Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd Theories Of psychology(psm105) > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

o Alfred Adler’s theory presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest (a feeling of oneness with all humankind)

A

INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

o Saw people as being motivated mostly by social influences and by their striving for superiority or success
o Believed that people are largely responsible for who they are
o Present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the future
o Believed that psychologically healthy people are usually aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it

A

ADLER VS FREUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

o Born on February 7, 1870, in
Rudolfsheim, Austria
o Born from Pauline and Leopold
o As a young boy, was weak and sickly, and at age 5, he nearly died of pneumonia

A

Alfred Adler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the ______________.

A

striving for success or superiority.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

People’s _________________ Adler believe shapes people’s behavior and personality

o Also called Fictions or expectations of the future
o People are motivated not by what is true but by their _____________ of what is true

A

subjective perceptions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Personality is ____________

A

unified and self-consistent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

An attitude of relatedness with humanity in general

What term does Adler use to refer to the feeling of oneness with all humankind?

o Adler’s somewhat misleading translation of his original German term,
o Can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community
o It is the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together

A

social interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s ____________.
o The term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life
o It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world
o It is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power

• Attitude toward the world
• Self-concept
• Physical appearance

A

style of life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

•Style of life is molded by people’s ___________ •People’s ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality

A

creative power.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It unifies personality and makes
behavior comprehensible

A

The Final Goal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

o Their goals are personal ones, and their strivings are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority, or by the presence of an inferiority complex

A

Striving for Personal Superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What term does Adler use for people who are motivated by social interest and the success of all humankind?

A

Striving for Success of Humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

o Because people begin life small, weak, and inferior, they develop a fiction or belief system about how to overcome these physical deficiencies and become big, strong, and superior

A

Physical Inferiorities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

o Thoughts, feelings, and actions are all directed toward a single goal and serve a single purpose

A

Unity and Self-Consistency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The disturbance of one part of the
body affects the entire person

o The disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation; it affects the entire person
o The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual’s goal

A

Organ Dialect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

o The part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by an individual.

o Images that are not sensed by the ego

A

Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

oThoughts that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success

o Images that are sensed by the ego

A

Conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the all types of maladjustments is underdeveloped social interest

A

o Set their goals too high
o Live in their own private world
o Have a rigid and dogmatic style of life
o Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
o Pampered Style of Life
o Neglected Style of Life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

o These protective devices enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life

A

Safeguarding Tendencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are safeguarding tendency in Adler’s theory?

A

o Excuses
o Aggression
o Depreciation
o Accusation
o Self-accusation
o Withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  • Carl Jung’s theory rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone.
  • Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors
A

ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

o Born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, a town on Lake Constance in Switzerland.
o Born from Emilie and Johann Paul
o His father was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church.

A

Carl Gustav Jung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

o Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual

A

Personal Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

o The center of personality that is largely unconscious

o The most comprehensive of all archetypes
o The archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization
o Symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala

A

Self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

o The center of consciousness, but not as the core of personality

Erikson held that our _______ is a positive force that creates a self- identity, a sense of “I.”
o As the center of our personality, our _______ helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling forces of society
o During childhood, the _____ is weak, pliable, and fragile; but by adolescence it should begin to take form and gain strength.

A

Ego

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

o An emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas

A

Complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

o Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
o The physical contents of the _________ are inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic potential
o The contents of the _________do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions

A

Collective Unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

o Ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious
o Unconscious psychological impulses toward action

A

Archetypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

o Unconscious physical impulses toward action

A

Instincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

o The side of personality that people show to the world

A

Persona

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

o The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others

A

Shadow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

o The feminine side of men
o To master the projections of the ______, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality

A

Anima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

o The masculine side of women
o If a woman is dominated by her_______, no logical or emotional appeal can shake her from her prefabricated beliefs

A

Animus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

o Everyone, man or woman, possesses this archetype
o This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings

A

Great Mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

o The archetype of wisdom and meaning
o Symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life

A

Wise Old Man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

o Stands for unity, totality, and order
o Exists within the collective unconscious of everyone
o To actualize or fully experience the self, people must overcome their fear of the unconscious; prevent their persona from dominating their personality; recognize the dark side of themselves (their shadow); and then muster even greater courage to face their anima or animus

