FInal Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Streptococcus pyogenes (start of prelim 2)
A
Gram +, aerobic, cocci (circle shaped), chain forming, Strep throat
2
Q
Virulence factor
A
characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease
3
Q
Streptolysin
A
a hemolytic (red blood cell killing) enzyme, produced by streptococci
4
Q
Exotoxin
A
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.
5
Q
Adhesin
A
general term for any microbial factor that promotes attachment
6
Q
Innate Immunity
A
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. First line of defense, non specific. -Anatomical barriers (skin, hair, etc) - Inflammation -Complementation (antibodies)
7
Q
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
A
The molecules recognized by pattern recognition receptors.
8
Q
Toll like receptors
A
each recognize a specific “danger” molecule AND are embedded in cellular membranes.
9
Q
Antigen
A
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
10
Q
Antibody
A
A protein that acts against a specific pathogen
11
Q
Opsonization
A
coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
12
Q
Proteolysis
A
the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
13
Q
Cell-mediated Immunity
A
function of immune system mediated by cells
14
Q
Humoral Immunity
A
the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. made in bone marrow.
15
Q
Adaptive Immunity
A
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
16
Q
M protein
A
resists phagocytosis
17
Q
Conjunctivitis
A
inflammation of the conjunctiva
18
Q
Staphylococcus aureus
A
pink eye, not always pathogenic, gram positive, fac anaerobe, found on skin turns pathogenic when it goes in body
19
Q
Coagulase
A
A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot
20
Q
Protein A
A
allows staph aureus to evade immune system
21
Q
Apocrine glands
A
Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
22
Q
Cornyebacterium
A
body odor bacteria
23
Q
Volatile organic compounds
A
Organic chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as gases in the air (smell)
24
Q
Staphlyococcus epidermis
A
bacteria that result in smelly feet
25
Thioalcohols
smelly sulfur compounds
26
Endoflagella
flagella that spiral tightly around a cell instead of protruding
27
Treponema pallidum
causes syphilis
28
Spirochaete
an effective evader of the human immune system
29
Snuffles
Upper respiratory disease of rabbits
30
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
31
Elemental body
is a tough, non-reproductive "spore-like" form, it forces host cell to engulf it, then within its own membrane-bound compartment it transforms to reticulate body
32
Reticulate body
takes over the host cell, assimilates nutrients and replicates
33
Obligate parasite
unable to grow outside of a living host
34
Reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
35
Baltimore classification
a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus
36
Papillomavirus
virus that causes warts and is associated with cancer
37
Herpes Simplex virus
a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage
38
Basal cells
stem cells
39
Receptor mediated endocytosis
enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances through absorbtion
40
Oncovirus
a virus that can cause cancer
41
Glycolipid envelope
Glycoproteins involved in cell reception
42
Varicella zoster virus
chicken pox and shingles
43
Shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
44
Epstein-Barr virus
Herpes Virus
45
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV, a virus that attacks the immune system, retrovirus
46
Retrovirus
An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
47
Kaposi's sarcoma
a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines
48
Integrase
the enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into the host cell's DNA
49
CD4+ T lymphocytes
have surface receptors to which HIV can attach to promote entry into the cell
50
Gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
51
Endogenous retrovirus
Integrated retroviruses derived from infection of the germline (egg or sperm) of an ancestral organism. All vertebrates are thought to carry numerous endogenous retroviruses.
52
Mpox
smallpox like virus
53
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
54
Antigenic drift
a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.
55
Antigenic shift
changes in antigens that occur when viruses exchange genetic material with other strains
56
Hemagglutinin
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.
57
Neuraminidase
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It promotes the release of progeny viruses from infected cells.
58
Influenza virus
flu
59
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19, ssRNA virus, enveloped virus, respiratory disease
60
MERS-CoV
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, respiratory disease
61
COVID Variants
- variant of covid that have mutated
62
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
63
B cells
produce antibodies
64
Immune memory
immune system remembers invaders it has destroyed before and kills them quickly the second time
65
Primary immune response
the primary is the first time the body has encountered the antigen, and it works with B and T cells to kill it off, and create memory T cells
66
Live attenuated vaccines
Live pathogen, but weakened. May cause minor illness in rare cases.
67
Inactivated vaccines
dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity
68
Subunit vaccines
use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
69
Viral vector vaccines
use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection
70
RNA vaccines
introducing RNA that encodes antigens
71
Sterilizing immunity
person who encounters the pathogen does not have a detectable infection
72
Measles
virus
73
Herd immunity
The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
74
Antifreeze
a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point
75
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
76
Transformation
(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA
77
Transduction
the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
78
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
a tumor-inducing bacteria in plants that has been altered by scientists to transfer traits (genes) from one plant to another.
