Midterm Flashcards
o Alfred Adler’s theory presents an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest (a feeling of oneness with all humankind)
INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY
o Saw people as being motivated mostly by social influences and by their striving for superiority or success
o Believed that people are largely responsible for who they are
o Present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the future
o Believed that psychologically healthy people are usually aware of what they are doing and why they are doing it
ADLER VS FREUD
o Born on February 7, 1870, in
Rudolfsheim, Austria
o Born from Pauline and Leopold
o As a young boy, was weak and sickly, and at age 5, he nearly died of pneumonia
Alfred Adler
The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior is the ______________.
striving for success or superiority.
People’s _________________ Adler believe shapes people’s behavior and personality
o Also called Fictions or expectations of the future
o People are motivated not by what is true but by their _____________ of what is true
subjective perceptions
Personality is ____________
unified and self-consistent.
An attitude of relatedness with humanity in general
What term does Adler use to refer to the feeling of oneness with all humankind?
o Adler’s somewhat misleading translation of his original German term,
o Can be defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as an empathy for each member of the human community
o It is the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together
social interest.
The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s ____________.
o The term Adler used to refer to the flavor of a person’s life
o It includes a person’s goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world
o It is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power
• Attitude toward the world
• Self-concept
• Physical appearance
style of life.
•Style of life is molded by people’s ___________ •People’s ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality
creative power.
It unifies personality and makes
behavior comprehensible
The Final Goal
o Their goals are personal ones, and their strivings are motivated largely by exaggerated feelings of personal inferiority, or by the presence of an inferiority complex
Striving for Personal Superiority
What term does Adler use for people who are motivated by social interest and the success of all humankind?
Striving for Success of Humanity
o Because people begin life small, weak, and inferior, they develop a fiction or belief system about how to overcome these physical deficiencies and become big, strong, and superior
Physical Inferiorities
o Thoughts, feelings, and actions are all directed toward a single goal and serve a single purpose
Unity and Self-Consistency
The disturbance of one part of the
body affects the entire person
o The disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation; it affects the entire person
o The deficient organ expresses the direction of the individual’s goal
Organ Dialect
o The part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by an individual.
o Images that are not sensed by the ego
Unconscious
oThoughts that are understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success
o Images that are sensed by the ego
Conscious
What are the all types of maladjustments is underdeveloped social interest
o Set their goals too high
o Live in their own private world
o Have a rigid and dogmatic style of life
o Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
o Pampered Style of Life
o Neglected Style of Life
o These protective devices enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life
Safeguarding Tendencies
What are safeguarding tendency in Adler’s theory?
o Excuses
o Aggression
o Depreciation
o Accusation
o Self-accusation
o Withdrawal
- Carl Jung’s theory rests on the assumption that occult phenomena can and do influence the lives of everyone.
- Each of us is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by certain emotionally toned experiences inherited from our ancestors
ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
o Born on July 26, 1875, in Kesswil, a town on Lake Constance in Switzerland.
o Born from Emilie and Johann Paul
o His father was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church.
Carl Gustav Jung
o Embraces all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences of one particular individual
Personal Unconscious
o The center of personality that is largely unconscious
o The most comprehensive of all archetypes
o The archetype of archetypes because it pulls together the other archetypes and unites them in the process of self-realization
o Symbolized by a person’s ideas of perfection, completion, and wholeness, but its ultimate symbol is the mandala
Self
o The center of consciousness, but not as the core of personality
Erikson held that our _______ is a positive force that creates a self- identity, a sense of “I.”
o As the center of our personality, our _______ helps us adapt to the various conflicts and crises of life and keeps us from losing our individuality to the leveling forces of society
o During childhood, the _____ is weak, pliable, and fragile; but by adolescence it should begin to take form and gain strength.
