Prejudice & Discrimination

Question 1

Greenwald & Pettigrew
“With Malice towards None and Charity for Some: Ingroup Favoritism Enables Discrimination”

Aim of Article

Answer 1

• understanding ingroup favoritism as not just a cause but the prime cause of American discrimination

= positive emotions are served for ingroup and withheld from outgroup

Question 2

Greenwald & Pettigrew
“With Malice towards None and Charity for Some: Ingroup Favoritism Enables Discrimination”

Findings: Favoring Ingroup Members

Answer 2

• ingroup favoritism is a function of attitude similarity

Minimal group paradigm effect

• treating ingroup (over outgroup) member fairly
• even when no specific attributes are known or shared
• more positive feelings (sympathy) for ingroup members

Question 3

Greenwald & Pettigrew
“With Malice towards None and Charity for Some: Ingroup Favoritism Enables Discrimination”

Findings: Discrimination often occurs as Differential Favoring

Answer 3

• helping behavior due to favoritism
• discrimination in employment and housing simply because of nonoccurrence of a helpful act
• survey results: white Americans accepts basic principles of equal opportunities but resisting the implementation of policies increasing equality

Question 4

Greenwald & Pettigrew
“With Malice towards None and Charity for Some: Ingroup Favoritism Enables Discrimination”

Discussion

Answer 4

Ingroup favoritism has 2 sources (without hostile intent)

1. consequence of social structures (segregation in school, homes, workplaces + institutional discrimination)
2. mental processes (norms, similarity-attractions)

Results:

• ingroup favoritism is plausibly more significant as a basis for discrimination than is outgroup-directed hostility
• favoritism toward ingroups can be responsible for much discrimination

Question 5

Greenwald & Pettigrew
“With Malice towards None and Charity for Some: Ingroup Favoritism Enables Discrimination”

Sources of Favoritism

Answer 5

• Balanced Identity Theory (BIT): 2 concepts that are both associated with the same third one will become associated with each other
• Social Identity Theory (SIT): the self-esteem gets bigger by perceiving the own group as superior (Tajfel&Turner, 1979)
• System Justification Theory (SJT): The more power (majority/ great number of members) a group has the higher is the ingroup favoritism (Jost&Banaji, 1994)

Question 6

Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Sven Waldzus, Marzena Cypryanska
“Prejudice towards gay men and a need for physical cleansing”

Study 1 (British Students)
Hypothesis: Prejudice towards gay men may be expressed by an increased need for physical cleansing

Answer 6

Method: students assigned to 2 conditions: imagine borrowing a phone from a 1.straight man or 2.gay men.
Then they would perform word completion task that could be completed as relating to cleansing or not.

Results: support hypothesis, those who used phone of gay men generated significantly more cleansing words “contamination”

Question 7

Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Sven Waldzus, Marzena Cypryanska
“Prejudice towards gay men and a need for physical cleansing”

Study 2 (Portuguese Students)
Hypothesis: Prejudice towards gay men may be expressed by an increased need for physical cleansing
(socio-cultural context)

Answer 7

Method: students assigned to fill out questionnaire, rewrite story (two conditions same as in 1st).
After finishing, they can pick a prize: yellow pencil or yellow hand disinfectant wipe

Results: supported hypothesis over wider cultural/societal context those who imagined borrowing phone from gay man chose the hand antiseptic wipe more frequently

Question 8

Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Sven Waldzus, Marzena Cypryanska
“Prejudice towards gay men and a need for physical cleansing”

Study 3
Hypothesis: Prejudice towards gay men may be expressed by an increased need for physical cleansing
(specify body regions)

Answer 8

Method: Polish students. Study 1+product desirability survey (cleansing vs. not)

Results: supported hypothesis (especially for mouth and hand cleansing)

Question 9

Agnieszka Golec de Zavala, Sven Waldzus, Marzena Cypryanska
“Prejudice towards gay men and a need for physical cleansing”

Study 4
Hypothesis: political conservatives would prefer hand and mouth cleansing products more after imagined contact with a gay man then the non-conservative politician

Answer 9

Method: same imaginative story, word completion task and a marketing survey of household products (including cleansing ones)

Results: supports all hypotheses, political conservatives had a higher need for specific cleansing after imagined contact with a gay men