A

SELF-REALIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Built on the assumption that _____ and ________ conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping personality

Social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality

A

assumption is central to psychoanalytic social theory?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied during childhood develop ____________ toward their parents and, as a consequence, suffer from __________

oEach person begins life with the potential for healthy development, but like other living organisms, people need favorable conditions for growth
o It must include a warm and loving environment yet one that is not overly permissive
o Such conditions provide them with feelings of safety and satisfaction and permit them to grow in accordance with their real self

A

basic hostility, basic anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

People combat basic anxiety by adopting one of three fundamental styles of relating to others

A

moving toward people,
moving against people,
moving away from people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Who was the proponent of
psychoanalytic social theory and believed that cultural influences play a significant role in shaping personality?

o Born in Eilbek, a small town near Hamburg, Germany, on September 15, 1885
o The only daughter of Berndt (Wackels) ________, a sea captain, and Clothilda van Ronzelen ________, a woman nearly 18 years younger than her husband

A

Karen Danielsen Horney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

oCautioned that strict adherence toorthodox psychoanalysis would lead to stagnation in both theoretical thought and therapeutic practice
o Objected to Freud’s ideas on feminine psychology
o Stressed the view that psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct theory and emphasize the importance of cultural influences in shaping personality
o Claimed that neuroses are not the result of instincts but rather of the person’s “attempt to find paths through a wilderness full of unknown dangers

A

HORNEY AGAINST FREUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

o The feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile world
o May lead to intensified needs for affection (mistaken for love)

A

Isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

o People of this society are imbued with the cultural teachings of kindship and humility
o Society’s demands for success and achievement are nearly endless
o Western society tells people that they are free, that they can accomplish anything through hard work and perseverance

A

THE IMPACT OF CULTURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

He believed that neurotic conflict can stem from almost any developmental stage, but childhood is the age from which the vast majority of problems arise
o No single early experience is responsible for later personality

A

Horney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

o Spawned from the assumption that modern culture is based on competition among individuals

o If parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for safety and satisfaction,
the child develops such feelings
o Children repress their hostility toward their parents and have no awareness of it

A

Basic Hostility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

o A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile
o Repressed hostility that leads to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague sense of apprehension

A

Basic Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q
  • a strategy that does not always lead to authentic love
A

Affection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the Early Proposed Defense Mechanisms

A

o Affection
o Submissiveness
o Dominance
o Withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q
  • neurotics who submit themselves either to people or to institutions such as an organization or a religion
A

Submissiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q
  • Neurotics may also try to protect themselves by striving for power, prestige, or possession
A

Dominance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

– Neurotics frequently protect themselves against basic anxiety either by developing an independence from others or by becoming emotionally detached from them

A

Withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

o Neurotic individuals have the same problems that affect normal people, except neurotics experience them to a greater degree.
o Neurotic individuals cannot change their behavior by free will but must continually and compulsively protect themselves against basic anxiety.

A

COMPULSIVE DRIVES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are the NEUROTIC NEEDS

A

o affection and approval
o a powerful partner
o to restrict one’s life within narrow borders
o for power
o to exploit others
o for social recognition or prestige
o for personal admiration
o for ambition and personal achievement
o for self-sufficiency and independence
o for perfection and unassailability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

o Normal: Competitive
o Neurotic: Aggressive

A

Moving Against People

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

o Normal: Autonomous
o Neurotic: Detached

A

Moving Away from People

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is the term for conflicts that originate from interpersonal experiences and develop a life of their own, separate from the interpersonal conflicts that gave them life?

o The neurotic trends flow from basic anxiety, which in turn, stems from a child’s relationships with other people
o Intrapsychic processes originate from interpersonal experiences
o As they become part of a person’s belief system, they develop a life of their own—an existence separate from the interpersonal conflicts that gave them life

A

INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

o An attempt to solve conflicts by painting a godlike picture of oneself
People need to acquire a stable sense of identity
o This can be solved only by creating an extravagantly positive view of themselves that exists only in their personal belief system

A

Idealized Self-Image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

o An interrelated yet equally irrational and powerful tendency to despise one’s real self

o Relentless demands on the self
o Merciless self-accusation
o Self-contempt
o Self-frustration
o Self-torment
o Self-destructive actions and impulses

A

Self-Hatred

59
Q

the comprehensive drive toward actualizing the ideal self

A

Neurotic search for glory -

60
Q

In the neurotic search for glory, what do neurotics do to build a fantasy world that is out of sync with reality?

