomes a kind of mystical experience

A

self-actualizers

85
Q

Although they are lusty people, fully enjoying sex, food, and other sensuous pleasures, self-actualizers are ________
o They can more easily tolerate the absence of sex (as well as other basic needs), because they have no deficiency needs

A

not dominated by sex

86
Q

o Born on January 8, 1902, in Oak Park,
Illinois
o The fourth of six children born to Walter and Julia Cushing
o had intended to become a farmer, and after he graduated from high school, he entered the University of Wisconsin as an agriculture major

A

Carl Ransom Rogers

87
Q

Rogers approach were variously termed

A

“client-centered,”
“person-centered,”
“student-centered,”
“group-centered,”
“person to person.”

88
Q

o IF the ________ is congruent and communicates unconditional positive regard and accurate empathy to the client, THEN therapeutic change will occur

A

therapist

89
Q

IF_______ change occurs, THEN the client will experience more self-acceptance, greater trust of self

A

therapeutic

90
Q

Rogers believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms

A

Formative Tendency

91
Q

The tendency within all humans to move toward completion or fulfillment of potentials

is the only motive people possess
o Because each person operates as one complete organism, actualization involves the whole person— physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious

A

Actualizing Tendency

92
Q

o Similar to the lower steps on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
o It includes such basic needs as food, air, and safety; but it also includes the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo
o The conservative nature of this needs is expressed in people’s desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept
o People fight against new ideas; they distort experiences that do not quite fit; they find change painful and growth frightening

A

Maintenance

93
Q

The need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth
o The need for enhancing the self is seen in people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding
o people are willing to face threat and pain because of a biologically based tendency for the organism to fulfill its basic nature
o People have within themselves the creative power to solve problems, to alter their self-concepts, and to become increasingly self-directed

A

Enhancement

94
Q

A human’s actualization tendency is realized only under certain conditions like

A

o Congruency
o Empathy
o Unconditional Positive Regard

95
Q

-A begin to develop a vague concept of self when a portion of their experience becomes personalized and differentiated in awareness as “I” or “me” experiences
- Once they establish a rudimentary self structure, their tendency to actualize the self begins to evolve

A

Infants

96
Q
  • organismic experiences of the individual; that is, it refers to the whole person—conscious and unconscious, physiological and cognitive
A

oActualization Tendency

97
Q
  • the tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness
A

Self-Actualization

98
Q

o Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual
oOnce people form their ____________, they find change and significant learnings quite difficult

A

Self-concept

99
Q

o One’s view of self as one wishes to be
o This contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to possess
o A wide gap between this and the self-concept indicates incongruence and an unhealthy personality
o Psychologically healthy individuals perceive little discrepancy between their self-concept and what they ideally would like to be

A

Ideal Self

100
Q

o“The symbolic representation (not necessarily in verbal symbols) of some portion of our experience”

A

Awareness

101
Q

Rogers used the term synonymously with both consciousness and symbolization
Also recognized three levels of awareness:

A

Ignored/Denied, Accurately Symbolized and Distorted

102
Q

– experienced events that are below the threshold of awareness

A

Ignored/Denied

103
Q

– experiences that are both nonthreatening and consistent with the existing self-concept

A

Accurately Symbolized

104
Q

we reshape or distort the experience so that it can be assimilated into our existing self-concept

A

Distorted

105
Q

o Many people have difficulty accepting genuine compliments and positive feedback, even when deserved
o They may be distorted because the person distrusts the giver, or they may be denied because the recipient does not feel deserving of them
o A compliment from another also implies the right of that person to criticize or condemn, and thus the compliment carries an implied threat.

A

Denial of Positive Experiences

106
Q

o The person’s needs to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person
o If we perceive that others, especially significant others, care for, prize, or value us, then our need to receive this, is at least partially satisfied
o Positive regard is a prerequisite for positive self-regard

A

Positive Regard

107
Q

o The experience of prizing or valuing one’s self
o Rogers believed that receiving positive regard from others is necessary for positive self-regard, but once _________d is established, it becomes independent of the continual need to be loved
o The source of positive self-regard, then, lies in the positive regard we receive from others, but once established, it is autonomous and self-perpetuating

A

Positive Self-Regard

108
Q

o They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval
o These conditions become the criterion by which we accept or reject our experiences

A

Conditions of Worth

109
Q

– our perception of other people’s views of us

A

o External Evaluations

110
Q

oPsychological disequilibrium begins when we fail to recognize our organismic experiences as self-experiences
oThis happens when we do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness because they appear to be inconsistent with our emerging self-concept

A

Incongruence

111
Q

This incongruence between our self-concept and our organismic experience is the source of?

A

psychological disorders

112
Q
  • when people are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience
A

Vulnerability

113
Q

– the experience we gain from awareness of an incongruence

A

Anxiety & Threat

114
Q

a state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown

A

Anxiety

115
Q
  • an awareness that our self is no longer whole or congruent
A

Threat

116
Q

o The protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it

A

Defensiveness

117
Q

we misinterpret an experience in order to fit it into some aspect of our self-concept

A

Distortion

118
Q

we refuse to perceive an experience in awareness, or at least we keep some aspect of it from reaching symbolization

A

Denial

119
Q

o People resort to this behavior when the incongruence between their perceived self and their organismic experience is either too obvious or occurs too suddenly to be denied or distorted
o can occur suddenly, or it can take place gradually over a long period of time

A

Disorganization

120
Q

o The first necessary and sufficient condition for therapeutic change
o Exists when a person’s organismic experiences are matched by an awareness of them and by an ability and willingness to openly express these feelings
o To be congruent means to be real or genuine, to be whole or integrated, to be what one truly is

A

Congruency

121
Q

exists when therapists accurately sense the feelings of their clients and are able to communicate these perceptions so that clients know that another person has entered their world of feelings without prejudice, projection, or evaluation
o It means temporarily living in the other’s life, moving about in it delicately without making judgments

A

oEmpathy

122
Q

o When the need to be liked, prized, or accepted by another person exists without any conditions or qualifications
o The attitude is without possessiveness, without evaluations, and without reservations

o “Because I care about you, I can permit you to be autonomous and independent of my evaluations and restrictions. You are a separate person with your own feelings and opinions regarding what is right or wrong. The fact that I care for you does not mean that I must guide you in making choices, but that I can allow you to be yourself and to decide what is best for you.”