Ego
o An emotionally toned conglomeration of associated ideas
Complex
o Has roots in the ancestral past of the entire species
o The physical contents of the _________ are inherited and pass from one generation to the next as psychic potential
o The contents of the _________do not lie dormant but are active and influence a person’s thoughts, emotions, and actions
Collective Unconscious
o Ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious
o Unconscious psychological impulses toward action
Archetypes
o Unconscious physical impulses toward action
Instincts
o The side of personality that people show to the world
Persona
o The archetype of darkness and repression, represents those qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
Shadow
o The feminine side of men
o To master the projections of the ______, men must overcome intellectual barriers, delve into the far recesses of their unconscious, and realize the feminine side of their personality
Anima
o The masculine side of women
o If a woman is dominated by her_______, no logical or emotional appeal can shake her from her prefabricated beliefs
Animus
o Everyone, man or woman, possesses this archetype
o This preexisting concept of mother is always associated with both positive and negative feelings
Great Mother
o The archetype of wisdom and meaning
o Symbolizes humans’ preexisting knowledge of the mysteries of life
Wise Old Man
o Stands for unity, totality, and order
o Exists within the collective unconscious of everyone
o To actualize or fully experience the self, people must overcome their fear of the unconscious; prevent their persona from dominating their personality; recognize the dark side of themselves (their shadow); and then muster even greater courage to face their anima or animus
SELF-REALIZATION
Built on the assumption that _____ and ________ conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping personality
Social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality
assumption is central to psychoanalytic social theory?
People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied during childhood develop ____________ toward their parents and, as a consequence, suffer from __________
oEach person begins life with the potential for healthy development, but like other living organisms, people need favorable conditions for growth
o It must include a warm and loving environment yet one that is not overly permissive
o Such conditions provide them with feelings of safety and satisfaction and permit them to grow in accordance with their real self
basic hostility, basic anxiety
People combat basic anxiety by adopting one of three fundamental styles of relating to others
moving toward people,
moving against people,
moving away from people
Who was the proponent of
psychoanalytic social theory and believed that cultural influences play a significant role in shaping personality?
o Born in Eilbek, a small town near Hamburg, Germany, on September 15, 1885
o The only daughter of Berndt (Wackels) ________, a sea captain, and Clothilda van Ronzelen ________, a woman nearly 18 years younger than her husband
Karen Danielsen Horney
oCautioned that strict adherence toorthodox psychoanalysis would lead to stagnation in both theoretical thought and therapeutic practice
o Objected to Freud’s ideas on feminine psychology
o Stressed the view that psychoanalysis should move beyond instinct theory and emphasize the importance of cultural influences in shaping personality
o Claimed that neuroses are not the result of instincts but rather of the person’s “attempt to find paths through a wilderness full of unknown dangers
HORNEY AGAINST FREUD
o The feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile world
o May lead to intensified needs for affection (mistaken for love)
Isolation
o People of this society are imbued with the cultural teachings of kindship and humility
o Society’s demands for success and achievement are nearly endless
o Western society tells people that they are free, that they can accomplish anything through hard work and perseverance
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE
He believed that neurotic conflict can stem from almost any developmental stage, but childhood is the age from which the vast majority of problems arise
o No single early experience is responsible for later personality
Horney
o Spawned from the assumption that modern culture is based on competition among individuals
o If parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for safety and satisfaction,
the child develops such feelings
o Children repress their hostility toward their parents and have no awareness of it
Basic Hostility
o A feeling of being isolated and helpless in a world conceived as potentially hostile
o Repressed hostility that leads to profound feelings of insecurity and a vague sense of apprehension
Basic Anxiety
- a strategy that does not always lead to authentic love
Affection
What are the Early Proposed Defense Mechanisms
o Affection
o Submissiveness
o Dominance
o Withdrawal
- neurotics who submit themselves either to people or to institutions such as an organization or a religion
Submissiveness
- Neurotics may also try to protect themselves by striving for power, prestige, or possession
Dominance
– Neurotics frequently protect themselves against basic anxiety either by developing an independence from others or by becoming emotionally detached from them
Withdrawal
o Neurotic individuals have the same problems that affect normal people, except neurotics experience them to a greater degree.
o Neurotic individuals cannot change their behavior by free will but must continually and compulsively protect themselves against basic anxiety.
