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Psychology > Prejudice and discrimination > Flashcards

Prejudice and discrimination Flashcards

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1
Q

the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954)

A

'’interpersonal contact is the most effective way to reduce prejudice’’
The contact caveat (Barlow et al., 2012)
‘‘negative contact increases prejudice more than positive contact reduces it’’

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2
Q

social identity theory

A

'’idea that people had e a need to feel good about themselves and one major component of their self-esteem derives from the groups to which they belong’’ (Barrett, 2017. pg. 357)
-personal identity- characterised and qualities that distinguish is from others
social identity- characteristics and qualities that link us to group membership

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3
Q

social identity theory- terminology

A

in-group- ‘‘us’’
outgroup- ‘‘them’’
in-group bias- favouring us over them
minimal group paradigm- allocating people to groups chacartyerised by arbitrary criteria (e.g., overestimates vs underestimates or red shirt vs blue shirt

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4
Q

social identity, the outgrip homogeneity effect

A

outgroup members are more simulated to each other than in-group members

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5
Q

outgroup homogeneity effect

A
  • Part & Rothbarte (1982)

- Chance & Goldstein (1981)

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6
Q

Automatic activation stereotype

A

-dual-process model cognitive processing
-equally strong among high and low-prejudice individuals (Devine, 1989)
-can be overcome (Kawakami et al., 2000)
yes/no training

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6
Q

Automatic activation stereotype

A

-dual-process model cognitive processing
-equally strong among high and low-prejudice individuals (Devine, 1989)
-can be overcome (Kawakami et al., 2000)
yes/no training

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7
Q

Automatic activation stereotype

A

-dual-process model cognitive processing
-equally strong among high and low-prejudice individuals (Devine, 1989)
-can be overcome (Kawakami et al., 2000)
yes/no training

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8
Q

realistic group conflicts theory

A
  • Robber’s cabe study (from group processes and intergroup relations lecture)
  • explanation for negative attitudes towards racial integration
  • Michigan National election studies for school de-segregation (Lawrence, 1983)- white Americans feared black Americans as a danger to their life styles, goals, and resources
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9
Q

intergroup threat theory

A

realistic threats
- power, money, health
symbolic threats
- morals, way-of-life, beliefs

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10
Q

scapegoating

A

'’when one group unfairly claims that another group has intentionally caused its misfortunes’’
(Barrett, 2017. pg. 363)

Stems from relative deprivation processes

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11
Q

cultural influences

social experiences and culture

A 
media
- choice of stories and language (Duxbury, Frizell, & Lindsay, 2018)
film and TV
- people of colour underrepresented 
science 
-glass ceiling commission report, 1995)
-admissions and faculty
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12
Q

cognitive bias

A
  • stereotypes serve as mental shortcuts
  • confirmation bias
  • ultimate attribution error
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13
Q

individual differences: right wing authoritarianism

A

right wing authoritarianism
-“Individual difference variable comprised of three core elements: submission to legitimate authority, aggression against outgroups or deviants, and endorsement of conventional social norms and morality”
3 Components: Authoritarianism, Conservatism, Traditionalism
Authoritarianism
1. What our country really needs is a strong, determined leader who will crush evil, and take us back to our true path
2.There is nothing wrong with premarital sexual intercourse

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14
Q

individual differences: Social Dominance Orientation

A

Social Dominance Orientation
-“degree to which a person generally endorses hierarchy and inequality among social groups and specifically prefers that their ingroup dominates others” (Barrett, 2017. pg. 372-373)
Social Dominance Orientation
1. Some groups of people must be kept in their place
2. It’s probably a good thing that certain groups are at the top and other groups are at the bottom

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15
Q

the nature of prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination

A 
-social behaviour is purposeful 
Interpersonal bias: ''tendency of one group to hold prejudice toward, stereotype and discrimination against another group'' (Barrett, 2017. pg. 350)
This serves to:
- enhance self and group
- simplify the world
- justify and preserve social positions
Allport (1954) argues that ''the human mind must thunk the aid of categories''
Social categorisation
16
Q

stereotype

A

belief about the chacateristics, attributes and behaviours of a group and its members

17
Q

prejudice (pre-judge)

A

“evaluation or prejudgment of a group and its members”

18
Q

Discrimination

A

“Unequal treatment of individuals based on their group membership”