A

Unconditional Positive Regard

123
Q

o A therapist with unconditional positive regard toward a client will show a

A

non-possessive warmth
acceptance
not an effusive
effervescent persona

124
Q

o Born on November 24, 1942, in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
o Studied at Philippines the University of the
o Founded the Psychological Association of the Philippines
o Established the first psychology department in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines

A

Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez

125
Q

During the periods of ___________, academic psychology, or the psychology taught in schools, was predominantly Western in theory and in methodology

A

colonization of the Philippines

126
Q

In the what year, many Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already sensitive both to the inadequacy as well as the unfairness of the Western-oriented approaches to psychology

A

1960s

127
Q

o Enriquez was instrumental in the development of the?

A

Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (Measure of Character and Personality)

128
Q

It was in the early 1970s that this was initiated when Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the Philippines from Northwestern University, USA with a Ph.D. in Social Psychology and lost no time in introducing the concept of the?

A

concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)

129
Q

o The study of (‘psyche’) or?
o refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior’’
o First concentrated on a type of indigenization which is based largely on simple translation of concepts, methods, theories and measures into Filipino

A

Diwa

130
Q

Is to foster national identity and consciousness, social involvement, and psychology of language and culture

A

principal emphasis

131
Q

Enriquez differentiated Sikolohiyang Pilipino from existing western ideas of Filipino psychology

A

o Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the Philippines)
o Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the Filipinos)

132
Q

– the general form of psychology in the Philippine context)

A

o Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the Philippines)

133
Q

theorizing about the psychological nature of the Filipinos, whether from a local or a foreign perspective).

A

Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the Filipinos)

134
Q

The accounts Enriquez came up to define Sikolohiyang Pilipino

A

o Kalooban – emotions
o Kamalayan – wisdom
o Ulirat – surroundings
o Isip – understanding
o Diwa – essence
o Kaluluwa - soul

135
Q

is a popular area of study of many foreign scholars who came to the Philippines.

A

Filipino personality

136
Q

o Identity and national consciousness
o It’s against a psychology that perpetuates colonial status of the Filipino
o Psychological practice in a Philippine context
o It is concerned with both science and humanistic approaches
o It also maintains mentalism-behaviorism approach
o It is not inconsistent with a universal psychology

A

Major Characteristics of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:

137
Q

What are the THE FILIPINO VALUES

A

o Core Value – Kapwa
o Pivotal Interpersonal Value – Pakiramdam
o Linking Socio-Personal Value – Kagandahang-Loob
o Accomodative Surface Values
o Confrontative Surface Values
o Societal Values

138
Q

o The core of Filipino psychology, it is humaneness at the highest level
o Implies unique moral obligation to treat one another as equal fellow human beings

A

Kapwa

139
Q

o A unique social skill inherent in Filipino personhood.
o A request to feel or to be sensitive to
o There is ‘‘hesitation to react, attention to subtle cues and non-verbal behavior in mental role-playing

A

Pakiramdam

140
Q

What are the Confrontative Surface Values

A

o Bahala Na
o Lakas ng Loob
o Pakikibaka

141
Q

the Filipino attitude that tells them to face the difficult situation before them, and do their best to achieve their objectives

A

Bahala Na

142
Q

being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties

A

Lakas ng Loob

143
Q

the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy

A

Pakikibaka

144
Q

What are the Societal Values?

A

o Karangalan
o Katarungan
o Kalayaan

145
Q
  • what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth
A

Karangalan

146
Q

the equity in giving rewards to a person

A

Katarungan

147
Q

– freedom and mobility

A

Kalayaan

148
Q

are evolved strategies that solve important survival and/or reproductive problems

A

oAdaptations

149
Q

are traits that happen as a result of adaptations but are not part of the functional design

A

o By-products

150
Q

, also known as “random effects,” occurs when evolution produces random changes in design that do not affect function

A

oNoise

151
Q

otherwise known as “breeding”) occurs when humans select particular desirable traits in a breeding species

A

Artificial selection (

152
Q

is simply a more general form of artificial selection in which nature rather than people select the traits

A

Natural selection

153
Q

operates when members of the opposite sex find certain traits more appealing and attractive than others and thereby produce offspring with those traits

A

o Sexual selection

154
Q

(1859) laid the foundation for the modern theory of evolution, even though the theory itself has been around since the ancient Greeks

A

Charles Darwin

155
Q

o Darwin’s major contribution was not the theory of evolution but rather an explanation for how evolution works, namely through selection_________________and chance

A

(natural and sexual)

156
Q

What are the Accomodative Surface Values

A

o Hiya
o Utang na Loob
o Pakikisama

157
Q

the uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action

A

Hiya

158
Q

to show his gratitude properly by returning the favor with interest

A

Utang na Loob

159
Q
  • smooth interpersonal relations by going along with the group or the majority decision
A

Pakikisama

2nd Theories Of psychology(psm105) (4 decks)

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