FInal Exam Flashcards
Streptococcus pyogenes (start of prelim 2)
Gram +, aerobic, cocci (circle shaped), chain forming, Strep throat
Virulence factor
characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease
Streptolysin
a hemolytic (red blood cell killing) enzyme, produced by streptococci
Exotoxin
a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.
Adhesin
general term for any microbial factor that promotes attachment
Innate Immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. First line of defense, non specific. -Anatomical barriers (skin, hair, etc) - Inflammation -Complementation (antibodies)
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
The molecules recognized by pattern recognition receptors.
Toll like receptors
each recognize a specific “danger” molecule AND are embedded in cellular membranes.
Antigen
A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody
Antibody
A protein that acts against a specific pathogen
Opsonization
coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Proteolysis
the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes
Cell-mediated Immunity
function of immune system mediated by cells
Humoral Immunity
the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. made in bone marrow.
Adaptive Immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
M protein
resists phagocytosis
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
Staphylococcus aureus
pink eye, not always pathogenic, gram positive, fac anaerobe, found on skin turns pathogenic when it goes in body
Coagulase
A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot
Protein A
allows staph aureus to evade immune system
Apocrine glands
Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin
Cornyebacterium
body odor bacteria
Volatile organic compounds
Organic chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as gases in the air (smell)
Staphlyococcus epidermis
bacteria that result in smelly feet
Thioalcohols
smelly sulfur compounds
Endoflagella
flagella that spiral tightly around a cell instead of protruding
Treponema pallidum
causes syphilis
Spirochaete
an effective evader of the human immune system
Snuffles
Upper respiratory disease of rabbits
Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia
Elemental body
is a tough, non-reproductive “spore-like” form, it forces host cell to engulf it, then within its own membrane-bound compartment it transforms to reticulate body
Reticulate body
takes over the host cell, assimilates nutrients and replicates
Obligate parasite
unable to grow outside of a living host
Reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
Baltimore classification
a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus
Papillomavirus
virus that causes warts and is associated with cancer
Herpes Simplex virus
a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage
Basal cells
stem cells
Receptor mediated endocytosis
enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances through absorbtion
Oncovirus
a virus that can cause cancer
Glycolipid envelope
Glycoproteins involved in cell reception
Varicella zoster virus
chicken pox and shingles
Shingles
viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves
Epstein-Barr virus
Herpes Virus
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV, a virus that attacks the immune system, retrovirus
Retrovirus
An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
Kaposi’s sarcoma
a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines
Integrase
the enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA
CD4+ T lymphocytes
have surface receptors to which HIV can attach to promote entry into the cell
Gene therapy
The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
Endogenous retrovirus
Integrated retroviruses derived from infection of the germline (egg or sperm) of an ancestral organism. All vertebrates are thought to carry numerous endogenous retroviruses.
Mpox
smallpox like virus
Smallpox
A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.
Antigenic drift
a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.
Antigenic shift
changes in antigens that occur when viruses exchange genetic material with other strains
Hemagglutinin
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.
Neuraminidase
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It promotes the release of progeny viruses from infected cells.
Influenza virus
flu
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19, ssRNA virus, enveloped virus, respiratory disease
MERS-CoV
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, respiratory disease
COVID Variants
- variant of covid that have mutated
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
B cells
produce antibodies
Immune memory
immune system remembers invaders it has destroyed before and kills them quickly the second time
Primary immune response
the primary is the first time the body has encountered the antigen, and it works with B and T cells to kill it off, and create memory T cells
Live attenuated vaccines
Live pathogen, but weakened. May cause minor illness in rare cases.
Inactivated vaccines
dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity
Subunit vaccines
use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response
Viral vector vaccines
use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection
RNA vaccines
introducing RNA that encodes antigens
Sterilizing immunity
person who encounters the pathogen does not have a detectable infection
Measles
virus
Herd immunity
The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
Antifreeze
a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point
Conjugation
In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
Transformation
(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA
Transduction
the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
a tumor-inducing bacteria in plants that has been altered by scientists to transfer traits (genes) from one plant to another.
Bacillus thuringiensus
lives in dirt
Glyphosate
a broad-spectrum herbicide; it is the active ingredient in Roundup
Genome editing
an experimental method of detecting and correcting defective genes in an individual
CRISPR/Cas9
a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes
Pasteurization
treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens
Psychrophile
bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C.
