L1-9

Question 1

What kind of size ranges best reflect those commonly found in microbiology?

Answer 1

10 nm to 100 um

Question 2

What is a nucleotide composed of?

Answer 2

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous group

Question 3

What is the Central Dogma?

Answer 3

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein

Question 4

What is LUCA?

Answer 4

Last Universal Common Ancestor

Question 5

What is a favorite food of Propionobacterium acne?

Answer 5

Oil

Question 6

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

Answer 6

eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
with organelles such as mitochondria and are much larger than prokaryotic cells

Question 7

What is symbiosis?

Answer 7

A relationship between two or more species.

Question 8

Mutualism

Answer 8

Benefits both

Question 9

Parasitism

Answer 9

Benefits one, harms the other

Question 10

Commensalism

Answer 10

Benefits one, doesn’t affect the other

Question 11

What is the difference between facultative parasitism and obligate parasitism?

Answer 11

Obligate refers to when one organism cannot survive without the other. Facultative means one easily can survive without the other

Question 12

How to avoid infection by brain-eating amoeba or guinea worm?

Answer 12

Water safety

Question 13

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

Answer 13

Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

Question 14

What is an enzyme?

Answer 14

A protein that can catalyze reactions

Question 15

What is a microbiome?

Answer 15

A community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

Question 16

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Answer 16

Anabolism refers to using energy, catabolism refers to capturing energy

Question 17

What is a virulence factor?

Answer 17

Substances and structures produced by pathogens to help them colonize a host

Question 18

What are Koch’s postulates used for?

Answer 18

Criteria used to determine pathogenicity of bacteria

Question 19

What is the difference between red and black mold?

Answer 19

Red mold is derived from bacteria, black from fungi

Question 20

Which of the following are examples of where biofilms may form?

Answer 20

Water pipes, unbrushed teeth, medical devices such as catheters

Question 21

Are biofilms one species of bacteria?

Answer 21

No

Question 22

What is quorum sensing?

Answer 22

Minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group

Question 23

Why would you think that antibiotics may be less effective on bacteria who live in a biofilm?

Answer 23

Ssome swap antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbours, some bacteria may be dormant within the biofilm, difficult for antibiotic to access all bacteria in a biofilm

Question 24

Which of the following is true about Myxococcus?

Answer 24

Cells communicate with each other to form wolf packs

Question 25

What interventions enabled us to bring down waterborne diseases to a minimum in the last 100 years (multiple correct answers)?

Answer 25

Filtration, Chlorination

Question 26

How might you describe a coliform bacteria?

Answer 26

Gram-negative, a facultative anaerobe, found in the gut of warm-blooded animals

Question 27

Which of the following is false about E. coli?

Answer 27

Has a genome that is larger than the human genome

Question 28

What on Earth is a fecal transplant?

Answer 28

Installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill

Question 29

Which of the following statements about the human microbiome is false?

Answer 29

Humans have many more genes in their own genome than in their microbiome

Question 30

What is the role of lactic acid bacteria and tooth decay?

Answer 30

Formation of an acidic environment around the tooth promotes enamel dissolution

Question 31

Where in the gut are the most microbes found?

Answer 31

Colon

Question 32

Heliobacteria pylori

Answer 32

Is found in the stomach, can cause gastric ulcers, and has been associated with humans over millennia

Question 33

What difference would you find in the gut microbiota between two adults: one born in New York City and one born within an Amazonian tribe?

Answer 33

The person from the Amazonian tribe has a more diverse gut microbiome

Question 34

Athlete's foot is caused by:

Answer 34

Fungal infection known as ringworm

Question 35

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

Answer 35

Blocks cell wall synthesis

Question 36

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

Answer 36

A fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems, and a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

Question 37

How do fungi make fruit soften?

Answer 37

Secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

Question 38

Which of the following is true about mycelium?

Answer 38

Found in the soil, passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots, and help keep the forest healthy

Question 39

Which of the following methods would be the best way to count how many bacteria there are in a sample?

Answer 39

Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

Question 40

Which types of bacteria do we often find in a swimming pool?

Answer 40

Mycobacteria, skin bacteria, and fecal bacteria

Question 41

What types of bacteria can survive the chlorine found in a swimming pool?

Answer 41

Spore forming, biofilms, and chlorine-eating bacteria

Question 42

If most pathogenic bacteria do not last longer than 1 day on ice, then why can they still be a problem?

Answer 42

Contact through skin breaks or inhalation