L1-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of size ranges best reflect those commonly found in microbiology?

A

10 nm to 100 um

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a nucleotide composed of?

A

Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Central Dogma?

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated into protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is LUCA?

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a favorite food of Propionobacterium acne?

A

Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
with organelles such as mitochondria and are much larger than prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

A relationship between two or more species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mutualism

A

Benefits both

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parasitism

A

Benefits one, harms the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Commensalism

A

Benefits one, doesn’t affect the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between facultative parasitism and obligate parasitism?

A

Obligate refers to when one organism cannot survive without the other. Facultative means one easily can survive without the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to avoid infection by brain-eating amoeba or guinea worm?

A

Water safety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the theory of endosymbiosis?

A

Organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient bacteria which were engulfed by eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A protein that can catalyze reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

A community of microorganisms that can usually be found living together in any given habitat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

A

Anabolism refers to using energy, catabolism refers to capturing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a virulence factor?

A

Substances and structures produced by pathogens to help them colonize a host

18
Q

What are Koch’s postulates used for?

A

Criteria used to determine pathogenicity of bacteria

19
Q

What is the difference between red and black mold?

A

Red mold is derived from bacteria, black from fungi

20
Q

Which of the following are examples of where biofilms may form?

A

Water pipes, unbrushed teeth, medical devices such as catheters

21
Q

Are biofilms one species of bacteria?

A

No

22
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

Minimum density of individuals needed to control gene expression of the group

23
Q

Why would you think that antibiotics may be less effective on bacteria who live in a biofilm?

A

Ssome swap antibiotic resistance genes with their neighbours, some bacteria may be dormant within the biofilm, difficult for antibiotic to access all bacteria in a biofilm

24
Q

Which of the following is true about Myxococcus?

A

Cells communicate with each other to form wolf packs

25
Q

What interventions enabled us to bring down waterborne diseases to a minimum in the last 100 years (multiple correct answers)?

A

Filtration, Chlorination

26
Q

How might you describe a coliform bacteria?

A

Gram-negative, a facultative anaerobe, found in the gut of warm-blooded animals

27
Q

Which of the following is false about E. coli?

A

Has a genome that is larger than the human genome

28
Q

What on Earth is a fecal transplant?

A

Installation of bacteria from the fecal matter of a healthy individual to one that is ill

29
Q

Which of the following statements about the human microbiome is false?

A

Humans have many more genes in their own genome than in their microbiome

30
Q

What is the role of lactic acid bacteria and tooth decay?

A

Formation of an acidic environment around the tooth promotes enamel dissolution

31
Q

Where in the gut are the most microbes found?

A

Colon

32
Q

Heliobacteria pylori

A

Is found in the stomach, can cause gastric ulcers, and has been associated with humans over millennia

33
Q

What difference would you find in the gut microbiota between two adults: one born in New York City and one born within an Amazonian tribe?

A

The person from the Amazonian tribe has a more diverse gut microbiome

34
Q

Athlete’s foot is caused by:

A

Fungal infection known as ringworm

35
Q

How does the fungus that synthesizes penicillin act to block growth of bacteria?

A

Blocks cell wall synthesis

36
Q

What is a mycotoxin? More than one answer may be correct.

A

A fungal toxin that when consumed can cause neurological disorders and other health problems, and a toxin produced by a type of fungi that grows on crops

37
Q

How do fungi make fruit soften?

A

Secrete digestive enzymes to break down cell walls of fruit

38
Q

Which of the following is true about mycelium?

A

Found in the soil, passes nutrients and other compounds to tree roots, and help keep the forest healthy

39
Q

Which of the following methods would be the best way to count how many bacteria there are in a sample?

A

Use fluorescent stain and count number of bacteria

40
Q

Which types of bacteria do we often find in a swimming pool?

A

Mycobacteria, skin bacteria, and fecal bacteria

41
Q

What types of bacteria can survive the chlorine found in a swimming pool?

A

Spore forming, biofilms, and chlorine-eating bacteria

42
Q

If most pathogenic bacteria do not last longer than 1 day on ice, then why can they still be a problem?

A

Contact through skin breaks or inhalation