79
Bacillus thuringiensus
lives in dirt
80
Glyphosate
a broad-spectrum herbicide; it is the active ingredient in Roundup
81
Genome editing
an experimental method of detecting and correcting defective genes in an individual
82
CRISPR/Cas9
a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes
83
Pasteurization
treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens
84
Psychrophile
bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C.
85
Mesophile
bacteria that prefers moderate temperature and develops best at temperatures between 25 C and 40 C
86
Thermophile
an organism that has adapted to living in very high temperatures (heat), such as bacteria or algae
87
Halophile
salt loving, bacteria that survive in highly concentrated areas
88
Acidophile
an organism that grows best at low pH; typically below pH 6
89
Lactate fermentation
anaerobic sugar breakdown pathway that produces ATP and lactate
90
Alcoholic fermentation
the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol
91
Lactobacillus
Can derive lactic acid from glucose which creates an acidic environment
92
Streptococcus thermophilus
used to make yogurt
93
Prebiotic
substance that stimulates bacterial growth in the large intestines
94
Probiotic
live bacteria that when consumed live temporarily in the colon and confer health benefits on the host
95
Precision fermentation
uses microbial hosts as "cell factories" for producing specific functional ingredients
96
Plasmid
small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
97
Cloning
A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.
98
Cell-based (cultivated) meat
produced using animal cell culture technology, where meat is produced from animal cells using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology and synthetic processes
99
Alcohol fermentation
conversion of sugar into alcohol (ethanol) under anaerobic (no/low oxygen)conditions
100
Malic acid
organic acid found in apples
101
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- baker's yeast/wine yeast, -Evolved to quickly produced ethanol, which kills competing microorganisms -Ability to convert sugar into ethanol even in aerobic (oxygenated) conditions
102
O. oeni
malic acid (harsh) is converted in lactic acid (mellow) to help soften a wine and add complexity by this lactic acid bacteria
103
Sporadic disease
Disease that occurs occasionally and at random intervals in a population.
104
Endemic disease
disease constantly present in a population
105
Epidemic
a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.
106
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
107
Morbidity
illness/sickness rate
108
Mortality
death rate
109
Fecal - oral transmission
-Water contaminated with intestinal pathogens -Often there is a 'point source' where fecalmaterial enters water supply
110
Salmonella enterica serotype typhi
Causes typhoid fever. Grows in the intestinal tract of infected humans; transmitted in feces/fecal - oral transmission
111
Pathogenicity island
A type of genomic island, a stretch of DNA that contains virulence factors and may have been transferred from another genome.
112
John Snow
Father of Epidemiology, studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump
113
Vibrio cholerae
causes cholera (Fecal-oral transmission)
114
TCP
encode pili that help V. cholerae to attach to host cells in the gut
115
Cholera toxin
Vibrio cholerae exotoxin
116
CFTR
cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
117
Giardia
-parasite that can affect the small intestine -occurs from ingestion of Giardia cysts
118
Cysts
dormant larvae surrounded by protective coverings
119
Norovirus
a contagious gastrointestinal illness
120
Pathogenic E. coli O157:H7
-The 157 "O antigen" of the LPS of E. coli, The 7 "H antigen" refers to the E. coli flagellum
121
Intimin
A pathogenic E. coli adhesion protein that binds tightly to an E. coli-produced receptor injected into host cells.
122
EHEC
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, produces Shiga Toxin
123
Shiga toxin
Shigella, damages kidneys
124
Hemolytic Uremic syndrome
EHEC infection
125
Listeria monocytogenes
Listeriosis occurs when L.monocytogenes contaminates food and the food is ingested
126
Controlled actin polymerization
Able to pass through strong barriers in the body: including blood-brain barrier and placental barrier
127
Flavivirus
Hepatitis C
128
Hepatitis C virus
- Single-stranded RNA virus that is positive sense - virus causes chronic inflammation of the liver and cirrhosis
129
Arbovirus
arthropod borne virus (hep c, yellow fever, zika, etc)
130
Mumps
- virus (-)ssRNA - virus found in saliva andrespiratory secretions - causes swelling of glands
131
Parotid glands
large glands at the angle of the jaw which produce saliva
132
Attenuated vaccine
vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease
133
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
causes tuberculosis
134
Mycolic acid
-long-chained, branched fatty acids (layer found in some cells) -helps TB to avoid host immune response, also to be less sensitive to antibiotics
135
Latent infection
live bacteria in the lungs but notgrowing, no symptoms, not contagious
136
Granuloma
- a general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis - some can contain latent TB
137
Legionella
- bacteria that causes Legionnaire's Disease - evolved to multiply inside of amoeba and survive in water sources
138
Amoeba
single-celled eukaryotic protist that live in water sources and generally feed on bacteria
139
Macrophage
- Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells - can help clear infection or serve as a host to grow M. tuberculosis
140
Zoonotic disease
disease that can be passed between animals and humans
141
Negri bodies
rabies
142
Dengue Fever Virus
- the most common arboviral disease, caused by mosquitos - bleeding, respiratory distress, dramatic drop in blood pressure
143
West Nile Virus
-Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito Mild signs and symptoms: fever, headache and body ache, nausea and vomiting, skin rash soreness to neck from swollen lymph gland - no vaccine
144
Antibody dependent enhancement
causes secondary infections of Dengue fever to be often more serious because the antigen replicates inside the macrophage.
145
Dead end host
A host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts
146
Malaria
A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.
147
Borrelia
- Lyme disease - transmits to humans by Ixodes tick bite, humans appear to be an "accidental host"
148
Penicillin
a beta-lactam (inhibits cell wall synthesis)
149
Streptomycin
targets the ribosome (where proteins are made)
150
Persister
Bacterial cells may escape the effects of antibiotics without undergoing genetic change
151
High throughput screening
a method for trying to find an effective antibiotic from a library of millions of different molecules
152
Efflux pump
membrane transporter in Gram-negative bacteria helps the bacteria pump out antibiotics
153
Rhizobia
soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes
154
Buchnera aphidicola
Buchnera (bacteria) feeds the aphide ssential amino acids which itcan't make for itself
155
Symbiont
The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.
156
Rumen
stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose
157
prokaryote (start of prelim 1)
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
158
Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
159
Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
160
Spores
single-celled reproductive bodies highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms
161
Mycotoxin
a toxin produced by a fungus
162
Fruiting body
The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores
163
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.
164
Candida
A genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide
165
Ringworm
A highly contagious, fungal infection of the skin or scalp.
166
Microbiome
all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body
167
Streptococcus
Berry - shapped bacterium found in twisted chains.
168
Heliobacter
stomach ulcers (stomach was thought to be sterile until these bacteria were found)
169
Volatile fatty acids
can be absorbed into the bloodstream, andused as carbon and energy sources by thehost
170
Bifidobacterium
- an Actinobacterium that has metabolism similar to LAB - It is considered a desirable probiotic organism
171
Clostridium
- inside honey - can colonize an immature GI tract
172
Myxococcus
- predatory bacteria - hunt in cooperative "wolf packs" - work together to build spore producing "fruiting bodies"
173
Coliform
a type of bacteria found in human and animal wastes (💩 bacteria)
174
Escherichia coli
- a common fecal coliform - G neg, rods
175
Fecal transplant
transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient (Zack Kozma lol)
176
Serratia marcescens
Rod shaped bacterium related to the bacterium that causes pneumonia, makes red pigment
177
Quorum sensing
Intraspecies communication used for (biofilm formation, make virulence factors, make products that allow them to work together for motility)
178
Biofilm
A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface.
179
Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
a glycocalyx that permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces (slimy part of biofilm)
180
Aliivibrio fischeri
- bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the light organ of hawaiian squid - use quorum sensing to light up with high density
181
Autoinducer
a small signal molecule that takes part in quorum sensing
182
Catabolic reaction
Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and energy is released.
183
Anabolic reaction
any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules
184
Anaerobe
any organism that is able to live without oxygen
185
Gingivitis
- inflammation of gums - Caused by the gram negative bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis
186
Reduction
gain of electrons
187
Oxidation
loss of electrons
188
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP (free energy)
189
Respiration
when oxygen is used as an electron acceptor - aerobic and anaerobic
190
Fermentation
when organic compounds are used as an electron acceptor -anaerobic only
191
Amino acid
Building blocks of protein
192
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides (sugar)
193
Nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
194
Fatty acids
Building Blocks of Lipids
195
Central Dogma
DNA needs to be transcribed into RNA before being made into proteins
196
Symbiosis
A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other
197
Endosymbiosis
symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other (mitochondria predecessor and eukaryote, chloroplast predecessor and plants)
198
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
199
Commensalism
one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
200
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
201
Guinea Worm Disease
- caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis - obligate (needs host to survive)
202
Brain Eating Amoeba
- Naegleria fowleri, (parasitic amoeba/eukaryotic protist) - facultative (does not need host to survive)
203
Archaea
Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan
204
Propionibacterium acnes
Abbreviated P. acnes; technical term for acne bacteria, anaerobic environment
205
LUCA
Last Universal Common Ancestor. The shared ancestor that multiple organisms diverged from
206
Heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes
207
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
208
Malassezia
Naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin, but is responsible for dandruff when it grows out of control.
209
Virus
A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.
210
Enterococcus faecalis
gram positive cocci, fecal bateria
211
Mycobacterium
a large family of bacteria that is often found in soil and water (survive in chlorine)