19
Q

three waves of research on racism

A

1st- 1920s-50s > an individual pathology (abnormal)
2nd- 1960s-80s > as stemming from normal individual and social processes such as categorisation and intergroup competition
3rd- 1990s- present > as multi-dimensional, with research focused implicit process and measurement, automatic activation of negtaive association

20
Q

types of racism

A
  • Old fashioned racism: openly hostile prejudice against racial out-group (e.g., segregation, verbal abuse, racial slurs)
  • Modern racism: ‘‘overly professing egalitarian views of racial groups but holding negative feelings that result in opposition to giving disadvantages groups special consideration or opportunities. e.g., Affimative Action (Barrlett, 2017. pg. 353)
  • Aderisce racism: ‘‘coexistence of explicit claims f being non-prejudiced with implicit reactions and behaviours that reveal prejudice feelings’’ (Barrlett, 2017. pg. 353)
21
Q

aversive racism

A

Dovidio and Gaertner (2000)

  • hiring decision by white college students
  • in one condition, black and white candidate had clearly different qualifications
  • in the other condition, candidates had equal qualifications
22
Q

shooter bias

A

implicit racial bias where police officers (and people in general) are more likely to shoot unarmed black civilians than unarmed white civilians
- apples to black and white participants

(shooter bias: Killing of Amadou Diallo)

23
Q

research on use of lethal force

A
  • Ross (2015)- black unarmed suspect 3.5 times more levelly to be killed by police compared to white unarmed suspects
  • Buchler (2017)- male black Americans 2.8 times more likely, and hispanic American s 1.8 times more likely, to be killed by police
  • Cesario, Johnson and Terrill (2019)- no effect of race on likelihood of being fatally shot when adjusting for crime rates
  • Mesic et al, (2018)- levels of structural racism are associated with higher rates of shooting black unarmed suspects, adjusting for type of crime and other confounds
24
Q

Shooter bias meta-analysis (Mekawi & Bresin, 2015)

A

Shooter bias meta-analysis (Mekawi & Bresin, 2015)

  • 42 Studies
  • Faster to shoot armed black targets
  • Slower to “not shoot” unarmed black targets
  • Bias towards “shooting” black targets
  • Not moderated by sample characteristics
25
Q

reducing shooter bias

A
  • making police officers accountable for actions
  • reducing fatigue
  • getting to know community
26
Q

Forms

Consequences of prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping

A
  • immigrants
  • race
  • age
  • sexual orientation
  • disability
  • religion
  • weight
  • political view
27
Q

discriminatory practices

A

interpersonal discrimination
institutional discrimination
- glass ceiling, glass cliff

28
Q

sexism

A

'’negative prejudices, stereotypes, and discrimination directed at individuals based on their gender; and/or institutional practices that support the unequal status of men and woman’’ (Barrett, 2017. pg. 374)

29
Q

discrimination

A

'’the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex, or sex’’

30
Q

victimisation

A

'’unwarranted singling out of an individual or group for subjection to crime, exploitation, torture, unfair treatment, or other wrong’’

31
Q

discrimination and mental health

A

african-carribeans living in the UK have a high risk of paranoid delusions
- argued to be due to misdiagnosis and cultural insensitive of white psychiatry’s (Littlewood & Lipsedge)
HOWEVER
- effect found in community surveys (Harrison et al., 1988)
- rediagnosis by African-carribean psychiatric does not alter rates (Hickling et al. 1999)
- incidence rate is not abnormally high in the Caribbean (Hickling, 1995; Bhugra et al., 1996)
- the effect is greater in the first generation (Harrison et al., 1998; Sugarman & Crawford, 1994)

32
Q

discrimination and mental health

studies have shown that…

A
  • immigrants in other countries are affected- for example, Surinamese immigrants to Holland (Selten et al., 2000), and East African immigrants to Sweden (Zolkowska et al, 2001)
  • Immigrants living in white neighbourhoods are especially vulnerable (Boydell et al., 2001; Veling et al, 2008) The ethnic density effect
  • Veling et al (2007) investigated perceived discrimination in Moroccan (high), Surinamese (medium), Turkish (low) and European (very low) immigrants living in The Hague. Rates of psychosis varied according to levels of discrimination
33
Q

victimisation and bullying

A

Bebbington et al, 2004 used interview-based data from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity

  • nearly half (46.4%) of the group diagnosed with psychosis had been exposed to bullying
  • bullying was the second most common victimisation experienced in the psychosis group

Psychology (10 decks)

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