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Microbio 1101 > Prelim 1 > Flashcards

Prelim 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A

Prokaryotes are unicellular and simpler than eukaryotes. The DNA of prokaryotes is stored in the cytoplasm. They do not contain membrane-bound organelles.

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Eukaryotes are multicellular with membrane-bound organelles, and 100-10,000 times bigger than prokaryotes, making them more complex. The DNA of eukaryotes is stored in the nucleus.

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3
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Found in plant cells, chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, giving plants their green color. Chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis.

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4
Q

Spores

A

Reproductive cells capable of developing into a new individual without fusion with another reproductive cell. Produced by certain fungi, plants, and bacteria.

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5
Q

Mycotoxin

A

Toxic substances produced by fungi. Capable of causing disease and death in humans and animals.

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6
Q

Fruiting Body

A

The spore-producing organ of fungi. (Mushroom caps).

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7
Q

Mycelium

A

Root-like structure of fungi made up of hyphae.

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8
Q

Candida

A

A genus of yeasts, responsible for fungal diseases.

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9
Q

Ringworm

A

A rash caused by a fungal infection.

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10
Q

Microbiome

A

A community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

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11
Q

Streptococcus

A

A genus of gram-positive bacteria. Cell division in streptococci occurs along a single axis, giving it a bent shape.

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12
Q

Helicobacter

A

A genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a characteristic helical shape.

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13
Q

Volatile Fatty Acids

A

Food is fermented to volatile fatty acids which can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used as carbon and energy sources by the host.

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14
Q

Bifidobacterium

A

A genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract.

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15
Q

Clostridium

A

A genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. Causes agents of botulism and tetanus.

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16
Q

Myxococcus

A

Gram-negative, spore-forming, chemoorganotrophic, obligate aerobes. They are elongated rods with rounded or tapered ends, and they are nonflagellated. The cells move by gliding and can predate other bacteria.

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17
Q

Coliform

A

A generic term for gram-negative, non-sporulating facultatively aerobic rods that ferment lactose to make gas within 48 hours at 35C.

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18
Q

Escherichia coli

A

A gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms.

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19
Q

Fecal transplant

A

The installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill.

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20
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

A rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria. Facultative anaerobe and an opportunistic pathogen in humans, from ingestion of contaminated food.

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21
Q

Quorum sensing

A

A minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group.

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22
Q

Biofilm

A

A complex structure of microbiome having different bacterial colonies or single type of cells in a group; adhere to a surface.

23
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

A

Natural polymers secreted by microorganisms, provide structural integrity to biofilm matrix.

24
Q

Aliivibrio fischeri

A

Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium found globally in marine environments.

25
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Catabolic reactions are the opposite of anabolic reactions, and break the chemical bonds in larger, more complex molecules

26
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

The process of building of larger, complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones, and require an input of energy.

27
Q

Anaerobe

A

Organism that does not require oxygen for growth.

28
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of gums as the result of poor oral hygiene.

29
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

Source of energy for biological functions, synthesized in the mitochondria.

30
Q

Respiration

A

The production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

31
Q

Fermentation

A

The extraction of energy from carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.

32
Q

Amino acid

A

Organic compounds made of amino and carboxylic acids that synthesize proteins and other compounds.

33
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Chains of carbohydrate molecules composed of monosaccharides, used to store energy in organisms.

34
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Composed of nucleotides; a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. Main types are DNA and rNA.

35
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein.

35
Q

Fatty acids

A

Chains of carbon atoms topped off with a carboxyl group. Fatty acids are energy sources and form building blocks of cell membranes.

36
Q

Symbiosis

A

Interaction between two organisms living in the same environment (typically positive).

37
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells.

38
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between species in which both benefit.

39
Q

Commensalism

A

A relationship between species where one organism benefits without harming the other.

40
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship between species where the organism living on the host benefits from this relationship and harms the host.

41
Q

Guinea Worm Disease

A

Infection caused by the guinea worm parasite, typically from contaminated drinking water.

42
Q

Brain Eating Amoeba

A

Causes a brain infection when water enters the nose.

43
Q

Obligate parasite

A

When one organism cannot survive without the other.

44
Q

Archaea

A

Single-celled organisms lacking cell nuclei.

45
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

An aerotolerant anaerobic, gram-positive bacterium linked to the skin condition of acne.

46
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

47
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances.

48
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.

49
Q

Malassezia

A

A genus of fungi that causes skin diseases.

50
Q

Virus

A

A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.

51
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

A Gram-positive, commensal bacterium inhabiting the gastrointestinal tracts of humans. Like other species in the genus Enterococcus, E. faecalis is found in healthy humans and can be used as a probiotic.

52
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

A gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.

Microbio 1101 (3 decks)

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