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A&P II Final Review > Prelab + Quiz 3 - Weeks 5-6 > Flashcards

Prelab + Quiz 3 - Weeks 5-6 Flashcards

1
Q

Active form of T cells that directly destroy microbes

A

cytotoxic

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2
Q

a phagocyte that is fixed in tissue

A

macrophage

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3
Q

active T cell form that assists numerous defenses

A

helper T cell

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4
Q

remains after a first encounter with a pathogen

A

memory

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5
Q

the active form of a B cell

A

plasma

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6
Q

lack of blood flow is referred to as

A

ischemia

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7
Q

stoppage of bleeding is referred to as

A

hemostasis

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8
Q

an inherited lack of clotting ability

A

hemophilia

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9
Q

lack of oxygen

A

hypoxia

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10
Q

low RBC or hemoglobin

A

anemia

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11
Q

Formed elements make up approximately what percentage of blood volume?

A

45%

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12
Q

Name three specific substances that would be typically considered part of blood plasma.

A

electrolytes

enzymes

hormones

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13
Q

Which type of formed element has its primary function as a step in hemostasis?

A

platelets

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14
Q

Even though there are many other factors involved, using only the ABO classification of blood types, which type might be referred to as the “universal donor”?

A

O

**Keep in mind that other factors (such as the Rh classification) factor in to who may be able to give or receive blood to different individuals as well as the ABO classification.

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15
Q

the spleen would be immediately posterior to which organ

A

stomach

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16
Q

The largest single mass of lymphatic tissue in the body would be what organ?

A

spleen

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17
Q

The two large lymph ducts empty into the blood near the junction of which two blood vessels?

A

Internal jugular vein and subclavian vein

*this is where the ducts return lymph to become blood plasma

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18
Q

Explain why valves found in lymphatic vessels and veins, but not in other blood vessels like arteries.

A

Valves prevent backflow and since there is lower pressure in veins and lymphatic vessels, they need valves to prevent the fluid from going backwards. Other vessels don’t need valves because they have a high enough pressure that there isn’t a risk for backflow.

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19
Q

What product is produced by the “active form” of a B lymphocyte?

A

antibodies

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20
Q

The hormone that stimulates red blood cell production is produced where in the body?

A

kidneys

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21
Q

Name one substance that would normally found in blood, but usually would NOT cross through capillaries to become interstitial fluid.

A

formed elements

22
Q

Most nutrient absorption from the small intestine is into the blood, but some lipids and lipid-soluble substances more easily enter what other body fluid?

A

lymph

23
Q

Name two other systems of the body that have roles in immunity aside from the lymphatic/immune system, and describe how those systems play a part in the defense of our body/cells.

A
  1. cardiovascular system - WBC’s are part of the cardiovascular system but their main roles are in the defense mechanisms of our body, they protect us against things like foreign microbes.
  2. endocrine system - produces hormones that help regulate immune responses.
24
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of these areas EXCEPT:

right leg
abdomen
left neck
right arm

A

right arm

** this is drained by the right lymph duct

25
Q

Which cell has a role in hemostasis (not “homeostasis”)?

erythrocyte
T cell
monocyte
platelet

A

Platelet

**hemostasis is the stoppage of bleeding

26
Q

Describe two separate differences between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes:

A
  1. B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow whereas T lymphocytes mature in the thymus
  2. B lymphocytes are continually produced throughout life whereas T lymphocytes are all produced before puberty

***They differ in site of maturation, active forms, products, method of defense and what they defend against, as examples.

27
Q

The specific vessels known as “lymphatic trunks” would most closely resemble which type of blood vessel?

A

veins

*The structure of the walls of these vessels, the presence of valves, low pressure, the fact that they are formed by the merger of smaller vessels leading back towards the heart area make these most similar to veins.

28
Q

Which lymphatic organ would be located posterior to the sternum?

A

thymus

29
Q

The majority of blood volume is made up of:

proteins
erythrocytes
nutrients
plasma

A

plasma

30
Q

Which type of formed element is typically most numerous?

A

RBC

***99% of formed elements

31
Q

Which tonsils may be seen when looking into the back of the throat through the mouth?

A

palatine

32
Q

Name a nonspecific (innate) immune mechanism that would fit into the following categories. You are providing two answers.

A. Mechanical/physical

B. Chemical

A

a. vomiting
b. the acidity of the stomach

33
Q

Into which veins do the lymph ducts enter?

A

subclavian

**right at the junction with the internal jugular vein

34
Q

What is an example of a “secondary” lymphatic organ/tissue?

A

lymph node, spleen

35
Q

Name one specific substance that typically would not leave the blood to become interstitial fluid.

A

plasma proteins

**Any of the formed elements or plasma proteins tend to remain in the blood.

36
Q

Which type of lymphocyte acts non-specifically?

A

NK cell

37
Q

Which type of cell may leave the blood to become “fixed” in tissues as a macrophage?

A

monocyte

38
Q

Which type of cell would typically NOT be found in a lymph node?

A

neutrophil

these would typically be found in the blood as opposed to in a lymph node

39
Q

percentage of formed elements that are RBCs

A

99%

40
Q

approximate lifespan of platelets

A

5-9 days

41
Q

approximate lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days

42
Q

lifespan of most WBCs

A

1-2 days

43
Q

percentage of plasma constituted by water

A

90%

44
Q

Which type of leukocyte is typically most numerous in blood?

A

neutrophils

45
Q

what makes lymph flow?

A

skeletal muscle contraction

46
Q

Which nerve would be deep to the soleus?

A

tibial nerve

47
Q

Which of the following cells functions as a phagocyte?

erythrocyte
neutrophil
b lymphocyte
thrombocyte

A

neutrophil

48
Q

Name another specific body fluid to which lymph is nearly identical.

A

interstitial fluid
plasma

49
Q

Which three muscles would be deep to the soleus in a cross section of the leg?

A

Flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus

50
Q

An infection in the leg could lead to swelling and tenderness in which specific group of superficial lymph nodes? Please use correct anatomical terminology.

A

inguinal

A&P II Final Review (6 decks)

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