COMPULSIVE DRIVES
What are the NEUROTIC NEEDS
o affection and approval
o a powerful partner
o to restrict one’s life within narrow borders
o for power
o to exploit others
o for social recognition or prestige
o for personal admiration
o for ambition and personal achievement
o for self-sufficiency and independence
o for perfection and unassailability
o Normal: Competitive
o Neurotic: Aggressive
Moving Against People
o Normal: Autonomous
o Neurotic: Detached
Moving Away from People
What is the term for conflicts that originate from interpersonal experiences and develop a life of their own, separate from the interpersonal conflicts that gave them life?
o The neurotic trends flow from basic anxiety, which in turn, stems from a child’s relationships with other people
o Intrapsychic processes originate from interpersonal experiences
o As they become part of a person’s belief system, they develop a life of their own—an existence separate from the interpersonal conflicts that gave them life
INTRAPSYCHIC CONFLICTS
o An attempt to solve conflicts by painting a godlike picture of oneself
People need to acquire a stable sense of identity
o This can be solved only by creating an extravagantly positive view of themselves that exists only in their personal belief system
Idealized Self-Image
o An interrelated yet equally irrational and powerful tendency to despise one’s real self
o Relentless demands on the self
o Merciless self-accusation
o Self-contempt
o Self-frustration
o Self-torment
o Self-destructive actions and impulses
Self-Hatred
the comprehensive drive toward actualizing the ideal self
Neurotic search for glory -
In the neurotic search for glory, what do neurotics do to build a fantasy world that is out of sync with reality?
- In their search for glory, neurotics build a fantasy world—a world that is out of sync with the real world
Create Neurotic claims
a false pride based not on a realistic view of the true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self
Neurotic pride -
, is also the person who coined the term identity crisis (a turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken personality)
Erik Erikson
Erikson’s theory extended Freud’s infantile developmental stages into ____________
adolescence, adulthood, and old age
o Born on June 15, 1902, in southern Germany
o Brought up by his mother and stepfather, but he remained uncertain of the true identity of his biological father
Erik Salomonsen Erikson
o The experiences with our body; a way of seeing our physical self as different from other people
Body Ego
o Represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal
Ego Ideal
o The image we have of ourselves in the variety of social roles we play
Ego Identity
o The ego exists as potential at birth, but it must emerge from within a cultural environment
o Different societies, with their variations in child-rearing practices, tend to shape personalities that fit the needs and values of their culture
SOCIETY’S INFLUENCE
o A term borrowed from embryology
o The ego follows the path of __________ development, with each stage developing at its proper time
oOne stage emerges from and is built upon a previous stage, but it does not replace that earlier stage
Epigenetic Principle
In every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites
o Syntonic (harmonious)
o Dystonic (disruptive)
At each stage, the conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements produces (basic strength)
an ego quality or ego strength
o Too little basic strength at any one stage results in a core pathology for that stage
o Although Erikson referred to his eight stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect of human development
oEvents in earlier stages do not cause later personality development
o During each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an identity crisis
o Growth takes place according to the epigenetic principle
STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
o Gordon Allport emphasized the
uniqueness of the individual
Allport objected to __________ that tend to reduce individual behaviors to common traits
trait and factor theories
He called the study of the individual ___________ and contrasted it with the _____________ used by most other psychologists
morphogenic science, nomothetic methods
Allport also advocated an ___________ to theory building
eclectic approach
o To Allport, a broad, __________ is preferable to a narrow, specific theory even if it does not generate as many testable hypotheses
comprehensive theory
o Born on November 11, 1897, in Montezuma, Indiana
o The fourth and youngest son of John E. and Nellie Wise
o His father had engaged in a number of business ventures before becoming a physician
o His mother, a former school teacher, taught young Gordon the virtues of clean language and proper conduct as well as the importance of searching for ultimate religious answers
Gordon Willard Allport
o Answers to three interrelated questions reveal Allport’s approach to personality theory:
HIS APPROACH TO PERSONALITY
o He traced the etymology of the word persona back to early Greek roots, including the old Latin and Etruscan meanings
o After tracing the history of the term, Allport spelled out 49 definitions of personality as used in theology, philosophy, law, sociology, and psychology
ALLPORT’S “WHAT IS PERSONALITY?”
o “The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment that determine his characteristic, behavior and thought”
He then offered a 50th definition:
implies an integration or interrelatedness of the various aspects of personality
oDynamic organization -
- emphasizes the importance of both the psychological and the physical aspects of personality
Psychophysical
- suggests that “personality is something and does something”
Determine
- marked with a unique engraving, a stamp or marking, that no one else can duplicate
Characteristic
- they are omnibus terms meant to include internal ___________ as well as external behaviors such as words and actions
Behavior and thought
”
o Healthy adults are generally aware of what they are doing and their reasons for doing it
o Allport did not ignore the existence or even the importance of unconscious processes
o He recognized the fact that some motivation is driven by hidden impulses and sublimated drives
ALLPORT’S “WHAT IS THE ROLE OF CONSCIOUS MOTIVATION?
oPsychologically mature people are characterized by proactive behavior
ALLPORT’S “WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY PERSON?”
o People not only react to external stimuli but they are capable of consciously acting on their environment in new and innovative ways and causing their environment to react to them
o It is not merely directed at reducing tensions but also at establishing new ones
Proactive behavior
are more likely than disturbed ones to be motivated by conscious processes, which allow them to be more flexible and autonomous than unhealthy people, who remain dominated by unconscious motives that spring from childhood experiences
Mature personalities
have experienced a relatively trauma-free childhood, even though their later years may be tempered by conflict and suffering
Healthy people ordinarily
is not a requisite for maturity, although healthy persons seem to become more mature as they get older
Age
Six Criteria for Mature Personality
o Extension of the sense of self
o Warm relating of self to others
o Emotional security or self-acceptance
o Realistic perception of their environment
o Insight and humor
o Unifying philosophy of life
o General characteristics held in common by many people
o Provide the means by which people within a given culture can be compared to one another
Common Traits
o “a generalized neuropsychic structure (peculiar to the individual), with the capacity to render many stimuli functionally equivalent, and to initiate and guide consistent (equivalent) forms of adaptive and stylistic behavior” –Allport (1961)
Personal Dispositions
Levels of Personal Dispositions o
Cardinal Dispositions
Central Dispositions
Secondary Dispositions
o Some people possess an eminent characteristic or ruling passion so outstanding that it dominates their lives
o These are so obvious, it cannot be hidden
o Nearly every action in a person’s life revolves around this one __________
Cardinal Dispositions
o Include the 5–10 most outstanding characteristics around which a person’s life focuses
o Allport described it as those that would be listed in an accurate letter of recommendation written by someone who knew the person quite well
Central Dispositions
o Less conspicuous but far greater in number than central dispositions
o Everyone has many ____________that are not central to the personality yet occur with some regularity and are responsible for much of one’s specific behaviors
Secondary Dispositions
o Personal dispositions that are less intensely experienced
Stylistic Dispositions
o Strongly felt dispositions which receive their motivation from basic needs and drives
Motivational Dispositions
oThose behaviors and characteristics that people regard as warm, central, and important in their lives
o Not the whole personality, because many characteristics and behaviors of a person are not warm and central; rather, they exist on the periphery of personality
Includes those aspects of life that a person regards as important to a sense of self-identity and self-enhancement
o Includes a person’s values as well as that part of the conscience that is personal and consistent with one’s adult beliefs
Proprium
o Most people are motivated by present drives rather than by past events and are aware of what they are doing and have some understanding of why they are doing it
MOTIVATION
those that reduce a need
Peripheral Motives -
– those that seek to maintain tension and disequilibrium
Propriate Strivings
o Represents Allport’s most distinctive and, at the same time, most controversial postulate
o It is Allport’s explanation for the myriad human motives that seemingly are not accounted for by hedonistic or drive-reduction principles
oHolds that some, but not all, human motives are functionally independent from the original motive responsible for the behavior
Functional Autonomy
oFour Requirements of an Adequate Theory of Motivation:
o Will acknowledge the contemporaneity of motives
o It will be a pluralistic theory—allowing for motives of many types
o It will ascribe dynamic force to cognitive processes
o Will allow for the concrete uniqueness of motives
o The tendency of an impression to leave an influence on subsequent experience
Perseverative Functional Autonomy
oThose self-sustaining motives that are related to the proprium
Propriate Functional Autonomy
Skinner minimized speculation and focused almost entirely on observable behavior
o Skinner’s strict adherence to observable behavior earned his approach the label ______