  • In their search for glory, neurotics build a fantasy world—a world that is out of sync with the real world
A

Create Neurotic claims

61
Q

a false pride based not on a realistic view of the true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self

A

Neurotic pride -

62
Q

, is also the person who coined the term identity crisis (a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken personality)

A

Erik Erikson

63
Q

Erikson’s theory extended Freud’s infantile developmental stages into ____________

A

adolescence, adulthood, and old age

64
Q

o Born on June 15, 1902, in southern Germany
o Brought up by his mother and stepfather, but he remained uncertain of the true identity of his biological father

A

Erik Salomonsen Erikson

65
Q

o The experiences with our body; a way of seeing our physical self as different from other people

A

Body Ego

66
Q

o Represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal

A

Ego Ideal

67
Q

o The image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play

A

Ego Identity

68
Q

o The ego exists as potential at birth, but it must emerge from within a cultural environment
o Different societies, with their variations in child-rearing practices, tend to shape personalities that fit the needs and values of their culture

A

SOCIETY’S INFLUENCE

69
Q

o A term borrowed from embryology
o The ego follows the path of __________ development, with each stage developing at its proper time
oOne stage emerges from and is built upon a previous stage, but it does not replace that earlier stage

A

Epigenetic Principle

70
Q

In every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites

A

o Syntonic (harmonious)
o Dystonic (disruptive)

71
Q

At each stage, the conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces (basic strength)

A

an ego quality or ego strength

72
Q

o Too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage
o Although Erikson referred to his eight stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect of human development
oEvents in earlier stages do not cause later personality development
o During each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an identity crisis
o Growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle

A

STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

73
Q

o Gordon Allport emphasized the

A

uniqueness of the individual

74
Q

Allport objected to __________ that tend to reduce individual behaviors to common traits

A

trait and factor theories

75
Q

He called the study of the individual ___________ and contrasted it with the _____________ used by most other psychologists

A

morphogenic science, nomothetic methods

76
Q

Allport also advocated an ___________ to theory building

A

eclectic approach

77
Q

o To Allport, a broad, __________ is preferable to a narrow, specific theory even if it does not generate as many testable hypotheses

A

comprehensive theory

78
Q

o Born on November 11, 1897, in Montezuma, Indiana
o The fourth and youngest son of John E. and Nellie Wise
o His father had engaged in a number of business ventures before becoming a physician
o His mother, a former school teacher, taught young Gordon the virtues of clean language and proper conduct as well as the importance of searching for ultimate religious answers

A

Gordon Willard Allport

79
Q

o Answers to three interrelated questions reveal Allport’s approach to personality theory:

A

HIS APPROACH TO PERSONALITY

80
Q

o He traced the etymology of the word persona back to early Greek roots, including the old Latin and Etruscan meanings
o After tracing the history of the term, Allport spelled out 49 definitions of personality as used in theology, philosophy, law, sociology, and psychology

A

ALLPORT’S “WHAT IS PERSONALITY?”

81
Q

o “The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment that determine his characteristic, behavior and thought”

A

He then offered a 50th definition:

82
Q

implies an integration or interrelatedness of the various aspects of personality

A

oDynamic organization -

83
Q
  • emphasizes the importance of both the psychological and the physical aspects of personality
A

Psychophysical

84
Q
  • suggests that “personality is something and does something”
A

Determine

85
Q
  • marked with a unique engraving, a stamp or marking, that no one else can duplicate
A

Characteristic

86
Q
  • they are omnibus terms meant to include internal ___________ as well as external behaviors such as words and actions
A

Behavior and thought

87
Q

”
o Healthy adults are generally aware of what they are doing and their reasons for doing it
o Allport did not ignore the existence or even the importance of unconscious processes
o He recognized the fact that some motivation is driven by hidden impulses and sublimated drives

A

ALLPORT’S “WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION?

88
Q

oPsychologically mature people are characterized by proactive behavior

A

ALLPORT’S “WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY PERSON?”

