Prelim 1

Question 1

Prokaryote

Answer 1

Prokaryotes are unicellular and simpler than eukaryotes. The DNA of prokaryotes is stored in the cytoplasm. They do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

Question 2

Eukaryote

Answer 2

Eukaryotes are multicellular with membrane-bound organelles, and 100-10,000 times bigger than prokaryotes, making them more complex. The DNA of eukaryotes is stored in the nucleus.

Question 3

Chlorophyll

Answer 3

Found in plant cells, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, giving plants their green color. Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.

Question 4

Spores

Answer 4

Reproductive cells capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. Produced by certain fungi, plants, and bacteria.

Question 5

Mycotoxin

Answer 5

Toxic substances produced by fungi. Capable of causing disease and death in humans and animals.

Question 6

Fruiting Body

Answer 6

The spore-producing organ of fungi. (Mushroom caps).

Question 7

Mycelium

Answer 7

Root-like structure of fungi made up of hyphae.

Question 8

Candida

Answer 8

A genus of yeasts, responsible for fungal diseases.

Question 9

Ringworm

Answer 9

A rash caused by a fungal infection.

Question 10

Microbiome

Answer 10

A community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

Question 11

Streptococcus

Answer 11

A genus of gram-positive bacteria. Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis, giving it a bent shape.

Question 12

Helicobacter

Answer 12

A genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape.

Question 13

Volatile Fatty Acids

Answer 13

Food is fermented to volatile fatty acids which can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used as carbon and energy sources by the host.

Question 14

Bifidobacterium

Answer 14

A genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 15

Clostridium

Answer 15

A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. Causes agents of botulism and tetanus.

Question 16

Myxococcus

Answer 16

Gram-negative, spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic, obligate aerobes. They are elongated rods with rounded or tapered ends, and they are nonflagellated. The cells move by gliding and can predate other bacteria.

Question 17

Coliform

Answer 17

A generic term for gram-negative, non-sporulating facultatively aerobic rods that ferment lactose to make gas within 48 hours at 35C.

Question 18

Escherichia coli

Answer 18

A gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.

Question 19

Fecal transplant

Answer 19

The installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill.

Question 20

Serratia marcescens

Answer 20

A rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria. Facultative anaerobe and an opportunistic pathogen in humans, from ingestion of contaminated food.

Question 21

Quorum sensing

Answer 21

A minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group.

Question 22

Biofilm

Answer 22

A complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to a surface.

Question 23

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

Answer 23

Natural polymers secreted by microorganisms, provide structural integrity to biofilm matrix.

Question 24

Aliivibrio fischeri

Answer 24

Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments.

Question 25

Catabolic reaction

Answer 25

Catabolic reactions are the opposite of anabolic reactions, and break the chemical bonds in larger, more complex molecules

Question 26

Anabolic reaction

Answer 26

The process of building of larger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones, and require an input of energy.

Question 27

Anaerobe

Answer 27

Organism that does not require oxygen for growth.

Question 28

Gingivitis

Answer 28

Inflammation of gums as the result of poor oral hygiene.

Question 29

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 29

Source of energy for biological functions, synthesized in the mitochondria.

Question 30

Respiration

Answer 30

The production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

Question 31

Fermentation

Answer 31

The extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

Question 32

Amino acid

Answer 32

Organic compounds made of amino and carboxylic acids that synthesize proteins and other compounds.

Question 33

Polysaccharide

Answer 33

Chains of carbohydrate molecules composed of monosaccharides, used to store energy in organisms.

Question 34

Nucleic acid

Answer 34

Composed of nucleotides; a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Main types are DNA and rNA.

Question 35

Central Dogma

Answer 35

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein.

Question 35

Fatty acids

Answer 35

Chains of carbon atoms topped off with a carboxyl group. Fatty acids are energy sources and form building blocks of cell membranes.

Question 36

Symbiosis

Answer 36

Interaction between two organisms living in the same environment (typically positive).

Question 37

Endosymbiosis

Answer 37

Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

Question 38

Mutualism

Answer 38

A relationship between species in which both benefit.

Question 39

Commensalism

Answer 39

A relationship between species where one organism benefits without harming the other.

Question 40

Parasitism

Answer 40

A relationship between species where the organism living on the host benefits from this relationship and harms the host.

Question 41

Guinea Worm Disease

Answer 41

Infection caused by the guinea worm parasite, typically from contaminated drinking water.

Question 42

Brain Eating Amoeba

Answer 42

Causes a brain infection when water enters the nose.

Question 43

Obligate parasite

Answer 43

When one organism cannot survive without the other.

Question 44

Archaea

Answer 44

Single-celled organisms lacking cell nuclei.

Question 45

Propionibacterium acnes

Answer 45

An aerotolerant anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium linked to the skin condition of acne.

Question 46

LUCA

Answer 46

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 47

Heterotroph

Answer 47

An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

Question 48

Autotroph

Answer 48

An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

Question 49

Malassezia

Answer 49

A genus of fungi that causes skin diseases.

Question 50

Virus

Answer 50

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

Question 51

Enterococcus faecalis

Answer 51

A Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic.

Question 52

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 52

A gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.