radical behaviorism
True or false
Human behavior does not stem from an act of the will, but like any observable phenomenon
True
True or false
Human behavior does stem from an act of the will, but like any observable phenomenon
False
True or false
Held that psychology must not explain behavior on the basis of the physiological or constitutional components of the organism but rather on the basis of environmental stimuli
True
True or false
Held that psychology must explain behavior on the basis of the physiological or constitutional components of the organism but rather on the basis of environmental stimuli
False; not explain
o Born on March 20, 1904, in Susquehanna,
Pennsylvania
o The first child of William Skinner and Grace Mange Burrhus Skinner
o His father was a lawyer and an aspiring politician while his mother stayed home to care for their two children
o Grew up in a comfortable, happy, upper middle-class home where his parents practiced the values of temperance, service, honesty, and hard work
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
oThe first psychologist to systematically study the consequences of behavior
o He worked originally with animals and then later with humans
o Observed that learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response, and he called this observation the law of effect
Edward L. Thorndike
Observed that learning takes place mostly because of the effects that follow a response, and he called this observation the ________
law of effect
o Studied both animals and humans and became convinced that the concepts of consciousness and introspection must play no role in the scientific study of human behavior
o Argued that human behavior, like the behavior of animals and machines, can be studied objectively
o Further argued that the goal of psychology is the prediction and control of behavior and that goal could best be reached by limiting psychology to an objective study of habits formed through stimulus-response connections
John B. Watson
o Holds that behavior can best be studied without reference to needs, instincts, or motives
oThis assumption clouds the issue and relegates much of psychology to that realm of philosophy known as cosmology, or the concern with causation
Scientific Behaviorism
o Skinner used principles derived from laboratory studies to interpret the behavior of human beings but insisted that interpretation should not be confused with an explanation of why people behave the way they do
o Scientific behaviorism allows for an interpretation of behavior but not an explanation of its causes
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
oAccording to Skinner , science has three main characteristics:
o Science is cumulative
o Science is an attitude that values empirical observation
o Science is a search for order and lawful relationships
o Also called as Respondent Conditioning
o A response is drawn out of the organism by a specific, identifiable stimulus
Classical Conditioning
What are the CONDITIONING?
o Unconditioned Response (UR)
o Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
o Neutral Stimulus (NS)
o An unlearned response
Unconditioned Response (UR)
o A stimulus that automatically elicits a response without prior conditioning
o Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
o An unconditioned stimulus though it may of course lead to other responses
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
o The process whereby the delivery of an stimulus increases the probability of a behavior o
Reinforcement
o Decreases the probability of a behavior
Punishment
- giving an appetitive stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
- giving an aversive stimulus
Positive Punishment
- removing an aversive stimulus
oNegative Reinforcement
- removing an appetitive stimulus
Negative Punishment
What term does Adler use for an inflated self-image that people hide through protective devices?
Excuses
Social interest and the success of all humankind
psychologically healthy people
According to Adler, what is the key factor underlying all types of maladiustments?
Underdeveloped social interest
According to psychoanalytic social *2/2 theory, how do people combat basic anxiety?
By adopting one of three fundamental styles of relating to others
Horney believed that neurotic
conflicts can stem from various developmental stages, but which stage is most often the source of problems, according to her?
Childhood
According to Karen Horney, how do neurotic individuals cope with their compulsive drives?
Continually and compulsively protect themselves against basic anxiety
What do neurotics do to solve their conflicts, according to Karen Horney?
Paint a godlike picture of themselves known as the idealized self-image
What did Karen Horney caution against regarding orthodox psychoanalysis?
That it would lead to stagnation in both theoretical thought and therapeutic practice
According to Horney, what may lead to intensified needs for affection and be mistaken for love?
Feelings of isolation in a potentially hostile world
__________ results from unmet safety and satisfaction needs, while ___________ is a feeling of isolation and helplessness.
Basic Hostility & Basic Anxiety
Basic Hostility is said to originate from the assumption that modern culture is based on what?
Competition among individuals
Which neurotic trend is characterized by a person being overly submissive and compliant?
o Normal: Friendly
o Neurotic: Compliant
Moving toward people
