Prelab + Quiz 5 - weeks 9-10

Question 1

Electrolytes are inorganic compounds that dissociate in water into ions, forming a solution that is able to conduct an electrical current. Most electrolytes would be examples of which class of nutrients?

Answer 1

minerals

Question 2

The three classes of energy nutrients are carbohydrates, lipids/fats and what other nutrient class?

Answer 2

protein

Question 3

the urinary structure that has an internal and external sphincter

Answer 3

urethra

Question 4

the urinary structure that helps maintain the shape of and protect the kidneys

Answer 4

renal capsule

Question 5

the urinary structure that contains folds known as rugae

Answer 5

urinary bladder

Question 6

the urinary structure that is a capillary network

Answer 6

glomerulus

Question 7

the urinary structure that receives the distal tubules of several nephrons

Answer 7

collecting duct

Question 8

the urinary structure that consists of pyramids

Answer 8

renal medulla

Question 9

Reactions that break larger structures into smaller, releasing energy.

Answer 9

catabolism

Question 10

Reactions that build larger structures from smaller, using energy.

Answer 10

anabolism

Question 11

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose.

Answer 11

glycolysis

Question 12

The removal of nitrogen-containing groups during protein catabolism

Answer 12

deamination

Question 13

The sum of all the synthesis and decomposition reactions in the body

Answer 13

metabolism

Question 14

Elevated blood levels of a by-product from lipid catabolism.

Answer 14

ketosis

Question 15

Approximately what percentage of resting cardiac output flows to the kidneys?

Answer 15

20-25%

Question 16

For most people, the majority of energy use goes towards maintaining life during quiet, resting, fasting conditions. The rate at which we consume energy in this state is referred to as (BLANK) metabolic rate.

Answer 16

basal

Question 17

There are three exchanges between the blood and nephrons: filtration, reabsorption and secretion. Which of them would be considered to be a “relatively non-selective” movement from the blood into the nephron?

Answer 17

filtration

Question 18

There are many ways that the body can regulate acid-base balance. Which of these is the slowest, but most effective way to provide long-term control acid-base balance in the body?

Answer 18

kidney secretion

Question 19

In females, the urinary bladder is typically located anterior to the vagina and inferior to what organ?

Answer 19

uterus

Question 20

Acidic substances are associated with which specific positively charged ion?

Answer 20

H+

Question 21

Kidneys stones physically damaging ureters would most likely lead to which of these conditions?

Answer 21

hematuria

Question 22

Urine is moved through the ureters by gravity, hydrostatic pressure and what other process that we also saw in the digestive system?

Answer 22

peristalsis

Question 23

The triangle formed by the two uretral openings and the single urethral opening in the bladder is called the:

Answer 23

trigone

Question 24

What is a three-letter abbreviation for the hormone that triggers reabsorption of calcium in nephrons?

Answer 24

PTH

Question 25

Several hormones regulate exchanges in the kidneys. Name one hormone and its effect on reabsorption or secretion.

Answer 25

ADH stimulates water reabsorption

Aldosterone stimulates sodium reabsorption…

ANP triggers water and sodium secretion

PTH triggers reabsorption of calcium

Question 26

What about the location of the kidneys makes them susceptible to traumatic injury?

Answer 26

they are retroperitineal and only have the erector spinae as protection, there is little if any protection/coverage from the ribs or any other bony structure.

Question 27

In which part of the urinary tract is the most difference seen between females and males?

Answer 27

urethra

Question 28

Aside from urination, what are two other ways the body could lose fluids?

Answer 28

Some choices would include the skin (perspiration), the lungs (respiration) or the digestive tract (feces)

Question 29

Which of these is a kidney function ASIDE FROM maintaining the volume and composition of the ECF?

waste removal
BP regulation
water balance
acid-base balance

Answer 29

blood pressure regulation

Question 30

What prevents urine from constantly passing from the urinary bladder to the urethra?

Answer 30

sphincters

Question 31

Define what is meant by the term extracellular fluid (ECF)?

Answer 31

Any fluid that is not within the cells of the body

Question 32

In females, the urethra is located directly anterior to the:

Answer 32

vagina

Question 33

What anchors kidneys to surrounding structures?

Answer 33

renal fascia

Question 34

Per gram, which nutrient contain more calories than alcohol?

Answer 34

lipids

Question 35

Aside from lack of intake, name another cause of electrolyte imbalance in the body.

Answer 35

Vomiting, diarrhea or excessive perspiration would be some examples.

overhydration - too much plain water

Question 36

All of the following would be examples of extracellular fluid EXCEPT:

urine
interstitial fluid
CSF
Plasma

Answer 36

urine

Question 37

Energy needs at complete rest would best be described as:

Answer 37

basal metabolism

Question 38

Which of the following would most likely lead to a decreased volume of urine?

alcohol intake
perspiration
caffeine intake
nervousness

Answer 38

perspiration

Question 39

What vessels are found between the afferent and efferent arterioles to nephrons?

Answer 39

glomerulus