89
Q

o People not only react to external stimuli but they are capable of consciously acting on their environment in new and innovative ways and causing their environment to react to them
o It is not merely directed at reducing tensions but also at establishing new ones

A

Proactive behavior

90
Q

are more likely than disturbed ones to be motivated by conscious processes, which allow them to be more flexible and autonomous than unhealthy people, who remain dominated by unconscious motives that spring from childhood experiences

A

Mature personalities

91
Q

have experienced a relatively trauma-free childhood, even though their later years may be tempered by conflict and suffering

A

Healthy people ordinarily

92
Q

is not a requisite for maturity, although healthy persons seem to become more mature as they get older

A

Age

93
Q

Six Criteria for Mature Personality

A

o Extension of the sense of self
o Warm relating of self to others
o Emotional security or self-acceptance
o Realistic perception of their environment
o Insight and humor
o Unifying philosophy of life

94
Q

o General characteristics held in common by many people
o Provide the means by which people within a given culture can be compared to one another

A

Common Traits

95
Q

o “a generalized neuropsychic structure (peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior” –Allport (1961)

A

Personal Dispositions

96
Q

Levels of Personal Dispositions o

A

Cardinal Dispositions
Central Dispositions
Secondary Dispositions

97
Q

o Some people possess an eminent characteristic or ruling passion so outstanding that it dominates their lives
o These are so obvious, it cannot be hidden
o Nearly every action in a person’s life revolves around this one __________

A

Cardinal Dispositions

98
Q

o Include the 5–10 most outstanding characteristics around which a person’s life focuses
o Allport described it as those that would be listed in an accurate letter of recommendation written by someone who knew the person quite well

A

Central Dispositions

99
Q

o Less conspicuous but far greater in number than central dispositions
o Everyone has many ____________that are not central to the personality yet occur with some regularity and are responsible for much of one’s specific behaviors

A

Secondary Dispositions

100
Q

o Personal dispositions that are less intensely experienced

A

Stylistic Dispositions

101
Q

o Strongly felt dispositions which receive their motivation from basic needs and drives

A

Motivational Dispositions

102
Q

oThose behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm, central, and important in their lives
o Not the whole personality, because many characteristics and behaviors of a person are not warm and central; rather, they exist on the periphery of personality
Includes those aspects of life that a person regards as important to a sense of self-identity and self-enhancement
o Includes a person’s values as well as that part of the conscience that is personal and consistent with one’s adult beliefs

A

Proprium

103
Q

o Most people are motivated by present drives rather than by past events and are aware of what they are doing and have some understanding of why they are doing it

A

MOTIVATION

104
Q

those that reduce a need

A

Peripheral Motives -

105
Q

– those that seek to maintain tension and disequilibrium

A

Propriate Strivings

106
Q

o Represents Allport’s most distinctive and, at the same time, most controversial postulate
o It is Allport’s explanation for the myriad human motives that seemingly are not accounted for by hedonistic or drive-reduction principles
oHolds that some, but not all, human motives are functionally independent from the original motive responsible for the behavior

A

Functional Autonomy

107
Q

oFour Requirements of an Adequate Theory of Motivation:

A

o Will acknowledge the contemporaneity of motives
o It will be a pluralistic theory—allowing for motives of many types
o It will ascribe dynamic force to cognitive processes
o Will allow for the concrete uniqueness of motives

108
Q

o The tendency of an impression to leave an influence on subsequent experience

A

Perseverative Functional Autonomy

109
Q

oThose self-sustaining motives that are related to the proprium

A

Propriate Functional Autonomy

110
Q

Skinner minimized speculation and focused almost entirely on observable behavior
o Skinner’s strict adherence to observable behavior earned his approach the label ______

A

radical behaviorism

111
Q

True or false

Human behavior does not stem from an act of the will, but like any observable phenomenon

A

True

112
Q

True or false

Human behavior does stem from an act of the will, but like any observable phenomenon

A

False

113
Q

True or false

Held that psychology must not explain behavior on the basis of the physiological or constitutional components of the organism but rather on the basis of environmental stimuli

A

True

114
Q

True or false

Held that psychology must explain behavior on the basis of the physiological or constitutional components of the organism but rather on the basis of environmental stimuli

A

False; not explain

115
Q

o Born on March 20, 1904, in Susquehanna,
Pennsylvania
o The first child of William Skinner and Grace Mange Burrhus Skinner
o His father was a lawyer and an aspiring politician while his mother stayed home to care for their two children
o Grew up in a comfortable, happy, upper middle-class home where his parents practiced the values of temperance, service, honesty, and hard work

A

Burrhus Frederic Skinner

116
Q

oThe first psychologist to systematically study the consequences of behavior
o He worked originally with animals and then later with humans
o Observed that learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response, and he called this observation the law of effect

A

Edward L. Thorndike

117
Q

Observed that learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response, and he called this observation the ________

A

law of effect

118
Q

o Studied both animals and humans and became convinced that the concepts of consciousness and introspection must play no role in the scientific study of human behavior
o Argued that human behavior, like the behavior of animals and machines, can be studied objectively
o Further argued that the goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior and that goal could best be reached by limiting psychology to an objective study of habits formed through stimulus-response connections

A

John B. Watson

119
Q

o Holds that behavior can best be studied without reference to needs, instincts, or motives
oThis assumption clouds the issue and relegates much of psychology to that realm of philosophy known as cosmology, or the concern with causation

A

Scientific Behaviorism

120
Q

o Skinner used principles derived from laboratory studies to interpret the behavior of human beings but insisted that interpretation should not be confused with an explanation of why people behave the way they do
o Scientific behaviorism allows for an interpretation of behavior but not an explanation of its causes

A

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

121
Q

oAccording to Skinner , science has three main characteristics:

A

o Science is cumulative
o Science is an attitude that values empirical observation
o Science is a search for order and lawful relationships

122
Q

o Also called as Respondent Conditioning
o A response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus

A

Classical Conditioning

123
Q

What are the CONDITIONING?

A

o Unconditioned Response (UR)
o Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
o Neutral Stimulus (NS)

124
Q

o An unlearned response

A

Unconditioned Response (UR)

125
Q

o A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior conditioning

A

o Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

126
Q

o An unconditioned stimulus though it may of course lead to other responses

A

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

127
Q

o The process whereby the delivery of an stimulus increases the probability of a behavior o

A

Reinforcement

128
Q

o Decreases the probability of a behavior

A

Punishment

129
Q
  • giving an appetitive stimulus
A

Positive Reinforcement

130
Q
  • giving an aversive stimulus
A

Positive Punishment

131
Q
  • removing an aversive stimulus
A

oNegative Reinforcement

132
Q
  • removing an appetitive stimulus
A

Negative Punishment

133
Q

What term does Adler use for an inflated self-image that people hide through protective devices?

A

Excuses

134
Q

Social interest and the success of all humankind

A

psychologically healthy people

135
Q

According to Adler, what is the key factor underlying all types of maladiustments?

A

Underdeveloped social interest

136
Q

According to psychoanalytic social *2/2 theory, how do people combat basic anxiety?

A

By adopting one of three fundamental styles of relating to others

137
Q

Horney believed that neurotic
conflicts can stem from various developmental stages, but which stage is most often the source of problems, according to her?

A

Childhood

138
Q

According to Karen Horney, how do neurotic individuals cope with their compulsive drives?

A

Continually and compulsively protect themselves against basic anxiety

139
Q

What do neurotics do to solve their conflicts, according to Karen Horney?

A

Paint a godlike picture of themselves known as the idealized self-image

140
Q

What did Karen Horney caution against regarding orthodox psychoanalysis?

A

That it would lead to stagnation in both theoretical thought and therapeutic practice

141
Q

According to Horney, what may lead to intensified needs for affection and be mistaken for love?

A

Feelings of isolation in a potentially hostile world

142
Q

__________ results from unmet safety and satisfaction needs, while ___________ is a feeling of isolation and helplessness.

A

Basic Hostility & Basic Anxiety

143
Q

Basic Hostility is said to originate from the assumption that modern culture is based on what?

A

Competition among individuals

144
Q

Which neurotic trend is characterized by a person being overly submissive and compliant?
o Normal: Friendly
o Neurotic: Compliant

A

Moving toward people

2nd Theories Of psychology(psm105) (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions