Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbio 1101 > FInal Exam > Flashcards

FInal Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes (start of prelim 2)

A

Gram +, aerobic, cocci (circle shaped), chain forming, Strep throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Virulence factor

A

characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Streptolysin

A

a hemolytic (red blood cell killing) enzyme, produced by streptococci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Exotoxin

A

a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Adhesin

A

general term for any microbial factor that promotes attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. First line of defense, non specific. -Anatomical barriers (skin, hair, etc) - Inflammation -Complementation (antibodies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

The molecules recognized by pattern recognition receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Toll like receptors

A

each recognize a specific “danger” molecule AND are embedded in cellular membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antigen

A

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Antibody

A

A protein that acts against a specific pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Opsonization

A

coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Proteolysis

A

the breakdown of proteins or peptides into amino acids by the action of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell-mediated Immunity

A

function of immune system mediated by cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

the process of adaptive immunity manifested by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes. made in bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

M protein

A

resists phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

pink eye, not always pathogenic, gram positive, fac anaerobe, found on skin turns pathogenic when it goes in body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Coagulase

A

A bacterial enzyme that causes blood plasma to clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Protein A

A

allows staph aureus to evade immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cornyebacterium

A

body odor bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Volatile organic compounds

A

Organic chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as gases in the air (smell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Staphlyococcus epidermis

A

bacteria that result in smelly feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Thioalcohols

A

smelly sulfur compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Endoflagella

A

flagella that spiral tightly around a cell instead of protruding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

causes syphilis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Spirochaete

A

an effective evader of the human immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Snuffles

A

Upper respiratory disease of rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Chlamydia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Elemental body

A

is a tough, non-reproductive “spore-like” form, it forces host cell to engulf it, then within its own membrane-bound compartment it transforms to reticulate body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Reticulate body

A

takes over the host cell, assimilates nutrients and replicates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Obligate parasite

A

unable to grow outside of a living host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Baltimore classification

A

a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Papillomavirus

A

virus that causes warts and is associated with cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Herpes Simplex virus

A

a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips but that can also cause brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Basal cells

A

stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances through absorbtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Oncovirus

A

a virus that can cause cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Glycolipid envelope

A

Glycoproteins involved in cell reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Varicella zoster virus

A

chicken pox and shingles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Shingles

A

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Epstein-Barr virus

A

Herpes Virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus

A

HIV, a virus that attacks the immune system, retrovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Retrovirus

A

An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Integrase

A

the enzyme responsible for integrating viral DNA into the host cell’s DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

CD4+ T lymphocytes

A

have surface receptors to which HIV can attach to promote entry into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Gene therapy

A

The insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Endogenous retrovirus

A

Integrated retroviruses derived from infection of the germline (egg or sperm) of an ancestral organism. All vertebrates are thought to carry numerous endogenous retroviruses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Mpox

A

smallpox like virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Smallpox

A

A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Antigenic drift

A

a mechanism for variation in viruses that involves the accumulation of mutations within the genes that code for antibody-binding sites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Antigenic shift

A

changes in antigens that occur when viruses exchange genetic material with other strains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Hemagglutinin

A

One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It is responsible for binding the virus to the cell that is being infected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Neuraminidase

A

One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. It promotes the release of progeny viruses from infected cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Influenza virus

A

flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

SARS-CoV-2

A

COVID-19, ssRNA virus, enveloped virus, respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

MERS-CoV

A

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

COVID Variants

A
  • variant of covid that have mutated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

T cells

A

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

B cells

A

produce antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Immune memory

A

immune system remembers invaders it has destroyed before and kills them quickly the second time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Primary immune response

A

the primary is the first time the body has encountered the antigen, and it works with B and T cells to kill it off, and create memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

Live pathogen, but weakened. May cause minor illness in rare cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Inactivated vaccines

A

dead organisms injected into patient to build immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Viral vector vaccines

A

use a modified version of a different virus as a vector to deliver protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

RNA vaccines

A

introducing RNA that encodes antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Sterilizing immunity

A

person who encounters the pathogen does not have a detectable infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Measles

A

virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Herd immunity

A

The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Antifreeze

A

a liquid added to the water in a cooling system to lower its freezing point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Conjugation

A

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Transformation

A

(genetics) modification of a cell or bacterium by the uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Transduction

A

the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

A

a tumor-inducing bacteria in plants that has been altered by scientists to transfer traits (genes) from one plant to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Bacillus thuringiensus

A

lives in dirt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Glyphosate

A

a broad-spectrum herbicide; it is the active ingredient in Roundup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Genome editing

A

an experimental method of detecting and correcting defective genes in an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

CRISPR/Cas9

A

a revolutionary gene editing technique derived from the immune system of simple prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Pasteurization

A

treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Psychrophile

A

bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Mesophile

A

bacteria that prefers moderate temperature and develops best at temperatures between 25 C and 40 C

86
Q

Thermophile

A

an organism that has adapted to living in very high temperatures (heat), such as bacteria or algae

87
Q

Halophile

A

salt loving, bacteria that survive in highly concentrated areas

88
Q

Acidophile

A

an organism that grows best at low pH; typically below pH 6

89
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

anaerobic sugar breakdown pathway that produces ATP and lactate

90
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

the anaerobic process by which yeasts and other microorganisms break down sugars to form carbon dioxide and ethanol

91
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Can derive lactic acid from glucose which creates an acidic environment

92
Q

Streptococcus thermophilus

A

used to make yogurt

93
Q

Prebiotic

A

substance that stimulates bacterial growth in the large intestines

94
Q

Probiotic

A

live bacteria that when consumed live temporarily in the colon and confer health benefits on the host

95
Q

Precision fermentation

A

uses microbial hosts as “cell factories” for producing specific functional ingredients

96
Q

Plasmid

A

small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

97
Q

Cloning

A

A process in which a cell, cell product, or organism is copied from an original source.

98
Q

Cell-based (cultivated) meat

A

produced using animal cell culture technology, where meat is produced from animal cells using a combination of biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology and synthetic processes

99
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

conversion of sugar into alcohol (ethanol) under anaerobic (no/low oxygen)conditions

100
Q

Malic acid

A

organic acid found in apples

101
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A
  • baker’s yeast/wine yeast, -Evolved to quickly produced ethanol, which kills competing microorganisms -Ability to convert sugar into ethanol even in aerobic (oxygenated) conditions
102
Q

O. oeni

A

malic acid (harsh) is converted in lactic acid (mellow) to help soften a wine and add complexity by this lactic acid bacteria

103
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Disease that occurs occasionally and at random intervals in a population.

104
Q

Endemic disease

A

disease constantly present in a population

105
Q

Epidemic

A

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

106
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

107
Q

Morbidity

A

illness/sickness rate

108
Q

Mortality

A

death rate

109
Q

Fecal - oral transmission

A

-Water contaminated with intestinal pathogens -Often there is a ‘point source’ where fecalmaterial enters water supply

110
Q

Salmonella enterica serotype typhi

A

Causes typhoid fever. Grows in the intestinal tract of infected humans; transmitted in feces/fecal - oral transmission

111
Q

Pathogenicity island

A

A type of genomic island, a stretch of DNA that contains virulence factors and may have been transferred from another genome.

112
Q

John Snow

A

Father of Epidemiology, studied the London Cholera epidemics of 1848 & 1854, suspected it was from the water, as most cases were found close to the Broad Street pump

113
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

causes cholera (Fecal-oral transmission)

114
Q

TCP

A

encode pili that help V. cholerae to attach to host cells in the gut

115
Q

Cholera toxin

A

Vibrio cholerae exotoxin

116
Q

CFTR

A

cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

117
Q

Giardia

A

-parasite that can affect the small intestine -occurs from ingestion of Giardia cysts

118
Q

Cysts

A

dormant larvae surrounded by protective coverings

119
Q

Norovirus

A

a contagious gastrointestinal illness

120
Q

Pathogenic E. coli O157:H7

A

-The 157 “O antigen” of the LPS of E. coli, The 7 “H antigen” refers to the E. coli flagellum

121
Q

Intimin

A

A pathogenic E. coli adhesion protein that binds tightly to an E. coli-produced receptor injected into host cells.

122
Q

EHEC

A

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, produces Shiga Toxin

123
Q

Shiga toxin

A

Shigella, damages kidneys

124
Q

Hemolytic Uremic syndrome

A

EHEC infection

125
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Listeriosis occurs when L.monocytogenes contaminates food and the food is ingested

126
Q

Controlled actin polymerization

A

Able to pass through strong barriers in the body: including blood-brain barrier and placental barrier

127
Q

Flavivirus

A

Hepatitis C

128
Q

Hepatitis C virus

A
  • Single-stranded RNA virus that is positive sense - virus causes chronic inflammation of the liver and cirrhosis
129
Q

Arbovirus

A

arthropod borne virus (hep c, yellow fever, zika, etc)

130
Q

Mumps

A
  • virus (-)ssRNA - virus found in saliva andrespiratory secretions - causes swelling of glands
131
Q

Parotid glands

A

large glands at the angle of the jaw which produce saliva

132
Q

Attenuated vaccine

A

vaccine composed of a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease

133
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

causes tuberculosis

134
Q

Mycolic acid

A

-long-chained, branched fatty acids (layer found in some cells) -helps TB to avoid host immune response, also to be less sensitive to antibiotics

135
Q

Latent infection

A

live bacteria in the lungs but notgrowing, no symptoms, not contagious

136
Q

Granuloma

A
  • a general term used to describe a small, knot-like swelling of granulation tissue in the epidermis - some can contain latent TB
137
Q

Legionella

A
  • bacteria that causes Legionnaire’s Disease - evolved to multiply inside of amoeba and survive in water sources
138
Q

Amoeba

A

single-celled eukaryotic protist that live in water sources and generally feed on bacteria

139
Q

Macrophage

A
  • Large white blood cell that removes bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells - can help clear infection or serve as a host to grow M. tuberculosis
140
Q

Zoonotic disease

A

disease that can be passed between animals and humans

141
Q

Negri bodies

A

rabies

142
Q

Dengue Fever Virus

A
  • the most common arboviral disease, caused by mosquitos - bleeding, respiratory distress, dramatic drop in blood pressure
143
Q

West Nile Virus

A

-Transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito Mild signs and symptoms: fever, headache and body ache, nausea and vomiting, skin rash soreness to neck from swollen lymph gland - no vaccine

144
Q

Antibody dependent enhancement

A

causes secondary infections of Dengue fever to be often more serious because the antigen replicates inside the macrophage.

145
Q

Dead end host

A

A host from which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts

146
Q

Malaria

A

A disease caused by mosquitoes implanting parasites in the blood.

147
Q

Borrelia

A
  • Lyme disease - transmits to humans by Ixodes tick bite, humans appear to be an “accidental host”
148
Q

Penicillin

A

a beta-lactam (inhibits cell wall synthesis)

149
Q

Streptomycin

A

targets the ribosome (where proteins are made)

150
Q

Persister

A

Bacterial cells may escape the effects of antibiotics without undergoing genetic change

151
Q

High throughput screening

A

a method for trying to find an effective antibiotic from a library of millions of different molecules

152
Q

Efflux pump

A

membrane transporter in Gram-negative bacteria helps the bacteria pump out antibiotics

153
Q

Rhizobia

A

soil bacteria that fix nitrogen after becoming established inside root nodules of legumes

154
Q

Buchnera aphidicola

A

Buchnera (bacteria) feeds the aphide ssential amino acids which itcan’t make for itself

155
Q

Symbiont

A

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.

156
Q

Rumen

A

stomach chamber in cows and related animals in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose

157
Q

prokaryote (start of prelim 1)

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

158
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

159
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

160
Q

Spores

A

single-celled reproductive bodies highly resistant to cold and heat damage; capable of new organisms

161
Q

Mycotoxin

A

a toxin produced by a fungus

162
Q

Fruiting body

A

The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many hyphae and produces spores

163
Q

Mycelium

A

The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.

164
Q

Candida

A

A genus of yeasts and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide

165
Q

Ringworm

A

A highly contagious, fungal infection of the skin or scalp.

166
Q

Microbiome

A

all of the microorganisms that live in a particular environment, such as a human body

167
Q

Streptococcus

A

Berry - shapped bacterium found in twisted chains.

168
Q

Heliobacter

A

stomach ulcers (stomach was thought to be sterile until these bacteria were found)

169
Q

Volatile fatty acids

A

can be absorbed into the bloodstream, andused as carbon and energy sources by thehost

170
Q

Bifidobacterium

A
  • an Actinobacterium that has metabolism similar to LAB - It is considered a desirable probiotic organism
171
Q

Clostridium

A
  • inside honey - can colonize an immature GI tract
172
Q

Myxococcus

A
  • predatory bacteria - hunt in cooperative “wolf packs” - work together to build spore producing “fruiting bodies”
173
Q

Coliform

A

a type of bacteria found in human and animal wastes (💩 bacteria)

174
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • a common fecal coliform - G neg, rods
175
Q

Fecal transplant

A

transfer of stool from a healthy donor into the gastrointestinal tract of a recipient (Zack Kozma lol)

176
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Rod shaped bacterium related to the bacterium that causes pneumonia, makes red pigment

177
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Intraspecies communication used for (biofilm formation, make virulence factors, make products that allow them to work together for motility)

178
Q

Biofilm

A

A microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface.

179
Q

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

A

a glycocalyx that permits bacteria to attach to various surfaces (slimy part of biofilm)

180
Q

Aliivibrio fischeri

A
  • bioluminescent bacterium that colonizes the light organ of hawaiian squid - use quorum sensing to light up with high density
181
Q

Autoinducer

A

a small signal molecule that takes part in quorum sensing

182
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and energy is released.

183
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

any chemical reaction that combines simple molecules to build more-complex molecules

184
Q

Anaerobe

A

any organism that is able to live without oxygen

185
Q

Gingivitis

A
  • inflammation of gums - Caused by the gram negative bacterium Porphyromonas endodontalis
186
Q

Reduction

A

gain of electrons

187
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electrons

188
Q

Adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP (free energy)

189
Q

Respiration

A

when oxygen is used as an electron acceptor - aerobic and anaerobic

190
Q

Fermentation

A

when organic compounds are used as an electron acceptor -anaerobic only

191
Q

Amino acid

A

Building blocks of protein

192
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides (sugar)

193
Q

Nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

194
Q

Fatty acids

A

Building Blocks of Lipids

195
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA needs to be transcribed into RNA before being made into proteins

196
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other

197
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other (mitochondria predecessor and eukaryote, chloroplast predecessor and plants)

198
Q

Mutualism

A

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

199
Q

Commensalism

A

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

200
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

201
Q

Guinea Worm Disease

A
  • caused by the parasite Dracunculus medinensis - obligate (needs host to survive)
202
Q

Brain Eating Amoeba

A
  • Naegleria fowleri, (parasitic amoeba/eukaryotic protist) - facultative (does not need host to survive)
203
Q

Archaea

A

Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

204
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

Abbreviated P. acnes; technical term for acne bacteria, anaerobic environment

205
Q

LUCA

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor. The shared ancestor that multiple organisms diverged from

206
Q

Heterotroph

A

organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes

207
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that makes its own food

208
Q

Malassezia

A

Naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human skin, but is responsible for dandruff when it grows out of control.

209
Q

Virus

A

A tiny, nonliving particle that invades and then reproduces inside a living cell.

210
Q

Enterococcus faecalis

A

gram positive cocci, fecal bateria

211
Q

Mycobacterium

A

a large family of bacteria that is often found in soil and water (survive in chlorine)

Microbio 1101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions